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Proquest Dissertations On inhalation health effects of combustion generated ash aerosol particles Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Fernandez, Art Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 05:35:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280123 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may t)e from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 ON INHALATION HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION GENERATED ASH AEROSOL PARTICLES By Art Fernandez A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2002 UMI Number: 3061007 @ UMI UMI Microfomfi 3061007 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Leaning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. 00x1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 4 GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Arh Ftarn/intltaT: entitled On Inhalation Health Effects of Combustion Generated Ash Afarnsnl Pflrfi cl e.S and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Decree of Doctor of Philosophy Jost b. L. Wendt C-i Date ^I2A[\D0Z A. Eduardo^Saez1 ^ W O —» Date 'j-Eaul Blowers Date Clark R. Lantz ^-5" Date Mark L. Witten Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. DissertationT)irectof L"I Wendt Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head if the major department or the Dean of Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed used of the material is in the best of scholarship. In all other instances, owner, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation for the guidance, support, and commentary that was provided during the course of this research project by Dr. J. O. L. Wendt. Also, I would like to thank Dr. M. L. Witten for his support at the lung injury laboratory and Dr. Clark Lantz, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy. I would also like to thank the Japan New Energy and Technology Development Organization (NEDO), under an International Joint Research Grant entitled "Environmental Risk Management of Fine Particle Emissions from Combustion Sources", without whose funding this research would not have been possible. Additionally, I greatly appreciated the assistance of Professor Dr-Ing Klaus H.G. Hein, and his team, Dr Roberta Cenni, Natascha Wolski and Wolfgang Sheurer of IVD, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany for providing ash samples and for facilitating the acquisition of municipal sewage sludge (MSS). Along life's path, we meet wonderful people whose help and support affects us in one way or another and whose influence helps us to achieve our goals, grow, and appreciate what we have. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all of the faculty and staff of the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department for their assistance and support in all aspects of my graduate work. The following people in one way or another have helped me achieve a life-time goal: Lorenzo Lujan, Salvador Gonzales, Chad Vanleir, Juanita Hayes, Steve Rowland, Scott Young, Dave Bentley, and Monica Titus. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my grandparents, Jose and Fetra Fernandez, who shaped me to be the person that 1 am, to my family, and for the extraordinary support from the love of my life L. C. Stanley. Experience is knowledge and knowledge is the willingness to learn 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 12 LIST OF TABLES 14 ABSTRACT 15 1. BACKGROUND 17 1.1 INTRODUCTION 17 1.2 PARTICLE ORIGIN 18 1.3 PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS AND HEALTH EFFECTS 20 1.3.1 Aerosols 20 1.3.2 Particle Size 20 1.3.3 Particle Chemical Composition 21 1.3.4 Surface Chemistry 23 1.3.5 Acidic Aerosols and Sulfur 24 1.3.6 Water-soluble Metals 25 1.4 AEROSOL REMOVAL TECHNOLOGY 26 1.5 SORBENTS 27 1.6 PARTICLE DEPOSI FION 29 1.7 LUNG PHYSIOLOGY 35 1.7.1 Trachea and Bronchi 36 1.7.2 Bronchioles 38 1.7.3 Alveoli 38 1.7.4 Structure of the Air-Blood Barrier 40 1.8 TOXICOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS 42 1.8.1 In-Vivo Experiments 42 1.8.1.1 Intratrached Instillation 43 1.8.1.2 Direct Exposure 44 1.8.2 In-Vitro Experiments 44 1.9 BIOCHEMISTRY 45 1.9.1 Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-a) 46 1.9.2 Interleukin Proteins 46 1.10 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THIS WORK 47 1.11 DISSERTATION FORMAT 49 2. PRESENT STUDY 51 2.1 METHODS AND MATERIALS 51 2.1.1 Combustion Facilities 51 2.1.2 Air/Fuel Supply System 54 2.1.3 Natural Gas/Fuel Oil Burner 56 2.1.4 Fuel Oil Injector 56 2.1.5 Coal, MSS, and RDF Combustion Experiments 58 2.1.6 Combustion of Fuel Oil 58 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 2.1.7 Doping of Fuel Oil 59 2.1.8 Sorbent Injection 59 2.1.9 Aerosol Characterization 60 2.1.9.1 Particulate Sampling/Size Segregation 61 2.1.9.2 Substrate Conditioning and Particulate Collection at The U of A 64 2.1.9.3 Ultra-pure Water Leaching 65 2.1.9.4 Ash Particle Digestion 65 2.1.9.5 pH 66 2.1.9.6 Elemental Analysis 66 2.1.10 Bulk Particulate Collection System for Health Effect Studies 66 2.1.11 Solid Particulate Re-suspension System 67 2.1.11.1 PALASRBG-1000 69 2.1.11.2 Re-suspension of Ash Particles 71 2.1.11.3 Aerosol Concentration 74 2.1.11.4 RBG Operation 76 2.1.11.5 Splitter/Dilution Chamber 76 2.1.11.6 Cone Static and Dynamic Pressures Measurements 78 2.1.11.7 In-Tox Exposure Chamber 78 2.1.12 In-vivo Exposures to Ash Particles 80 2.1.12.1 Pulmonary Function and Lung Permeability 81 2.1.12.2 Bronchoalveolar Lavage 82 2.1.12.3 Pathologic Evaluation of Ash Particulate Exposure 83 2.2 SUMMARY OF RESULTS 84 2.2.1 Health Effects of Gottelbom Coal Ash 87 2.2.2 MSS (assisted by natural gas) Ash 91 2.2.3 Coal and MSS Ash 94 2.2.4 Coal and RDF Ash 97 2.2.5 Doped Distillate Oil: Zinc Only and Zinc plus Sulfur 99 2.2.6 Health Effects Engineering: Diminishing Lung Injury of PM by Sorbent Injection 104 2.2.7 Residual Oil Fly Ash 110 2.3 CONCLUSIONS 110 REFERENCES 114 APPENDIX A 121 A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE INFILTRATION OF 121 99mTc.DTPA INTO THE LUNG TISSUE OF MICE 121 122 INTRODUCTION 123 METHODS AND MATERIALS 124 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued THEORY 125 Alveolar Space 125 Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions 128 Transport thru the Membrane at Short Times 130 Transport thru the Membrane at Long Times 133 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 134 CONCLUSIONS 139 REFERENCES 142 APPENDIX B 145 A DEVICE FOR THE RE-SUSPENSION OF COMBUSTION GENENRATED ASH PARTICLES FOR HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIES 145 INTRODUCTION 147 METHODS AND MATERIALS 148 Ash Particulate Generation 148 Ash Particle Re-suspension Apparatus 150 Ash Particulate Characterization 152 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 153 Diffliser/Splitter Cone Characteristics 154 Particulate Concentration as a Function of Dilution 157 Re-suspended Ash Particle Size Distributions 159 Comparison of Re-suspended versus Generated Ash Particles 164 Physical Transformation after Re-suspension 166 CONCLUSIONS 167 REFERENCES 168 APPENDIX C 170 PUBLIC HEALTH: PARTICULATE EMISSION FROM BIOMASS COMBUSTION 170 REFERENCES 174 APPENDIX D 176 RE-SUSPENSION OF COAL AND COAL/MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE COMBUSTION GENERATED FINE PARTICLES FOR INHALATION HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIES 178 ABSTRACT 178 INTRODUCTION 180 MATERIAL AND METHODS 181 Particulate Source and Reagents 181 Particulate Re-suspension/Characterization 182 Cell
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