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FYBA History Paper-I HISTORY of MODERN INDIA (1857-1947) 31 F.Y.B.A. History Paper-I HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA (1857-1947) (REVISED SYLLABUS) © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Suhas Pednekar Vice Chancellor Universityof Mumbai, Mumbai Dr. Dhaneswar Harichandan Anil R Bankar Director Incharge, Associate Prof. of History & Asst.Director & IDOL, University of Mumbai, Incharge Study Material Section, Mumbai IDOL, University of Mumbai, Course and Programme : Anil R. Bankar Co-ordinator Associate Prof. of History &Asst. Director IDOL, Universityof Mumbai, Mumbai-400 098 Editor : Avkash Jadhav Head, Dept. of History, St. Xaviers College, Mumbai Course Writer : Dr. D'mello Head, Dept.of History St. Joseph College, Virar, Dist. Palghar : Dr. R. Cheema Dept. of History G.N. Khalsa College, Mumbai : Dr.AjayKumar Lokhande Dept. of History, K.V.Pendharkar College, Dombivli : Dr. Pradeep Waghmare Dept. of History,Ramnarian Ruia College, Matunga, L.N.Road, Mumbai - 400019 : Dr.Kiran Sawant Dept. of History, R.D. National College, Bandra, Mumbai : Vivek Choube Dept. of History, Nagindas Khandwala College, Mumbai : Manisha Saindane Dept. of History,G.N. Khalsa College, Mumbai July, 2018 F.Y.B.A, HISTORYPAPER-I, History of Modern India (1857-1947) Published by : Director Incharge Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : Ashwini Arts Gurukripa Chawl, M.C. Chagla Marg, Bamanwada, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai - 400 099. Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1 TheRevolt of1857 1 2. Contribution of the ProvincialAssociations 34 3. Foundation of Indian National Congress 44 4. Moderates 53 5. Extremists 63 6. Revolutionary Nationalism 73 7. Gandhian Movements 88 8. The Indian Act of 1935 110 9. Attempt of Resolve Constitutional Deadlock - The Cripps Mission, The Cabinet Mission and The Mountbatten Plan 116 10. Socio-Religious Reform Movements : Reforms & Revival Part - I 132 11. Socio - Religious Reform Movements : Reforms & Revival Part - II 152 12. Development of Education & It's Impact 169 13. Development of Press 180 14. Transport and Communication 188 15. Impact of the British Rule on Indian Economy : Revenue Settlements, Commercilization of Agriculture 194 16. Drain theory and Deindustrialization 204 17. Women 218 18. Dalit 234 19. Peasants and Tribals 254 I F.Y.B.A. HISTORY PAPER - I HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA (1857-1947) (Revised Syllabus) Objectives:- The course is designed to make the student aware about the making of modern India and the struggle for independence. Module I: Growth of Political Awakening a) Revolt of 1857 – Causes and Consequences b) Contribution of the Provincial Associations c) Foundation of Indian National Congress. Module II: Trends in Indian Nationalism a) Moderates b) Extremists c) Revolutionary Nationalists Module III: Gandhian Movements a) Non Co-operation Movement b) Civil Disobedience Movement c) Quit India Movement Module IV: Towards Independence and Partition a) The Indian Act of 1935 b) Attempts to Resolve the Constitutional Deadlock -The Cripps Mission, The Cabinet Mission and the Mountbatten Plan. c) Indian Independence Act and Partition Module V: Socio Religious Reform Movements: Reforms and Revival a) Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj and Ramakrishna Mission b) Satyashodhak Samaj, Aligarh movement and Singh Sabha Movement. c) Impact of Reform Movements II Module VI: Education, Press and Transport a) Introduction of Western Education and its Impact b) Development of Press c) Transport and Communications Module VII: Impact of the British Rule on Indian Economy. a) Revenue Settlements, Commercialisation of Agriculture b) Drain Theory c) Deindustrialisation and Growth of Large Scale Industry Module VIII: Nationalism and Social Groups: interfaces. a) Women b) Dalits c) Peasants and Tribals References: Aloysius G., Nationalism Without Nation in India, OUP, New Delhi, 1998. Bandyopadhyay Sekhar, From Plassey to Partition, A History of Modern India, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2004. Bhattachaterjee Arun, History of Modern India (1707 – 1947), Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi 1976. Chakravarti Aroop, The History of India (1857 – 2000), Pearson, New Delhi 2012. Chandra Bipan et al., India’s Struggle for Independence, Penguin, New Delhi, Chandra Bipan, A. Tripathi, Barun De, Freedom struggle, National Book Trust, India, 1972. Chandra Bipan, Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India, Delhi, 1966. Chattergy Partho, The Nation and its Fragments, OUP, New Delhi, 1933 Chopra P.N.,Puri B.N, Das M.N,Pradhan A.C, A Comprehensive History of Modern India, Sterling Publishers 2003. Desai A.R., Social Background of Indian Nationalism, 5th Edition,Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976. Ganachari Arvind, Nationalism and Social Reform in a Colonial Situation, Kalpaz Publication, New Delhi, 2005. III Grover B.L, Grover S., A New Look at Modern Indian History (1707 – present day), S. Chand and Company, New Delhi 2001. Keswani K.B., History of Modern India (1800 – 1964), Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay 1996. Majumdar R.C., Comprehensive History of India, Vol.3 (Part III), People’s Publishing House. Mehrotra S.R., Emergence of Indian National Congress, Vikas Publication, Delhi, 1971. Nanda S.P., History of Modern India (1707 – Present Time), Dominant Pub, New Delhi 2012. Pannikar K.N. (ed). National and Left Movement in India, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd... New Delhi. 1980. Pawar Jaisinghrao, Aadhunik Hindustanacha Itihas, Vidya Publications, Nagpur. Ray Rajat, Industrialization of India: Growth and Conflict in the Private Corporate Sector, 1914-47, OUP, Delhi, 1982. Sarkar Sumit, Aadhunik Bharat, Rajkamal Publication, New Delhi, 2009. Sarkar Sumit, Modern India 1885-1947, Macmillan, Madras, 1996. Seal Anil, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, 1971. Shukla Ramlakhan, Aadhunik Bharat ka Itihas, Hindi Madhyam Karyalay Nideshalay, Delhi. 1 1 THE REVOLT OF 1857 Unit Structure : 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Backgrounds 1.3 Nature and Character of Revolt 1.4 Causes of the Revolt of 1857 1.5 Outbreak of the Revolt of 1857 1.6 Causes of the Failure of the Rebellion 1.7 Consequences of the Revolt of 1857 1.8 Significance 1.9 Summary 1.0. OBJECTIVES: To understand the background of the Revolt 1857. To explain the Nature of the Revolt of 1857 To understand the causes of The Revolt of 1857. To understand the out Break and spread of the Revolt of 1857. To explain the causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857. To Understand the Effects and the Consequences the Revolt of 1857 1.1. INTRODUCTION By the first half of the 19th century, the East India Company had brought major portions of India under its control, but still it had two purposes or aims : (i) To sustain its conquests and (ii) To exploit in the trade . To fulfill these aims, there was no limit of company’s betrayal and avarice. Before 1857 A.D. many of the native domination were annexed to the British Empire forcibly. The British Government was sucking the blood of both, the rulers and the people. Everywhere the revolts were taking place against British East India Company’s rule. It was very easy to conquer the new territories but it was very difficult to keep those territories under the control of British East India Company. The East India 2 Company's rule from 1757 to 1857 had generated a lot of discontent among the different sections of the Indian people against the British. The end of the Mughal rule gave a psychological blow to the Muslims many of whom had enjoyed position and patronage under the Mughal and other provincial Muslim rulers. The commercial policy of the company brought ruin to the artisans and craftsman, while the divergent land revenue policy adopted by the Company in different regions, especially the permanent settlement in the North and the Ryotwari settlement in the south put the peasants on the road of impoverishment and misery. 1.2 BACKGROUND The Revolt of 1857 was a major upheaval against the British Rule in which the disgruntled princes, to disconnected sepoys and disillusioned elements participated. However, it is important to note that right from the inception of the East India Company there had been several resistance from divergent section in different parts of the sub continent. This resistance offered by different tribal groups, peasant and religious factions remained localized and ill organized. There were series of civil disturbances and local uprising which were scattered, localised and mostly violent. Most of these movements arouse due to popular discontent with the british rule , but some of them were owing to the individual grievences. For about 100 years the people of India had witnessed the enormous lot and plunderr of wealth from India to Britain . The displeased rulers and feudal lords tried to recover their lost ground with the support of their revenue policy, which had created a class of exploitative intermediaries. The Tribals rebelled in resentment against disturbances and dislocation causedthem their exploitation by non- tribals. There were also non violent religio-political uprising and disturbances aginst the British East India Companym . The Sanyasi and Faquir rebellions in Bengal, The Wahabi movement, the Kukka movement in Punjab etc. belong to this category. Thus revolt of 1857 was not sudden, but the culmination of growing discontent. In certain cases the British could put down these uprisings easily, in other cases the struggle was prolonged resulting in heavy causalities. These disturbances and uprising, though did not succeed in uprooting the British power from India, became the precursors of the major Revolt of 1857. The revolt started as a mutiny of sepoys of East India Company’s army on 10 May 1857 in the cantonment of the town of Meerut. Thereafter it spread to upper Gangetic plain and central India in the form of mutinies of the sepoy and civilian rebellions Major conflict zones were confined to present Uttar Pradesh, northern Madhya Pradesh and Delhi region. 3 1.3 NATURE AND CHARACTER OF REVOLT: The historians have divergent opinion regarding the nature of uprising .
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