DOCSLIB.ORG

Mercury Emission from the Aluminium Industry: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mercury Emission from the Aluminium Industry: a Review MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences Mini Review Open Access Mercury emission from the aluminium industry: a review Abstract Volume 5 Issue 3 - 2020 There has been a rising global concern of mercury because of its persistent nature, long- KO Ansah Amano,1 AG Ntiri-Asiedu2 range transport and toxicity. Mercury possesses serious health effects on living organisms 1Department of Systems Engineering and Plant Safety, Institute and the environment. Mercury, mostly in inorganic form, is present in almost all categories of Instrumental and Environmental Technology, Otto von of rocks. It may be released through natural occurrences and/or anthropogenic activities Guericke Universität, Germany such as aluminum production. Stable organic mercury compounds, for example methyl 2Regional Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, mercury (CH3Hg), are formed by the attachment of mercury to one or two carbon atoms. University of Energy and Natural Resources, Ghana Depending on the source of bauxite, a substantial amount of elemental mercury is released by aluminum industries. Emitted elemental mercury contributes to increasing global Correspondence: KO Ansah Amano, Otto von Guericke atmospheric reserve of mercury hence decreasing mercury emissions plays a key role in Universität, Institute of Instrumental and Environmental lowering the contribution of anthropogenic activities to the global atmospheric mercury Technology, Department of Systems Engineering and Plant budget. In general, all three forms of mercury (elemental, inorganic and organic mercury) Safety, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany, Tel +4915213037071, have the potential of causing adverse health effects at sufficiently high doses. Mercury Email emissions are readily absorbed through the alveoli membranes and gastrointestinal tract Received: May 14, 2020 | Published: June 19, 2020 affecting other systems. Fetuses and individuals often exposed to mercury (chronic exposure) are two classes of people who are more susceptible to harm caused by mercury. This paper discusses mercury metal and oxide emission from the Aluminum industry. Keywords: aluminum, anthropogenic activities, bauxite, bioaccumulation, metal mercury Introduction Possessing serious adverse effects on living organisms, and the environment, there has been a rise of global concern on the presence of mercury compounds. This is because of the persistent nature, long-range transport, and high toxicity of most mercury compounds.1 Mercury has a high potential of bioaccumulation through the air, food, and drinking water giving long term detrimental effects on the lungs, neurological, digestive and immune systems.2 Chemically, mercury exists in three forms namely elemental (or metallic, Hg0) mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, and organic mercury compounds. At room temperature, elemental mercury exists as a liquid and it is used in some thermometers, fluorescent light bulbs and various industrial processes. It is also used for dentistry and consists of about 50 % of amalgams.3 If metallic mercury is not enclosed at room temperature, some amount of it will evaporate to form mercury vapours. Mercury Figure 1 Chemical structure of some mercury compounds.4 vapours are colorless and odorless. Also, when mercury (Hg+, mercurous or mercury I, and Hg2+, mercuric or mercury II) combines Mercury is an atmospheric pollutant with a complex with elements such as chlorine, sulphur or oxygen, it produces biogeochemical cycle. The atmospheric cycling comprises chemical inorganic compounds in the form of salts.4 As shown in Figure 1, oxidation/reduction in both gaseous and aqueous states, deposition some of the salts produced from the combination of such elements are and release from natural surfaces as well as emissions from both 5 mercury sulphide (HgS, purified from cinnabar), mercurous chloride natural and anthropogenic sources. Even though mercury can be released through natural occurrences such as volcanic eruption (Hg2Cl2, also named as calomel), and mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Mercury, mostly in inorganic form, exists in all categories of rocks and weathering of rocks, a significant amount of studies show including bauxite, limestone, shales, sandstone, basalt, and others. that anthropogenic activities can initiate its dispersion into the Furthermore, stable organic metallic compounds such as methyl atmosphere, water and soil using complex transport and chemical transformation.6 Anthropogenic activities occurring in numerous mercury (CH3Hg), dimethyl mercury (CH3)2Hg) and ethyl mercury industrial processes such as Aluminium production, hazardous waste (C2H5Hg) are formed by the attachment of mercury to one or two carbon atoms. incineration, coal combustion, incineration, gold mining, and certain Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 2020;5(3):129‒135. 129 ©2020 Amano et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Mercury emission from the aluminium industry: a review ©2020 Amano et al. 130 chemical manufacturing operations, do increase mercury emission coal or oil and production of pig iron and steel.9 As shown in Table 1, into the environment.7 An estimate of approximately 2220 metric a study in 2005 indicates highest global emission of mercury occurs tons of mercury is emitted worldwide each year from anthropogenic from the combustion of fossil fuels followed by cement production sources.8 Studies indicate about 50–75% of atmospheric mercury is and production of non-ferrous metals such as aluminium.10 Additional released in the United States as a result of anthropogenic activities.5 studies by Pirrone et al signifies, China released a greater share of The principal source of mercury emissions in sectors involving the global atmospheric mercury emission between the periods of 2003- manufacture of non- ferrous metals including aluminium, cement, 2006 as shown in Table 2. Table 1 Global emission of mercury by-product from anthropogenic sources (tonnes)10 Mercury Non-ferrous Pig iron Caustic Stationary Cement Gold Production Waste Other Region metals and steel Soda Total combustion production production (Primary Incineration Sources production production Production sources) Africa 37.3 2.1 1.6 10.9 8.9 0 0.6 0.1 0 61.6 Asia (Excluding 622 90 24.1 138 58.9 8.8 5.7 28.7 0.6 977 Russia) Europe (Excluding 76.6 18.7 18.8 0 0 10.1 6.3 14.7 145 Russia) North 71.2 5.7 14.4 10.9 12.9 0 15.1 6.5 7.2 144 America Oceania 19 6.1 0.8 0.4 10.1 0 0 0.2 0 36.6 Russia 46 5.2 2.6 3.9 4.3 0 3.5 2.8 1.5 69.8 South 8 13.6 1.8 6.4 16.2 0 0 2.2 1.5 49.6 America World 880 141 45.4 189 111 8.8 35.5 46.8 25.5 1480 Table 2 Global emissions of total mercury from major anthropogenic sources (Mg .yr−1)7 Region SCa NFMP PISP CP CSP MP GP WD OP T Reference year Australia1 2.2 11.6 0.8 0.9 0 0 0.3 0.2 0.6 16.6 2005 S. Africa2 32.6 0.3 1.3 3.8 0 0 0.3 0.6 1.3 40.2 2004 S. America3 8 13.6 1.8 6.4 2.2 0 16.2 0 1.5 49.7 2005 Russia3 46 5.2 2.6 3.9 3.9 0 4.3 3.5 1.5 69.8 2005 Europe3 76.6 18.7 0 18.8 6.3 0 0 10.1 14.7 145.2 2005 N. America4 65.2 34.7 12.8 15.1 15.1 0 0 13 1.7 152.8 2005 India5 124.6 15.5 4.6 4.7 6.2 0 0.5 77.4 7.5 240.9 2004 China2 268 203.3 8.9 35 0 27.5 44.7 14.1 7.6 609.1 2003 Total 623.2 302.9 32.8 88.6 27.8 27.5 66.3 118.9 36.4 1324.3 Rest of the world6 186.8 7.1 10.4 147.1 135.1 22.5 333.7 68.5 28.2 989.4 2006 Total 810 310 43.2 235.7 162.9 50 400 187.4 64.6 2313.7 Mg, mega grams( 1 tonne); SC, stationary combustion; NFMP, non-ferrous metal production; PISP, pig iron and steel production; CP, cement production; CSP, caustic soda production; MP, mercury production; GP17, gold production; WD, waste disposal; OP, other processes; T, total References: (1)11; (2)12; (3)10, (4)13–15; (5)16; (6)17 Presently, mercury concentration in air has been identified to consequences.20 Aluminum production has been identified as a major be of the range 2-10ng/m3 with the level of mercury in drinking- source of mercury emission from non-ferrous process. This paper water found to be nearly equivalent to that of rain, with an average discusses mercury metal and oxide(s) emission from the Aluminium of approximately 25ng/L and the average ingestion of mercury from industry and its harmful effects. food is in the range 2–20μg/day.18 Interestingly, just about 7–15% of consumed mercury in food is absorbed into the human body.19 Mercury Mercury emission from aluminum industry emissions are readily absorbed through the alveoli membranes and Aluminum is known to be the third most abundant element in gastrointestinal tract affecting other systems. Exposure at maximum the earth’s crust.21 Due to the physical and chemical properties of contaminant level (MCL) for an extended period causes serious health aluminum it has found its application in transportation, construction, Citation: Amano KOA, Ntiri-Asiedu AG. Mercury emission from the aluminium industry: a review. MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 2020;5(3):129‒135. DOI: 10.15406/mojes.2020.05.00185 Copyright: Mercury emission from the aluminium industry: a review ©2020 Amano et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1201: Introduction to Aluminium As an Engineering Material
    TALAT Lecture 1201 Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering Material 23 pages, 26 figures (also available as overheads) Basic Level prepared by M H Jacobs * Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Materials The University of Birmingham, UK Objectives To provide an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics. Date of Issue: 1999 EAA - European Aluminium Association 1201 Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering Material Contents (26 figures) 1201 Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering Material _____________________ 2 1201.01. Basic mechanical and physical properties__________________________________ 3 1201.01.01 Background _______________________________________________________________ 3 1201.01.02 Commercially pure aluminium ______________________________________________ 4 1201.02 Crystal structure and defects _____________________________________________ 6 1201.02.01 Crystals and atomic bonding __________________________________________________ 6 1201.02.02 Atomic structure of aluminium ______________________________________________ 8 1201.02.03 Crystal structures _________________________________________________________ 8 1201.02.04 Some comments on crystal structures of materials
    [Show full text]
  • Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies Across Pyrogenic Carbon’S Abcs
    water Review Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies across Pyrogenic Carbon’s ABCs Nikolas Hagemann 1,* ID , Kurt Spokas 2 ID , Hans-Peter Schmidt 3 ID , Ralf Kägi 4, Marc Anton Böhler 5 and Thomas D. Bucheli 1 1 Agroscope, Environmental Analytics, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Management Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; [email protected] 3 Ithaka Institute, Ancienne Eglise 9, CH-1974 Arbaz, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] 5 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Application and Development, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-58-462-1074 Received: 11 January 2018; Accepted: 1 February 2018; Published: 9 February 2018 Abstract: Biochar and activated carbon, both carbonaceous pyrogenic materials, are important products for environmental technology and intensively studied for a multitude of purposes. A strict distinction between these materials is not always possible, and also a generally accepted terminology is lacking. However, research on both materials is increasingly overlapping: sorption and remediation are the domain of activated carbon, which nowadays is also addressed by studies on biochar. Thus, awareness of both fields of research and knowledge about the distinction of biochar and activated carbon is necessary for designing novel research on pyrogenic carbonaceous materials. Here, we describe the dividing ranges and common grounds of biochar, activated carbon and other pyrogenic carbonaceous materials such as charcoal based on their history, definition and production technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Guidance for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants EPA/833B-99/002 August 1999
    United States Office of Wastewater EPA/833B-99/002 Environmental Protection Management August 1999 Agency Washington DC 20460 Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Guidance for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants EPA/833B-99/002 August 1999 Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Guidance for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Office of Wastewater Management U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 Notice and Disclaimer The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Water, has funded, managed, and collaborated in the development of this guidance, which was prepared under order 7W-1235-NASX to Aquatic Sciences Consulting; order 5W-2260-NASA to EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc.; and contracts 68-03-3431, 68-C8-002, and 68-C2-0102 to Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. The statements in this document are intended solely as guidance. This document is not intended, nor can it be relied on, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. EPA and State officials may decide to follow the guidance provided in this document, or to act at variance with the guidance, based on an analysis of site-specific circumstances. This guidance may be revised without public notice to reflect changes in EPA policy. ii Foreword This document is intended to provide guidance to permittees, permit writers, and consultants on the general approach and procedures for conducting toxicity reduction evaluations (TREs) at municipal wastewater treatment plants. TREs are important tools for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) to use to identify and reduce or eliminate toxicity in a wastewater discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office
    Patented Feb. 18, 193E _ UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AL ' ' LOYS OF THE ‘EARTH METALS WITH LEAD OR OTHER METALS I ‘Gustaf?ewton Kirsebom, Oslo, Norway, assignor to Calloy limited, London, England, an English . joint-stock company -' . No Drawing. Application December 22, 1932, snug: No. 648,443. \In Great Britain June 11, 9 Claims. (Cl. 75—1) This'invention irelatesto a new or improved pounds of the alkaline earth metals, fox-example method of process for the production of alkaline from the alkaline earth metal silicates. earth metals and alloys thereof with lead or other . In the process as set out above it must be v_ metals such as are hereinafter de?ned. understood that the term.“alkaline earth metals" I ere are certainmetals, especially lead, and includes not only calcium, strontium and barium, ' cadmium which do not readily alloy with alu but also magnesium and beryllium. minium when both are in a molten condition and Where cadmium is employed in place of lead v in the presence of each other, e. g., when molten the procedure is similar and when‘ the alloy of lead is added to a bath of molten aluminium (or cadmium with the alkaline earth metal has been .10 whenlead and aluminium are melted together) formed-on completion of the process-the cad 10 . these two metals will not form an alloy but will mium can be distilled off so that the process af form separate layers which are not substantially fords a ready means of preparing the alkaline ' soluble in each other; and this I utilize in the earth metals in substantially pure condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Activated Carbon from the Graphite with Increased Rate Capability for the Potassium Ion Battery Zhixin Tai University of Wollongong, [email protected]
    University of Wollongong Research Online Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers Australian Institute for Innovative Materials 2017 Activated carbon from the graphite with increased rate capability for the potassium ion battery Zhixin Tai University of Wollongong, [email protected] Qing Zhang University of Wollongong, [email protected] Yajie Liu University of Wollongong, [email protected] Hua-Kun Liu University of Wollongong, [email protected] Shi Xue Dou University of Wollongong, [email protected] Publication Details Tai, Z., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Liu, H. & Dou, S. (2017). Activated carbon from the graphite with increased rate capability for the potassium ion battery. Carbon, 123 54-61. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Activated carbon from the graphite with increased rate capability for the potassium ion battery Abstract Activated carbon has been synthesized by a high-temperature annealing route using graphite as carbon source and potassium hydroxide as the etching agent. Many nanosized carbon sheets formed on the particles could be of benefit for ar pid intercalation/de-intercalation of potassium ions. Moreover, the d-spacing in the (100) crystal planes of the as-prepared active carbon is enlarged to 0.335 nm, even some formed carbon nanosheets can reach 0.358 nm, and the diffusion coefficient of K ion is also improved by 7 times as well. The as-prepared activated carbon electrode can deliver a high reversible capacity of 100 mAh g ¿1 after 100 cycles (at a high current density of 0.2 A g ¿1 ), and exhibits increased rate performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Dose Activated Charcoal
    Clinical Toxicology ISSN: 1556-3650 (Print) 1556-9519 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ictx20 Position Paper: Single-Dose Activated Charcoal American Academy of Clinical Toxicology & European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists To cite this article: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology & European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (2005) Position Paper: Single-Dose Activated Charcoal, Clinical Toxicology, 43:2, 61-87, DOI: 10.1081/CLT-51867 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CLT-51867 Published online: 07 Oct 2008. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 655 View related articles Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ictx20 Download by: [UPSTATE Medical University Health Sciences Library] Date: 29 May 2017, At: 09:32 Clinical Toxicology, 43:61–87, 2005 Copyright D Taylor & Francis Inc. ISSN: 0731-3810 print / 1097-9875 online DOI: 10.1081/CLT-200051867 POSITION PAPER Position Paper: Single-Dose Activated Charcoal# American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists developing serious complications and who might potentially Single-dose activated charcoal therapy involves the oral benefit, therefore, from gastrointestinal decontamination. administration or instillation by nasogastric tube of an aqueous Single-dose activated charcoal therapy involves the oral preparation of activated charcoal after the ingestion of a poison. administration or instillation by nasogastric tube of an Volunteer studies demonstrate that the effectiveness of activated charcoal decreases with time. Data using at least 50 g of activated aqueous preparation of activated charcoal after the ingestion charcoal, showed a mean reduction in absorption of 47.3%, of a poison.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors Stack Based on Nickel Hexacyanoferrate-Derived Ni(OH)
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Fabrication of 9.6 V High- performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors Stack Based on Received: 17 August 2018 Accepted: 10 December 2018 Nickel Hexacyanoferrate-derived Published: xx xx xxxx Ni(OH)2 Nanosheets and Bio- derived Activated Carbon Subramani Kaipannan1,2 & Sathish Marappan1,2 Hydrated Ni(OH)2 and activated carbon based electrodes are widely used in electrochemical applications. Here we report the fabrication of symmetric supercapacitors using Ni(OH)2 nanosheets and activated carbon as positive and negative electrodes in aqueous electrolyte, respectively. The asymmetric supercapacitors stack connected in series exhibited a stable device voltage of 9.6 V and delivered a stored high energy and power of 30 mWh and 1632 mW, respectively. The fabricated device shows an excellent electrochemical stability and high retention of 81% initial capacitance after 100,000 charge-discharges cycling at high charging current of 500 mA. The positive electrode material Ni(OH)2 nanosheets was prepared through chemical decomposition of nickel hexacyanoferrate complex. The XRD pattern revealed the high crystalline nature of Ni(OH)2 with an average crystallite size of ~10 nm. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets indicate the formation of mesoporous Ni(OH)2 nanosheets. The chemical synthesis of Ni(OH)2 results the formation of hierarchical nanosheets that are randomly oriented which was confrmed by FE-SEM and HR-TEM analysis. The negative electrode, activated porous carbon (OPAA-700) was obtained from orange peel waste. The electrochemical properties of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets and OPAA-700 were studied and exhibit a high specifc capacity of 1126 C/g and high specifc capacitance of 311 F/g at current density of 2 A/g, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Research and Development
    EPA-600/R-00-083 September 2000 Research and Development PERFORMANCE AND COST OF MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS Prepared for Office of Air and Radiation Prepared by National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 FOREWORD The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with pro- tecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions lead- ing to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental pro- blems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our eco- logical resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and pre- vent or reduce environmental risks in the future. The National Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agency's center for investigation of technological and management approaches for reducing risks from threats to human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's research program is on methods for the prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface resources, protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of contaminated sites and-groundwater; and prevention and control of indoor air pollution. The goal of this research effort is to catalyze development and implementation of innovative, cost-effective environmental technologies; develop scientific and engineering information needed by EPA to support regulatory and policy decisions; and provide technical support and infor- mation transfer to ensure effective implementation of environmental regulations and strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys
    International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys 1525 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 www.aluminum.org With Support for On-line Access From: Aluminum Extruders Council Australian Aluminium Council Ltd. European Aluminium Association Japan Aluminium Association Alro S.A, R omania Revised: January 2015 Supersedes: February 2009 © Copyright 2015, The Aluminum Association, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction and sale by photocopy or any other method is illegal . Use of the Information The Aluminum Association has used its best efforts in compiling the information contained in this publication. Although the Association believes that its compilation procedures are reliable, it does not warrant, either expressly or impliedly, the accuracy or completeness of this information. The Aluminum Association assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of the information herein. All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other material are reviewed at least every five years and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are advised to contact The Aluminum Association to ascertain whether the information in this publication has been superseded in the interim between publication and proposed use. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... i SIGNATORIES TO THE DECLARATION OF ACCORD ..................................... ii-iii REGISTERED DESIGNATIONS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    [Show full text]
  • Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety on O
    SCCS/1613/19 Final Opinion Version S Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS OPINION ON the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products Submission II The SCCS adopted this document at its plenary meeting on 03-04 March 2020 SCCS/1613/19 Final Opinion Opinion on the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products – submission II ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Members of the Working Group are acknowledged for their valuable contribution to this Opinion. The members of the Working Group are: For the preliminary and the final versions SCCS members Dr U. Bernauer Dr L. Bodin (Rapporteur) Prof. Q. Chaudhry (SCCS Chair) Prof. P.J. Coenraads (SCCS Vice-Chair and Chairperson of the WG) Prof. M. Dusinska Dr J. Ezendam Dr E. Gaffet Prof. C. L. Galli Dr B. Granum Prof. E. Panteri Prof. V. Rogiers (SCCS Vice-Chair) Dr Ch. Rousselle Dr M. Stepnik Prof. T. Vanhaecke Dr S. Wijnhoven SCCS external experts Dr A. Koutsodimou Dr A. Simonnard Prof. W. Uter All Declarations of Working Group members are available on the following webpage: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/experts/declarations/sccs_en.htm This Opinion has been subject to a commenting period of a minimum eight weeks after its initial publication (from 16 December 2019 until 17 February 2020). Comments received during this time period are considered by the SCCS. For this Opinion, some changes occurred, in particular in sections 1, 3.2, 3.3.4.5, 3.3.8.1, 3.5, as well as in related discussion parts and conclusion (question 1). The list of references has also been updated.
    [Show full text]