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Precision Livestock Farming ’05 Precision Livestock Farming ’05 Edited by S. Cox Precision Livestock Farming ’05 Precision Livestock Farming ’05 Edited by S. Cox Wageningen Academic Publishersb s e s All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be repro- duced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, Subject headings: including electronic, mechanical, Livestock management reprographic or photographic, without prior Livestock monitoring written permission from the publisher, Improved handling of waste products Wageningen Academic Publishers, P. O. Box 220, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands. ISBN 907699868X The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from First published, 2005 them remain the responsibility of the authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible Wageningen Academic Publishers damages, which could be a result of content The Netherlands, 2005 derived from this publication. Reviewers Andy Frost Great Britain Christina Umstaetter Germany Daniel Berckmans Belgium David Filmer Great Britain Dieter Ordolff Germany Henk Hogeveen The Netherlands Joachim Krieter Germany Jos Metz The Netherlands Lars Schrader Germany Lars Thylén Sweden Robert Kaufmann Switzerland Rony Geers Belgium Sidney Cox Great Britain Thomas Jungbluth Germany Organisers JTI, Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Editor of the ECPLF Proceedings Sidney Cox Great Britain Country representatives for ECPLF Sidney Cox, Editor Andy Frost Great Britain Daniel Berckmans Belgium Krister Sällvik Sweden Reiner Brunsch Germany Robert Kaufmann Switzerland Soeren Pedersen Denmark Kees Lokhorst The Netherlands Lars Thylén, Chairperson Program Committee Lars Thylén JTI, Uppsala Börje Lindén SLU, Uppsala Krister Sällvik SLU, Uppsala Tomas Kätterer SLU, Uppsala Mikael Gilbertsson JTI, Uppsala Jan Olofsson SLU, Uppsala Precision Livestock Farming ’05 7 Contents Editorial 13 Sidney Cox Keynotes 15 Field effect transistors in precision agriculture 17 Ernst J.R. Sudhölter, Louis C.P.M. de Smet and Han Zuilhof A review of spectroscopic methods and their suitability as analytical techniques for farm testing 25 Lars-Ove Sjaunja Is precision livestock farming an engineer’s daydream or nightmare, an animal’s friend or foe, and a farmer’s panacea or pitfall? 33 C. M. Wathes, H. H. Kristensen, J-M. Aerts and D. Berckmans Evironmental effects of precision livestock farming 47 Reduced nitrate leaching from livestock in a large lake catchment in New Zealand 49 K. Betteridge, S.L. Ledgard, M.G. Lambert, B. Thorrold, D.A. Costall, P.W. Theobald, C.J. Hoogendoorn and Z.A. Park Environmental effects of pig house ventilation controlled by animal activity and CO2 indoor concentration 57 Angelika Haeussermann, Eberhard Hartung and Thomas Jungbluth Impact of protein feeding on odour emissions 65 H. Andree and T. Hügle Flushing litterless fattening houses with biologically treated slurry (SBR plant) - effects of flushing rate, percentage of treated slurry and seasons on gaseous emissions (methane, ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and odour) 73 H.F.A. Van den Weghe, P. Meissner and M. Kiuntke Effect of low crude protein level in different phase feeding strategies on ammonia emission rates of finishing pig facilities 81 E.F. Hessel and H.F.A. Van den Weghe Precise manure handling 89 Origins of blockages during the spreading of liquid manure 91 F. Thirion and D. Debroize Study of organic substrate production by composting swine manure with wood shavings 99 Y. Zhang and Y. He Precision Livestock Farming ’05 9 Torque-controlled bottom conveyor velocity on longitudinal distribution during the application of solid manure 107 R. Kosch, A. Klose and H. Van den Weghe Rapid analysis of liquid hog manure using near-infrared spectroscopy in flowing condition 115 M. Dolud, H. Andree and T. Hügle Development and evaluation of a precision solid and semi-solid manure land applicator 123 H. Landry, J.M. Agnew, C. Laguë, C. Iskra and M. Roberge Potential for on-site and on-line analysis of hog manure using visual and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy 131 W. Saeys, A.M. Mouazen and H. Ramon Analysis of milk quality 139 Milk analyses: a comparison between a simple IR-instrument for use on farm level and available IR-methods 141 K. Svennersten-Sjaunja, M. Sjögren, I. Andersson and L-O. Sjaunja Evaluation of ions sodium and potassium in milk as criteria of changes in the blood-milk barrier: a lactation study 149 I. Krehl and R. Brunsch On-farm-analysis of milk: a promising challenge 157 Dieter W. Ordolff Automatic milking 163 Adaptability of teat cups to different udder forms in automatic milking systems and conventional milking systems 165 S. Rose, R. Brunsch, W. Huschke, H. Klimetschek , K. Schröter and E. Scherping Usability of web-based cameras to observe cows in an automatic milking system 173 J. Kaihilahti, A. Suokannas and S. Raussi Influence of social rank on animal behaviour of cows milked by an automatic milking system: implementation of automated procedures to estimate the rank and the length of stay in the feeding area 179 J. Harms, G. Pettersson and G. Wendl Monitoring cow health in a milking robot 187 M. Pastell, H. Takko, M. Hautala, V. Poikalainen, J. Praks, I. Veermäe and J. Ahokas Survey of the sustainability aspects of Automatic Milking Systems (AMS) in organic dairy production 193 F. W. Oudshoorn and I.J.M. de Boer 10 Precision Livestock Farming ’05 Working time studies in conventional and automatic milking systems with one or two AMS units 201 Mats Gustafsson Feeding technology and feed quality 209 The feed level controlled mash feeder vs. conventional tube mash feeder: Performance and eating behaviour of young weaned piglets 211 E.F. Hessel and H.F.A. Van den Weghe Precision protein and energy feeding of dairy cows during transition time 219 Ephraim Maltz, Nikolai Livshin, Aharon Antler, Israel Brukental and Amichai Arieli Computer-controlled milk feeding of calves; the effect of precise milk allocation 227 I. Halachmi, Y. Aharoni and A. Brosh Protein reduced, sensor-controlled feeding of fattening pigs 235 Cornelia Suhr, M. Naatjes, H. Andree and T. Hügle Economic response of site-specific management practices on alfalfa production quantity and quality 241 J. Salim, C. Dillon, S. Saghaian and D. Hancock Image analysis to assess livestock composition 249 Automatic determination of body condition score of cows based on 2D images 251 T. Leroy, J.-M. Aerts, J. Eeman, E. Maltz, G. Stojanovski and D. Berckmans Monitoring live pig weight with a mobile imaging system 257 A. Rydberg and M. Gilbertsson Improving the accuracy of automatic broiler weighing by image analysis 265 E. Vranken, A. Chedad, J.-M. Aerts and D. Berckmans. Emerging technology for assessing the composition of livestock 273 C.P. Schofield, R.D. Tillett, N.J.B. McFarlane, T.T. Mottram and A.R. Frost Precise management and modelling in livestock systems 281 A system analytic approach to model animal responses as a basis for precision livestock farming 283 J.-M. Aerts and D. Berckmans Representation of fat and protein gain at low levels of growth and improved prediction of variable maintenance requirement in a ruminant growth and composition model 291 J.W. Oltjen The future role of robotics systems in Precision Livestock Farming 297 C. Umstätter Precision Livestock Farming ’05 11 Lying behaviour of dairy cows under different housing systems and physiological conditions 305 Nikolai Livshin, Joseph Grinshpun, Lavi Rpsenfeld, Igal Shvartzman, Aharon Antler, Boaz Zion, Goran Stojanovski, Gjoko Bunevski and Ephraim Maltz Information management within Australian precision dairy systems 313 C. Eastwood, D. Chapman, M. Paine Control charts applied to individual sow farm analysis 319 J. Engler, K.-H. Tölle, H.H. Timm, E. Hohls and J. Krieter Precision livestock farming in developing countries: creating order where uncertainty prevails 327 Brigitte A. Kaufmann Identification of animals 337 Electronic identification (RFID technology) for improvement of traceability of pigs and meat 339 E. Spiessl-Mayr, G. Wendl, M. Zähner, K. Klindtworth and M. Klindtworth Automatic identification and determination of the location of dairy cows 347 K. Sällvik and H.H. Oostra Authors index 355 Keyword index 357 12 Precision Livestock Farming ’05 Editorial My Editorial for the first ECPLF, in Berlin, 2003, emphasised the common aims of the ECPA and ECPLF meetings. It outlined their similar goals, with special reference to traceability of food sources and control of process quality in food production, as well as their common scientific principles and methodology in the context of process engineering. It also emphasised the inevitable overlap of areas of interest in the two meetings, which centre on animal food production. Indeed, it is interesting to note that of the seven joint programme themes for 5ECPA and 2ECPLF, listed in the First Newsletter and Call for papers, only horticulture and viticulture could be described as marginal to 2ECPLF. Other general points common to both Conferences were that the outlook of farmers must be considered and that Conferences should focus on practical techniques, discussed in a “cross-disciplinary atmosphere”, by people with a wide range of specialisations. Overall, it is clear that the joint ECPA/ECPLF Conferences have a distinctive and valuable role, focusing on practicable developments essential to an industry which must supply products to meet steadily increasing standards for
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