NATIONAL SEMINAR ON

CREATIVITY, INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Proceedings of the National Seminar on Creativity, Innovation & Entrepreneurship Kalamassery 19th March 2016

Organised by

State Institute of Technical Teachers Training & Research HMT Junction, Kalamassery.

INCREST - 2016 Page 2

Venue

CONFERENCE HALL STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL TEACHERS TRAINING & RESEARCH

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

HMT Jn., Kalamassery – 683 104

0484 2542355

Website: www.sitttrkerala.ac.in

INCREST - 2016 Page 3

INCREST - 2016 Page 4

About SITTTR

The State Institute of Technical Teachers Training & Research (SITTTR), formerly known as Curriculum Development Centre( CDC) was established by the Government of Kerala under the Department of Technical Education to monitor and enhance the quality of polytechnic education in the state. During the last 25 years of its existence, it has grown into a research and development institute for providing guidance, support and assistance to the Higher Education Department, Govt. of Kerala in its endeavor to improve the quality of technical education in the State. In the course of its elevation, it has extended its wings to related institutions and programmes such as Technical High Schools, Govt. Commercial Institute, Govt. Institute of Fashion Designing ,KGTE, KGCE and many other short term programmes in enhancing the quality of vocational education and skill development. SITTTR has been successfully operating a web based online system developed indigenously to coordinate the academic admission to the Polytechnic Colleges in the state to ensure a transparent admission process.

SITTTR is mandated with the development of curriculum of various programmes under the Department of Technical Education It develops instructional materials and coordinates the in service education of facultys at all levels. The curriculum comprehension of students are ensured through the development of learning materials It has been collaborating with national level institutions such as NITTTR, various universities and other autonomous institutions and agencies to ensure the curriculum standards and enhance the individual productivity of the faculty and support staff.

INCREST - 2016 Page 5

INCREST - 2016 Page 6

NATIONAL SEMINAR ON CREATIVITY, INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurship is a key priority area with the potential to stimulate job and wealth creation in innovative and independent way. Entrepreneurship instills the enterprise culture into the individuals. INCREST 2016, the national seminar on creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship is an effort by SITTTR to promote enterprise culture in student community. The objective was to create awareness and appreciation about the potential of entrepreneurship development. The occasion provide policy makers, academic people, administrators, entrepreneurs, start ups etc. a platform to discuss the issues and challenges in prioritising entrepreneurship and to deliberate on various measures to promote entrepreneurship development. The suggestion, modules and recommendation arising out of the conference will be helpful in formulating the reforms and policies in accelerating the entrepreneurship culture and movement in technical education institutions in India. An entrepreneur is a person who is able to actualize their innate potential and develop an independent character. It is the person who undertakes the voyage of creating value by putting together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity. It is the presence of innovation that distinguishes the entrepreneur from other business peoples. Entrepreneur is the vehicle that drives creativity and innovation. Entrepreneur brings innovation to the market. It is defined as adding something to an existing product or process. Innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas. All innovation begins with creative ideas. Hence creativity is the starting point of innovation. Innovation is the implementation of creative inspiration. Creativity is the ability to make or otherwise bring in to existence something new. Creativity is moving from known to unknown. Both innovation and entrepreneurship demand creativity. Hence entrepreneurship cannot be discussed alone with innovation or creativity or vice versa, these three are inter connected. The National Innovation Foundation of India (NIA) set up by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, a national initiative to strengthen the grass roots technological innovation and outstanding traditional knowledge. The Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE) an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Skill Development &

INCREST - 2016 Page 7

Entrepreneurship to promote training, Research and consultancy with focus on entrepreneurship development. Skill India, Digital India, Make India initiatives have provided a conducive environment for the growth of entrepreneurship.

INCREST – 2016 is the pioneering effort of SITTTR to cultivate and promote an environment of entrepreneurship among technical education community. The event has not been conceived as a onetime activity, but to be carried out on a continuous basis. The first edition of the seminar experienced a high feel of interest among the stake holders. The request for participation was much above the expectation and hence SITTTR could not accommodate all the entries. We expect that this will be the beginning of a march towards a committed community of technically qualified people towards creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship. SITTTR thanks all those who have associated with this innovative activity and happy to present the proceedings to the public.

INCREST - 2016 Page 8

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the contents of the papers published in this proceedings have been produced in original as submitted by the authors in the Seminar held on

19th March 2016 at SITTTR Kalamassery, Kerala.

The SITTTR or the Government of Kerala does not have any responsibility with the contents and it is the sole responsibility of the authors for any legal ramifications for the contents in the published papers.

INCREST - 2016 Page 9

INCREST - 2016 Page 10

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Summary ...... 13 Role of start-ups in the skill development of Indian school children, with special reference to ‘INDIAN HOMEMADE TOYS ...... 17

Towards Inculcating Entrepreneurial Culture among Technical Students ...... 24 Status and successful models of Entrepreneurship promotion in Technical Institutions and lessons learned...... 32

A comparative and analytic study of methodologies adopted by TBI’s and STP’s of foreign countries versus India especially in educational institutions...... 47

Student Entrepreneurship Development Factors ...... 53

Intrapreneurship and intrapreneuring strategies ...... 58 Automated phase sequence corrector with single phasing preventer ...... 65

Entrepreneurship concept, success factors, competencies, skills, attitudes and traits ...... 83 How does Innovative Cell help students to achieve their career goal ...... 96

Automated Car Door Ejection System ...... 103 Fast Charging Case ...... 111

Smart vehicle speed interceptor (SVSI) ...... 117 Generation of fuel from waste Plastic ...... 126

Programme Schedule ...... 149

List of Participants ...... 151

INCREST - 2016 Page 11

INCREST - 2016 Page 12

SUMMARY

The National Seminar INCREST 2016 was held at SITTTR Conference Hall on 19th March 2016. The events were scheduled in three sessions. The first one, the inaugural session and the second Technical Session I, invited Lectures were held in the FN. Technical Session II for presentation by faculty and Students were held in the AN. Inaugural Session

Welcome Speech: Shri V A Shamsudeen, Deputy Director, SITTTR

Entrepreneurship has been considered as backbone of economic development. The level of economic growth of a region, depends on the level of entrepreneurial activities in that region. The belief that entrepreneur are born, no more holds good, it is well recognized that they can be moulded and nurtured through appropriate interventions. In the present economic scenario, where trade barriers between countries has faded, there is immense potential for capable enterprisers. The surge in IT activities add to this momentum. But a large segment of the population, especially from the backward region lags behind in taking advantages of the opportunities. The Government, both at the state and centre has initiated various interventions in promoting entrepreneurship ambience in the society. At present numerous promotional agencies are involved in administering and implementing entrepreneurship development programmes in their respective demain. Technology business incubators (TBI) is a technology lead knowledge driven institution implemented at education institutions to support activities in their domain. Innovation and entrepreneurship development centre (IEDC) develop institutional mechanism to create entrepreneurship culture in academic institutions and to foster growth of innovation and entrepreneurship among the faculty and the students. Entrepreneurship do not exist in isolation, it is the outcome of creativity and innovation. Fostering, creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship among students and faculty’s will definitely lead to creation of positive culture in academic institutions. Students, particularly those with engineering/technology background has immense opportunities waiting for them. These students are more exposed to innovative ideas compared with their counterparts in other streams and hence has better opportunities for nurturing creative talent. Creativity is the mother of innovation and entrepreneurship. The real life story of many students venturing into enterprise and successfully runing the same at comparatively younger age cannot be dreamt twenty years back. The faculty’s of education institutions has to adopt to innovative treatment of students in bringing out their hidden potential. They cannot be just tutor alone, but have to perform various roles, tutor, guide, mentor , motivator etc. Hence the faculty has to deliver a conducive learning experience in attaining the stated learning objectives. Patenting the creation is a challenge every innovator has to face in the liberalized economy. Patenting is an exclusive right granted by the Government to the original inventor or developer of an innovation which prohibits others from making, using or selling that invention. The grant of this exclusive right is really an encouragement for the people to come up with new inventions and INCREST - 2016 Page 13

innovations.The patent is granted on submission of an application fulfilling certain statutory/legal requirements to the patent office in India, the head office at Culcutta. Patent is a mechanism to protect the creation of a product an it is only one of the mechanism to protect the creation of mind. The other mechanisms are Copy right, Trade mark, Industrial designs, Layout designs of integrated circuits, Geographical integrators, Registration of plant varieties and Trade secrets. All these mechanisms are devised to protect the intellectual property of different nature. Patenting requires a bit of documentation skills and legal knowledge in the domain. Students as young enterprisers and creators are advised not end in developing the product but should see that their creations is patented. The faculty has a major responsibility in helping the students in their grey areas. Any innovation to be successful, it should beneficial to the society. SITTTR , which has been mandated with the academic functions of the Technical Education Department, proposed this seminar as it has a major responsibility in inducting entrepreneurial culture among the stake holders. It is expected that the message of the seminar will percolate into their heart and initiate a trigger , which will be beneficial to the development of the society. The seminar which will serve as a platform for deliberations among the experts in the domain, will sure to carry forward the message of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship among the Technical Education community.

Presidential Address: Shri N Santhakumar, Joint Director, SITTTR.

This seminar is an effort initiated by SITTTR to cultivate entrepreneurship culture among the students and faculty members of technical education community in Kerala. Even though Kerala has a wide network of technical education institutions and a large number of bright students, their contribution towards the national economy in terms of generating employment and wealth is not as expected. The need of the hour is to design the scope and nature of the training offered at the educational institute not to be of mere job seekers but to that of proud job providers. This humble effort of SITTTR is to promote the message among the community.

Inauguration: Dr. Sunny K George, Syndicate Member, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.

The Government at the Centre and State have chalked out many initiative in promoting student entrepreneurs. Kerala is in the path of development and it offers immense potential for the budding entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs especially new ones will have to face unforeseen hurdles that may endanger their dream. It is the skill of an entrepreneur to resolve the obstacles and drive their dream to growth. The obstacles are quiet natural and should not deter them from aggressively pursuing their enterprise and should be born in mind that any set back will only be temporary and the failures are not the end of the career. Entrepreneurship stems from creativity. Reading from out of syllabus is the key to open the student’s creativity. The present educational system has to take into consideration the need for inculcating entrepreneurial culture among students and the curriculum has to be designed accordingly.

INCREST - 2016 Page 14

Moncy Varghese, Trainer - Moderator

The importance of the intelligence of adaptability has been accepted now a days. It means the intelligence to accommodate with a different environment. The idea behind finishing schools is to impart the skills to accommodate with the industrial environment. These initiatives have created an atmosphere of entrepreneurial thinking among the students. The duty of the teacher is to inspire them, motivate them and empower them. This is the transformation of a faculty from the role of a lecturer to the role of motivator, counselor, guide mentor etc. Now it is the era of transformational teachers, not informative teachers. A teacher inspires the pupil to do what they really want to do and do even though they do not like to do it. Entrepreneurship is built on these pillars; (i) knowledge (ii) skill and (iii) attitude. Knowledge is the basic information on the subject where as skill is the expertise to execute the project. Knowledge means what to do where as skill means how to do. The third one is the attitude. To implement an idea is a tough task, the people will ignore you or laugh at and fight with you. Entrepreneur implementing the ideas has to overcome all these stages.

INCREST - 2016 Page 15

INCREST - 2016 Page 16

TECHNICAL SESSION II FACULTY

INCREST - 2016 Page 17

INCREST - 2016 Page 18

Role of start-ups in the skill development of Indian school children, with special reference to ‘INDIAN HOMEMADE TOYS’

Premjith.P, Head, Department of Automobile Engg, Govt Polytechnic College, Attingal,

& Dr. Preetha P.S, Asst. Professor, SN College, Kollam, Kerala.

Abstract ‘Startup India,’ a flagship initiative of the Government of India, is intended to build a strong ecosystem for nurturing innovation and startups in the country. According to Government of India, it will drive sustainable economic growth and generate large scale employment opportunities. ‘Indian Homemade Toys (IHT),’ with ‘make your own toys’ as its motto, is one such startup founded by two school children from Kerala. IHT is an online store and resources for parents and kids which combines creativity, engineering, and enthusiasm to acquire newer skills among children. The mission of its founders is to inspire Indian children to become technology innovators. India loses roughly around $ 2 billion on toy imports annually and most of these toys are made from recycled plastic, even including hospital waste. Indian Homemade Toys could be a possible solution. If India really needs to achieve the objectives of ‘Skill India,’ a massive collaboration between children, public, government, financial institutions, industry, academics and educational institutions etc. If toy-making is introduced to 200 million school children as an additional creative activity, they can learn and acquire a lot of skills by doing. IHT puts forward a new concept of entrepreneurship: ‘Smart-ups’ or ‘integrated startups.’ Key-words: Startup India, Indian Homemade Toys (IHT), innovation, Skill India, Smart-ups, integrated startups

Role of start-ups in the skill development of Indian school children, with special reference to ‘INDIAN HOMEMADE TOYS’

Introduction

Small businesses are the economic backbone of every nation. With the presence of more than 4,200 startups, India has become the third largest startup base worldwide. Now-a-days, ‘startups’ are often misunderstood with small businesses. Webster’s dictionary defines ‘startup’ as a fledgling business enterprise. Popular definition of a ‘startup’ is ‘a temporary organization designed to search for a repeatable and scalable business model. The crucial objective of the startup owner is to disrupt the existing market with his innovative product/service and that of a small business owner is to secure a comfortable place in the local market. In order to differentiate both, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry released a notification to define ‘startups’ on April 17, 2015. According to the government notification, an entity will be identified as a startup:

INCREST - 2016 Page 19

1. Till up to five years from the date of incorporation. 2. If its turnover does not exceed 250 million rupees in the last five financial years. 3. It is working towards innovation, development, deployment, and commercialization of new products, processes, or services driven by technology or intellectual property.

Startup companies are of prime importance in the knowledge based economy as the main driving force behind them is innovations. Commercialized innovations/inventions provide newer jobs as well as economic growth. They are most influential among the young generation of every nation as they promote research based innovation. Startup culture helps to unleash the creativity of individuals in our society.

Inventions and innovations are highly connected with the skills of individuals behind every start up. Play is a natural activity for every child. If we consider ‘play’ as his/her work, then toys are his tools which make his work easier. Skill development begins at an early age. If the child is capable of making his/her own toys, naturally he/she would be in possession of good imagination, problem-solving, planning and creative skills.If we can create such skillful children, definitely they can contribute to the present startup drive in India. We have selected ‘Indian Homemade Toys (IHT)’, a startup owned by two school kids, for the case study because it aims at the overall skill development of school children in India.IHT is the only startup which represented 200 million Indian school children during the launch of ‘Startup India, Standup India’ on 16/1/2016 at New Delhi.

Review of literature

As per the findings of the ‘State of the Urban Youth, India 2012: Employment, Livelihoods, Skills,’ a report published by IRIS Knowledge Foundation in collaboration with UN-HABITAT, India is set to become the world’s youngest country with 64 per cent of its population in the working age group by 2020. Today, India has 605 million people below the age of 25, and 225 million in the age group 10-19, poised for higher education. Estimations predict the average age in India by the year 2020 will be 29 years as against 40 years in the USA, 46 years in Europe and 47 years in Japan.

EARNST & YOUNG,FICCI Skill Report September 2012, India has gradually evolved as a knowledge-based economy due to the abundance of capable, flexible and qualified human capital. Still, there is a shortage of skilled manpower to address the increasing demands of the global economy. India has the largest group of people below thirty five years of age and the skill development of such working population is a high priority of Government of India.

As per Institute of Applied Manpower research, Planning Commission, Government of India, 2010, India has among the lowest proportion of trained youth in the world. Though there are many industrial training institutes (ITIs), vocational schools, polytechnics and professional colleges, sector-specific skill development, training for self-employment and other forms of training, around 90% of employment in India is in the informal sector where employees are working in comparatively low productivity jobs. So, skill development should begin from schools in order to cater the human capital needs of India. To be very precise, skill development of children should begin from homes. School children, in possession of good imagination, problem-solving, planning and creative skills, can contribute the development of India. Hence, even schools are included in ‘Startup India’ movement.

INCREST - 2016 Page 20

Startup India is a flagship initiative of the Government of India, intended to build a strong eco- system for nurturing innovation and Startups in the country that will drive sustainable economic growth and generate large scale employment opportunities. To promote Startups, innovation and design, Government of India announced ‘Startup India’ action plan on 16/1/2016. The salient points are given below.

1. Tax exemptions for three years and concessions on capital gains tax. 2. Compliance regime based on self-certification and no regulatory inspection for three years. 3. A fund of Rs. 10,000 crore to back startups. Initially the corpus will be Rs. 2,500 crore. Also, a credit guarantee fund for startups. 4. A Startup India hub - a single point of contact for interactions with the government. 5. Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) for promotion of research and development including 500 tinkering labs, 35 public-private sector incubators, 31 innovation centres at national institutes, 7 new research parks, 5 new bio-clusters. 6. 90 days for a startup to close down its business. 7. 80 per cent reduction in patent filing fee and fast-track mechanism for startup patent applications. Also, a panel of legal facilitators for startups to file IP (patents, designs, trademarks) with costs borne by government. 8. Relaxed norms of public-procurement for startups. No requirement of turnover or experience, but no relaxation in quality. 9. 5 lakh schools and 10 lakh students to be involved in core innovation programmes. National and international startup festivals to provide visibility. 10. A mobile app to be launched on April 1 making it possible to register startups in one day.

Objectives of the present study

• To examine the importance of skill development among school children in India. • To reduce the economic stress through the import of hazardous toys to India • To examine the importance of indigenous toy making startups.

Methodology of study

The current study is based on the data gathered from the primary sources (Interaction with the CEO Master AmarjjitPremji (10) and CTO Master AbhijitPremji (13) of Indian Homemade Toys and their website: www.indianhomemadetoys.com) and secondary sources like annual report, Startup India action plan released by Government of India, and various kinds of documents available in the internet. Analysis of the data and conclusions drawn shows the importance of indigenous toy components/ toys manufacturing industry in the skill development of Indian school children.

INCREST - 2016 Page 21

Toy market: the present scenario in India

As per new market research report "Toys Market in India 2015-2020" the Indian Toy Industry is expected to grow at CAGR of 20% and be valued at INR 248.83 billion by the year 2020. The main reason for this growth is the population hike. China produces two thirds of the toys in the world. As on 2016, India loses roughly around $ 2 billion on toy imports annually. Again, most of these toys are made from recycled plastic, even including hospital waste. A wide range of toys and children’s products sold in India contain either lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, antimony, or chromium. The ingestion of high levels of lead can cause brain, liver, kidney, nerve, and stomach damage as well as anemia, comas, convulsions, and even death. Free flow of cheap Chinese toys accessed the Indian market with versatile features has almost killed the traditional toy industries in India. Though there are international regulations related with anti-dumping, countries like China and Italy are finding new methods to dump their toys in India. Indian homemade toys (IHT): a possible alternative “If we have to promote the development of our country, then our mission has to be Skill Development and Skilled India.”This is the vision of ShriNarendraModi, honorable Prime Minister of India. Through ‘Skill India’, he dreams of an India having 400 million skilled Indian youth by 2022 and out of this, 200 million are school students. Skill development acts as an instrument to improve the overall effectiveness and empowers an individual to work more efficiently, resulting in a more productive national economy. Globalization has opened newer opportunities to the world. With the increasing use of gadgets like smart phones, laptops, tablets, the number of children who are addicted to virtual games has increased to alarming rates in India. School children as well as elders enjoy playing with graphical games rather than opting for creative activities. These games are time engaging as well as having direct behavioral impacts on children. Undoubtedly, virtual games promote animosity among children. This lazy culture of the new generation is detrimental to the intellectual as well as economic growth of every nation. In-order to convert the child more innovative and competitive, he/she must develop various newer skills.No student in the history of education is exactly like the ones who are a part of our Net Generation. Managing these techno-savvy digital students is tough assignment for every teacher. They want to be challenged and inspired every moment in their learning process.Twenty first century students need 21st Century skills and the most important among them are a) Collaboration and teamwork b) Creativity, imagination c) Critical thinking d) Problem solving. ‘Indian Homemade Toys (IHT),’ with ‘make your own toys’ as its motto, is one such startup founded by two school children from Kerala. IHT is an online store and resources for parents and kids which combines creativity, engineering, and enthusiasm to acquire newer skills among children. The mission of its founders is to inspire Indian children to become technology innovators.If India really needs to achieve the objectives of ‘Skill India,’ a massive collaboration between children, public, government, financial institutions, industry, academics and educational institutions etc. is most needed. If toy-making is introduced to 200 million school children as an additional creative activity, they can learn and acquire a lot of skills by doing.

INCREST - 2016 Page 22

Every child likes toys. Let’s consider construction of an Abacus as a simple example. Instead of giving a finished Abacus to the child, if the components are provided, he/she can construct the same under the guidance of teacher as a toy. Hand and eye coordination, colour separation, assembling and many other skills can be achieved through this simple example. Learning by doing is the best form of education as it becomes highly collaborative and innovative. Estimations project that India would be having the largest number of youngstersby 2020.Indian homemade toysdreams of creating immense educational toy components so that Indian school children could secure many skills. Integration of school-based, work-based learning atmosphere can do wonders in skill development of children. If we could introduce home-based, work based learning in collaboration with parents also, the results would be much better. Through component based toy building, teachers and parents can easily identify the skill of a child at an early age. This sort of identification can help in selecting sector-specific skill development in future. Business opportunity of IHT as a Startup Unavailability of cost-effective components used in toy-making, RC - electronic circuits, plastic wheels, small gear boxes, pulleys, and connectors for toy motors, cheap solar panels and many more - is the business opportunity before IHT. IHT would like to design, manufacture and market child-friendly toy components through a cluster of startups functioning under it. Children can create and learn a lot through these unique components.

India has more than 650 districts. If each district has one toy component making ‘start- up’ or ‘stand-up’, India can save at least a minimum of 5000 crores on imports every year. IHT even hope to find market for the creations of children across India. Thus IHT can become the largest national integration organization in India to create finest startup owners of the future.If India really needs to achieve the objectives of ‘Skill India’, a massive collaboration between children, public, government, financial institutions, industry, academics and educational institutions etc. is most needed. IHT can clearly serve this purpose resulting in the formation of at least a 1000 startups under it. IHT puts forward a new concept of entrepreneurship: ‘Smart- ups’ or ‘integrated startups.’ Educational institutions can support IHT with innovative toy component designs. (Plastic injection moulding units, toy-making units based on Latex, electronic boards for making Remote controlled toys, educational toys, and many more!)

INCREST - 2016 Page 23

Result and discussion 1. Even a toy matters in Make in India:

‘Make in India’ is a national program designed to transform India into a global manufacturing hub with key focus on attracting investment by physical infrastructure creation, foster innovation, IPR and enhancing skill development. In-order to achieve the key objectives, Indian school children has to be connected with Make in India.

Fortunately, homemade toys connect children to ‘Make in India.’ India loses roughly around $ 2 billion on toy imports annually. Again, most of these toys are made from recycled plastic, even including hospital waste. Indian Homemade Toys is a possible solution to fight this menace. If educational institutions and parents provide their children with various components of toys, they can create their own toys. Every child is an innovator by birth and today’s toymaker can be tomorrow’s technology-maker. Thus toys connect children to Skill India and Make in India.

Homemade toys connect children to higher order thinking skills and problem solving. It gives the provision to dream high. Ultimately IHT connects children to Dream India and Design India. Toy construction based on scientific facts can make the child least stressed during the school life. IHT can teach students how to make homemade toys from trash and he/she can be introduced to ‘Clean India’ initiative of Government of India. Children can easily learn the importance of segregation of waste generation, which is key element in national integration.

There is even scope for ‘regenerative teaching’, ie, senior students can teach their juniors the art of toy-making. If toy-making is introduced to schools as an additional creative activity as a part of New Education Policy, Indian school children can learn a lot by doing. When the child reaches tenth standard, he/she would be clearly able to create something like robotics. Toy-making can contributeto the knowledge about accelerated growth, good governance, employment generation; farmer-centric initiatives; education and health; innovative budgeting and effective implementation, Swachh Bharat, energy efficiency and conservation measures of India among children.

2. IHT connect children to Digital India

‘Digital India’ is an initiative launched by the Government of India on 1st July 2015 for ensuring Government services made available to citizens electronically by improving online

INCREST - 2016 Page 24

infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity. It is having three major components a) creation of digital infrastructure b) delivering services digitally c) digital literacy among Indians. Raspberry Pi and Arduino were both originally designed to be teaching tools, which is why they have become so popular—both devices are very easy to learn to use. Toys made with such components can help to improve the levels of innovative spirit among children. They can learn coding and many computer languages.

3. Transform India through ‘Smart-ups’

‘Smart-up’ is a quite new concept in the developmental phase of any nation. Like the concept of an Integrated Chip, a ‘smart-up’ is an integrated startup when a group of startups, standups and many small businesses are clustered to a common theme or mission, prominent in the national point of view. A smart-up has the scope of business beyond a brand. It’s actually a blend of global and Gandhian economics. It involves both mass production as well as production by the masses, generating numerous job opportunities.

IHT is a smart up having a national mission: ‘Every child in India can have his/her own start-up in future.’Toy-making is fun and kids may learn a lot through fun. Electric circuits, motors powertrains, pulleys, belts, wheels, solar panels, magnetism and so on.Children don't need any special skills to begin with. Toys available at IHT today, are not permanent creations. Kids can make several innovations.IHT is a smart-up having a national mission: ‘200 million skilled school children by 2025’.

References:

• Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry.(2012). Knowledge paper on skill development in India Learner first. New Delhi: Ernst & Young Pvt. Ltd

• Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry.(2013). Knowledge paper on skill development in India.Global Skills Summit 2013. New Delhi: Ernst & Young Pvt. Ltd

• Government of India (2012).Reports and Publications. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Government of India. New Delhi.

• Government of India, The Eleventh Five Year Plan, Planning Commission

• Government of India, 2016, Startup India, Standup India action plan, released on 16/1/2016

• IRIS Knowledge Foundation in collaboration with UN-HABITAT 2012, ‘State of the Urban Youth, India 2012: Employment, Livelihoods, Skills.

• www.makeinindia.com • www.planningcommission.gov.in • www.ndtv.com • www.ficciskillforum.org • www.nsdcindia.org • www.digitalindia.gov.in • www.indianhomemadetoys.com

INCREST - 2016 Page 25

Towards Inculcating Entrepreneurial Culture among Technical Students

Habeeb Rahiman Kallikkal, PhD Lecturer in Engineering Chemistry SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur-676105 Malappuram(Dt); Kerala Abstract There is always much discussion all over the world about the possibility of developing entrepreneurs. Education is an important factor in determining the entrepreneurial orientation in individuals. Even though, the higher education in India expanded multifold substantial growth from pre-independence period to post-independence period, there has been no contribution to say to the economy of nation from its higher education sector. Early exposure in entrepreneurial studies is an important consideration in developing successful entrepreneurs. Particular interest is being focused currently on the role of small business, both because of its ability to adapt to a changing environment and because its structure allows it to adjust itself to technical change at a rate fast enough for survival. Many countries have now recognized this and are preparing new policy measures to support small firms and entrepreneurship. Specific efforts are also being directed at promoting innovative activities and to improving innovative capabilities. Education and training can have definite role in enhancing entrepreneurship in the context of a developing country like India by enlarging the pool of entrepreneurs. Even though the central and state governments have certain schemes to higher education institutions for entrepreneurship development, no improvement to mention have been observed over the time. This paper tries to explain the role of technical colleges in shaping and nurturing of future entrepreneurs in India. Some of the reasons for the lack of an entrepreneurial culture among the engineering students have also been discussed here. This article also discusses if the current curriculum taught in technical colleges meets the requirements of budding entrepreneurs and the steps that should be taken towards promotion of entrepreneurship education. Attempt has been made to look into the steps taken by some foreign countries to develop entrepreneurial culture among their students. Apart from financial assistance from organizations like AICTE, state governments etc, proper guidance and follow up must be there to ensure that the projects are running in the direction expected and become fruitful ultimately. Many of the leading companies in the world were started by young entrepreneurs within or beyond the campus. The engineering colleges and polytechnics could become the incubation centres for successful ventures in India from the generations to come and create Indian entrepreneurial brands. Consulting-based learning in micro-businesses will provide students with necessary hands-on experience and entrepreneurial culture. The future engineers of our country have a substantial role to play in realising the missions like make in India, startup India - standup India etc.

Key words: Entrepreneurship, Polytechnics, Education, Curriculum, Technical, AICTE, Entrepreneurial culture, Engineering

INCREST - 2016 Page 26

Towards Inculcating Entrepreneurial Culture among Technical Students

1. Introduction Entrepreneurs shape the economic future of countries by generating income and jobs, offering products and bringing revenue for governments. They turn dreams to reality and help to enhance the standard of living of people substantially. This self-created wealth strengthens and safeguards the economy from recession. That is why always entrepreneurship has closely been linked to economic growth. However, in recent years, many industrialized countries have badly affected by economic recession, high unemployment rates and fluctuation in international trade cycles. This situation has prompted the decision makers to consider and deliberate the potential role of entrepreneurs as a possible solution to the setbacks to economy.

India has been growing at a relatively high rate in the last few years, and is expected to be one of the strongest economy in the world by the mid of this century. Different from many of the developed countries, ours is a country with more than sixty percent of the population currently being in the age group of 15 to 60 years. This fact can be considered as an advantage to India as the nascent entrepreneurship prevalence rates are highest in the 25-34 age group. In order to capitalize on this positive situation, we must be able to engage our youth in creative pursuits through developing appropriate skills, including entrepreneurship skills. As of now, only less than ten percentage has access to some kind of skills. The Indian society, by and large, has a distinct preference for service/decent job that provides economic security. Even if someone with an entrepreneurial aptitude wants to set up his/her own venture, he/she is discouraged by adverse factors like: lack of knowledge on how to step in, difficult official procedures, lack of adequate funds, lack of proper guidance, non co-operation of public and the nightmare about the consequences of failure. Particular interest is being focused currently on the role of small business, both because of its ability to adapt to a changing environment and because its structure allows it to adjust itself to technical change at a rate fast enough for survival.

The educational system in India focuses mainly to prepare students for a job and not exposes them to entrepreneurship. Not everyone has what it takes to be an entrepreneur but, then, our society does not need everyone to be an entrepreneur. Even though an entrepreneur requires a certain flair or attitude towards taking risks, there are many aspects of entrepreneurship which can be taught. There is, and always will be, a role for the gut feeling in entrepreneurship, and indeed that is what may mark out a successful entrepreneur from the unsuccessful one. There is clearly a major role and need for entrepreneurship education and training. There is need for an atmosphere which encourages entrepreneurship and recognizes the reasons for entrepreneurial failures without immediately penalizing such failures. Failures themselves can be an essential part of a learning process [1].

2. Importance of Entrepreneurship Education Building an entrepreneurial nation is not a quick process. One of the ways to inculcate entrepreneurship culture amongst youths is through entrepreneurship education [2]. Reference [3] stated that entrepreneurship education and training are important for economic development, particularly in improving the quality and

INCREST - 2016 Page 27

quantity of future entrepreneurs. Realizing the importance of entrepreneurship education, many universities all over the world have been offering entrepreneurship education.

Entrepreneurship covers creativity, innovation and risk taking and the ability to plan and manage projects in order to achieve objectives. In short, it refers to an individual’s ability to turn ideas into action. Entrepreneurship education should not be confused with general business or economic studies, as its goal is to promote creativity, innovation and self-employment. Usually students make career choices, while undergoing their higher education. Hence it is the right time when they should be guided and motivated towards entrepreneurship as a preferred choice. If the students were exposed to opportunities, procedures and formalities, they may consider their career in entrepreneurship.

The entrepreneurship education provided through technical colleges must be able to serve the following purposes,

- To develop those qualities and skills that form the basis of an entrepreneurial mindset - To give awareness of entrepreneurship as possible career option - To provide specific business skills and knowledge of how to start and successfully run a firm. - To encourage new start-ups and other entrepreneurial ventures - To devise attitudes towards change - To give awareness on the importance of Make in India

Entrepreneurship education should mainly be practically oriented and not be overloaded with theoretical expositions [4]. The aspects in starting up and managing business cannot be taught through conventional methods such as readings, lectures or watching films [5]. Moreover, [6] mentioned in their study that entrepreneurship education needs a different teaching instructive, hence, there are studies trying to relate it to work related learning, experiential learning, action-learning, and entrepreneurial training. In other words, entrepreneurship education is more than business management, it is about learning, which means learning to integrate experience, skills and knowledge, to get prepare to start with a new venture.

3. Entrepreneurship Education in India-Current Status The entrepreneurship training in higher education should satisfy the need for entrepreneurship by selecting, motivating, training and supporting future entrepreneurs. Unfortunately, this is not happening in India and the current status of entrepreneurship teaching leaves much to be desired. A survey done by the Entrepreneurship Development Institute, India (EDII) in 2003 shows that young people are afraid to start their own business because they are not confident, not capable, and lack knowledge in starting a business. Many people have the opportunity to change jobs or become an entrepreneur if they are properly trained. The students in India are not confident with the traditional education they receive.

INCREST - 2016 Page 28

Entrepreneurship is not given emphasis in technical colleges. In polytechnics, as per the latest curriculum entrepreneurship has been included only as a small portion in the subject Industrial Management. Period allocation for the same is very less and no practical training has been included. Even though, the state government and AICTE have schemes for financial assistance to Entrepreneurship Development Cells (EDCs) in engineering colleges and polytechnics, most of the institutions do not have an active cell. For those institutions having such cells, the lack of proper guidance and monitoring from the funding agencies and supervising organizations make the functioning of cells ineffective.

Since entrepreneurship has not been included as a separate subject and since teachers are not given special training on it, the institutions are not giving much emphasis in entrepreneurship training. The quality of the compulsory projects & project reports submitted by engineering college and polytechnic students is not upto the mark and lack commercial value. In most cases, project reports and just copied from somewhere and have nothing to highlight as innovation. Over the time, teachers have also by and large been accustomed to this situation and are not guiding/motivating students to go for innovative works. Even if some innovative projects come from student side, a proper follow-up does not happen. This is the major reason attributed for the lesser number of patents from higher education institutions.

4. Suggestions for Inculcating Entrepreneurial Culture in Students

The formation of entrepreneurship culture is the prerequisite of a successful entrepreneurship education (EE) in India’s higher education system. Only if the whole society advocates the entrepreneurship and risk-taking and the entrepreneurs are respected can the students and the faculty members among educational institutions become more interested in participating in the EE. Engineers have to be more self reliant, they have to embrace the concept of working for themselves, and institutions have to prepare them for this.

More than 22 lakhs of students are coming out from technical colleges of India every year. These institutions are the potential hubs of innovation. Engineers have strong preferences for analytical, logical and quantitative thinking as well as a very structured and procedural thinking. Engineering education typically stresses adaptive thinking and therefore engineers can become very good at solving problems in routine ways but they may not be encouraged to explore innovative solutions. Entrepreneurs must be able to identify customer needs and market niches using lateral thinking skills and these skills should be taught to engineering students. In addition thinking preferences of a student can be matched to the respective type of entrepreneurship – those who are inclined to come up with a new invention, applying new ideas into a variety of practical applications by doing things differently and increase efficiency of operations by doing things in better ways [7,8]. These factors should be considered when planning to incorporate entrepreneurship education into an engineering degree program.

INCREST - 2016 Page 29

Entrepreneurship must be included as a compulsory subject for engineering colleges and polytechnics. The Entrepreneurship syllabus needs to be reviewed to ensure that it captures best practice and more specifically to incorporate a practical element to the course. A practical element to the course will enhance the real-life practical experiences of the students. Learning tools such as business plans, student business start-ups, consultation with practicing entrepreneurs, interviews with entrepreneurs etc may be included as segments of entrepreneurship education.

Establishment of Entrepreneurship Development Cells (EDCs) should be made compulsory in engineering colleges and polytechnic colleges. State government and AICTE can extend support to all the technical colleges in establishing Entrepreneurship Development Cells (EDCs) with the ultimate aim of upgrading some of the high performing EDCs into TBIs. Following items can be incorporated into the activities of EDCs.

- Identifying students interested in entrepreneurship - Motivating all the students to involve in entrepreneurial activities - Proper support to students - Student interaction with successful entrepreneurs - Visit to successful units - Case studies of successful and unsuccessful units - Training to people other than students as part of outreach activities - Interaction with organizations like industries departments, EDCs of other institutes etc - Awareness on government schemes for budding entrepreneurs.

The time allocated to the entrepreneurship programme should be increased to allow inclusion of other activities like field trips to business incubators and interaction with other practicing and successful entrepreneurs. There is a need for Technical colleges to form partnerships with established entrepreneurs and agencies that support budding entrepreneurs, as guest presenters, and also to act as mentors. They can provide start up mentoring and business counselling support to future entrepreneurs.

In grading/accrediting institutions of higher education give higher weightage for promoting entrepreneurship among students and teachers. Encourage setting up of incubators jointly by technical colleges and business schools to harness the strengths of both types of institutions in promoting entrepreneurship.

In entrepreneurship education, it is also important to focus on the personality of young people. This type of education should foster creativity, a sense of initiative, risk taking and other generally applicable attributes and skills that are the foundation of entrepreneurship. For students who will establish an own venture after their course, more specific skills such as the following are necessary,

INCREST - 2016 Page 30

- aware of business ethics - able to draft a business plan - knowing the procedures for starting a firm - knowing the principles of accounting - having an idea of market mechanisms and selling techniques - aware of social responsibility - leadership skills - managing resources and money in a responsible way - exposure to technology innovation - creative thinking - being punctual

5. Brief overview of developments in some foreign countries Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) have emerged as the major source of innovation across the globe. They provide infrastructure, counselling, technical advice, access to information, access to venture capital, mentoring and networking and overall support in start-up process under one roof. This is a kind of one-stop shop for innovators. There are over 1300 Incubators in USA and Canada, 900 in Europe, over 800 in China, about 300 in South Korea, 200 in Japan, and 100 in a small country like Taiwan. In contrast, India has only about 115 TBIs.

To encourage “mass entrepreneurship,” the Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE) has asked colleges to allow students to suspend their college career to pursue entrepreneurship. The MOE wants colleges to “make innovation and entrepreneurship education a consistent element of the entire education process and develop and offer courses dedicated to creativity and entrepreneurship.” Additionally, colleges are asked to appoint successful entrepreneurs, business leaders, investors, and schools as adjunct mentors to provide one on one advice to students. In China, the government has decided to establish a new innovation-and-entrepreneurship-oriented education system by 2020, highlighting the integration of classroom training, self-directed learning, practice, and guidance. To create a new talent-cultivating mechanism, efforts will be made to boost coordination among colleges, enterprises, governments, institutions, and international partners, attracting high-quality domestic and international resources to cultivate more innovative talent, expertise and entrepreneurs.

In Austria, entrepreneurship education is part of the curricula of schools and colleges teaching technical subjects and business administration, of part-time vocational schools for apprentices, of schools and colleges of tourism, and of colleges of agriculture and forestry. So all technical colleges include some entrepreneurship component in the curriculum.

In Belgium, both public and private actors offer various entrepreneurship activities or projects to complement the traditional education and training system. Entrepreneurship is not integrated into the curriculum, so student participation is only compulsory in some fields of study. In practice, it is often the teacher or school director who decides whether students participate or not. INCREST - 2016 Page 31

Realizing the importance of entrepreneurship development in Malaysia, Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015- 2025 (Higher Education) (MEB 2015-2025) was launched by the Ministry of Education that requires academic programs in institutions of higher learning (IHL) to have entrepreneurship education in order to produce graduates who have acquired entrepreneurial skills. The Ministry of Education wants all IHL to produce graduates who create jobs rather than those who are just looking for jobs. Students should even be encouraged to start their own enterprises before they graduate (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 2015). This new direction by the Ministry have already sets the path for the review and revision of the engineering program in some of the universities of Malaysia.

6. Conclusion Engineering colleges and polytechnics have a great role to play in the development of India as a nation because they are the breeding grounds for future entrepreneurs. They have the potential to develop not only winning personal qualities but also provide an opportunity to create employment. Entrepreneurship and self- employment provide a solution to the crises of both unemployment and unsatisfactory economic status of the country. We need to recognize that the future of the economy does depend fundamentally on the small [business] sector. The future engineers of our country have a substantial role to play in realising the missions like make in India, startup India - standup India etc.

Entrepreneurial education offers students the tools to think creatively, to be an effective problem solver, to analyse a business idea objectively, and to communicate, network, lead, and evaluate any given project. The benefits of entrepreneurship education are not restricted to boosting start-ups, new ventures and employment creation. Entrepreneurship is a competence for everyone, helping young people to be more creative and self-confident in whatever they undertake. The Recommendation of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 December 2006 on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning identifies the ‘sense of initiative and entrepreneurship’ as one of eight key competencies to be instilled at all stages of education and training. Therefore, the Indian government should take appropriate measures to promote and develop entrepreneurial education in India. ‘Benchmarking’ existing policies and measures will contribute to reaching a better understanding of current trends, and to setting goals to be achieved.

References

1. Murray, T.A. and White, A., Education for Enterprise - An Irish Perspective, National Council for Education Awards and the Industrial Development Authority of Ireland, Dublin, 1986. 2. Norasmah Othman and Faridah, K., Entrepreneurship Behaviour amongst Malaysian University Students. Pertanika Jurnal SocialScience & Humanities. 2010. 18 (1): 23 – 32.

INCREST - 2016 Page 32

3. Faoite, D.F., Henry, C., Johnson, K. and Sijde, P.V.D. Education and training for entrepreneurs: A consideration of initiatives in Ireland and Netherlands. Education and Training, 2003. 45(8/9), 430-439. 4. Dirk De Clercq, Hans Crijns & Hubert Ooghe. How a Management School Deals with Innovation in Entrepreneurship Education. In. Brockhaus, R.H., Hills, G.E., Klandt, H. & Welsch, H.P. (edited by). Entrepreneurship Education: A Global View, pp 443-470. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 2001. 5. Nor Aishah Buang and Yap Poh Moi. Kesediaan Guru-guru Perdagangan di Wilayah Persekutuan dari Aspek Pengetahuan Kaedah Pengajaran dan Sikap terhadap Pengajaran Subjek Pengajian Keusahawanan. Jurnal Teknologi. 2002. 37(E): 1-16 (UTM). 6. Fauziah Sh. Ahmad, Rohaizat Baharun & Siti Haslinah Abd Rahman. Interest in Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study on Engineering and Technical Students in Entrepreneurship Education and Choosing Entrepreneurship as a Career. Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development, UTM. 2004. 7. Lumsdaine, E., Binks, M., 2003a. Teaching entrepreneurship to engineers. Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. 8. Lumsdaine, M., Lumsdaine, E., 1995. Thinking Preferences of Engineering Students: Implications for Curriculum Restructuring. Journal of Engineering Education, April 1995, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 193-204.

INCREST - 2016 Page 33

Status and successful models of entrepreneurship promotion in Technical Institutions and lessons learnt Preetha P Lecturer in Electronics Govt. Polytechnic College Kaduthuruthy Abstract:

The presence of Indians in any hi-tech development teams is more a norm than a rarity. Why do they have to go to the West to be innovators and developers? Can we not provide them an opportunity to incubate their ideas in India? The present day academic system focuses on imparting theoretical concepts to the students. True to that spirit, the evaluation systems look for the ability of the student to accurately, but blindly, reproduce what they have learnt. And the job interview focuses on how well they can apply these skills in routine mundane activities. It is time to think beyond this; there has to be a paradigm shift. There has to be efforts in the campuses to invest into ideas. These investments will go a long way in solving some of the most fundamental problems that plague our country and help further establish India’s innovation credentials. This paper focuses mainly on the ‘Status and successful models of entrepreneurship promotion in Technical Institutions and lessons learnt’ and it also covers some aspects of ‘Entrepreneurial Support System in India’. The methodology used in this paper is secondary research. The listed books as well as various quoted internet resources, interviews with CEOs and the experience of the author form the basis for this paper. The objective is to create an awareness on the latent potential of entrepreneurship as an alternate growth path for the Polytechnic students and to propose various alternate models which will bring in synergy among the various stake holders like academicians, policy makers, administrators and entrepreneurs. Innovative entrepreneurs are those who introduce a new, unique product or service into a market. Innovation will produce stunning results only when separated from routine. A nurturing environment has to be present in the technical education system. This has to be staffed with personnel who are willing to be part of innovation; where success and failures are equi-possible outcomes. This will bring out the innovator in students. Through the incubation centre they should be able to learn the basics of a start-up, they should be able to obtain funding support and supportive environment from earlier successful innovators. The Government of India has already recognised the need for this program through its ‘Start- Up India, Stand-Up India’ project. Entrepreneurship and education are two extraordinary opportunities that need to be leveraged and interconnected if we are to develop the human capital required for building the societies of the future. Entrepreneurship is the engine fuelling innovation, employment generation and economic growth. Only by creating an environment where entrepreneurship can prosper and cultivate new ideas can we ensure our country’s all around development and economical growth.

INCREST - 2016 Page 34

Status and successful models of entrepreneurship promotion in Technical Institutions and lessons learnt

“I see start-ups, technology and innovation as exciting and effective instruments for India’s transformation.” Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India

Introduction:

The term entrepreneurship traces its roots to the French verb “entreprendre” and the German word “unternehmen”; irrespective of the language, it means “to undertake”. Definitions of entrepreneurship have evolved over the ages from a simple definition of individuals who carry out all functions from perceiving of opportunities to creation of organisations for pursuing them to the one proposed by Peter Drucker, in which entrepreneurship is a ‘practice’. This single word captures the essence of entrepreneurship. It is an action oriented activity. The person venturing in, undertakes and operates a new venture; he confronts the challenges and assumes the inherent risk and holds himself accountable for his activities.

An entrepreneur is also an innovator in that he or she introduces unique combinations of innovations. These innovations could be the introduction of a new product, a novel method of production, the uncovering of a new market etc. Entrepreneurship is basically a creative activity and a phenomenon that comes under the umbrella of leadership. Therefore, the entrepreneur has to be a manager, innovator, and promoter all in one.

Rashmi Bansal, an IIM Ahmedabad alumni, who wrote the book “Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish” captures the gist of Indian entrepreneurship. Based on her research 1 she has classified the entrepreneurs into

The Believers

“People who knew entrepreneurship was a chosen path. They took the plunge straight after their MBA or after working barely a couple of years. And they persevered until they made it big.

The Opportunist

“These entrepreneurs did not plan to take this path but when opportunity knocked they seized it. Their stories, show that you don’t have to be ‘born with it’, you can develop entrepreneurial bent of mind at any age”

The Alternate Vision

These individuals are using entrepreneurship to create social impact. Or as a platform which allows them creative expression.

1 Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish book by Rashmi Bansal, an IIM Ahmedabad alumni and author

INCREST - 2016 Page 35

An entrepreneur is essentially a person who organises, manages and takes the risks associated with a business. Through this they often develop innovative products, or create new markets. They predominantly operate with the Blue Ocean Strategy2. This in turn leads to better use of resources, wider distribution of wealth and creation of more value. Due to these, entrepreneurship is considered as an important component of economic development of a country. Can we dream of India being what it is today, without the likes of Tata and Birla and Narayana Moorthi.

Modern India too has its share of entrepreneurs. This paper is on establishing supportive environments around the technical institutes of Kerala, where we can incubate the likes of Deepak Ravindran, who did his B Tech from LBS Kasargod and went on to became CEO of Innoz Technologies at the young age of 22 years.

A reality check on where India stands on the entrepreneurship band wagon

reveals interesting facts. India, in 2014 had 98000 plus start- up companies registered and it is 6th 3 among the world countries . Table 1: Number of new start-ups registered as

limited companies in India and the countries with Objective the top ten new registrations To create an awareness on the latent potential of entrepreneurship as an alternate growth path for the Polytechnic students and to propose various alternate models which will bring in synergy among the various stake holders like academicians, policy makers, administrators and entrepreneurs. This paper focusses mainly on the ‘Status and successful models of entrepreneurship promotion in Technical Institutions and lessons learnt’ and it also covers some aspects of ‘Entrepreneurial Support System in India’.

Methodology Research methodology is the backbone of the entire research process. Since the research problem is well defined and all the variables related to the study are well established, and well narrated, this paper is based on secondary research. The listed books as well as various quoted internet resources, interviews with CEOs and the experience of the author form the basis for this paper. 2 Blue ocean strategy generally refers to the creation by a company of a new, uncontested market space that makes competitors irrelevant and that creates new consumer value often while decreasing costs. It was introduced by W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne in their best-selling book of the same name.

3 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurship INCREST - 2016 Page 36

The Sources of secondary data for this research are:

 paper-based sources – books, journals, periodicals, research reports, conference papers, market reports, annual reports, newspapers and magazines  electronic sources–on-line databases, Internet, websites of Govt.of India and other organisations.

Entrepreneurship and education are two such extraordinary opportunities4 that need to be leveraged and interconnected if we are to develop the human capital required for building the societies of the future. Entrepreneurship is the engine fuelling innovation, employment generation and economic Only by creating an environment where entrepreneurship can prosper and where entrepreneurs can try new ideas and empower others, can we ensure that India’s issues will be addressed.

The time to act is now. Th ere is tremendous movement on the entrepreneurship front. With the current mome ntum, now is the time to take these efforts to the

next level – to move from words to action as well as to address entrepreneurship education in a comprehensive manner.

Government Role Fig 2: The circle of action and the changing face of Polytechnic Colleges

An entrepreneurship development scheme is currently being developed by Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. The scheme is being designed following these major elements:

Educate and equip potential and early stage entrepreneurs across India:

In partnership with experts, a world class entrepreneurship education curriculum will be developed. This curriculum will be delivered to all aspiring entrepreneurs at no cost.

4 Volume 10, Number 1, May 2015 4 Journal of International Business Disciplines

INCREST - 2016 Page 37

Leveraging online learning, entrepreneurship courses can be taken as and when needed by students and business people alike through Massively Open Online Courses In addition, entrepreneurship education will be integrated into the mainstream curriculum in 3,000 colleges around India. Entrepreneurship education courses will also be delivered in approximately 325 industrial clusters across the nation. Through 50 nodal Entrepreneurship Hubs (E-Hubs) set up across all states, existing and potential entrepreneurs will be targeted for entrepreneurship education modules that suit their need.

Connect entrepreneurs to peers, mentors, incubators:

To support young entrepreneurs, a web and mobile based platform connecting the entire entrepreneurial ecosystem will be established. The creation of new incubators will be encouraged and a national network of incubators and accelerators established to support young entrepreneurs. A national network of high quality, screened mentors will also be created, leveraging existing networks and successful local entrepreneurs where possible.

Support entrepreneurs through Entrepreneurship Hubs (E-Hubs):

Support to entrepreneurs, including coordinated delivery of national and state government entrepreneurship programs and access to enabling resources, a national network of Entrepreneurship Hubs (E-Hubs) will be established. One national, 30 state, 50 Nodal and 3,000 college based E-Hubs will be set up to deliver support. These E-Hubs will, collectively, cover the entire nation.

Catalyse a culture shift to encourage entrepreneurship:

To promote entrepreneurship, state and national level interactions with stakeholders will be convened. International linkages will be established through internship opportunities and exchange trips to global entrepreneurship hubs such as Silicon Valley and Israel. To build awareness, national brand ambassadors will be created to champion entrepreneurial culture in India. Awards will be instituted for young achievers and a National Entrepreneurship Day will be celebrated.

Encourage entrepreneurship among underrepresented groups:

Special focus will be given to the inclusion of scheduled castes & scheduled tribes, minorities, differently abled, etc., and regionally under- represented areas including large part of Eastern and North Eastern India in entrepreneurship programs. Special efforts will also be made to enroll incubators and mentors catering to these groups will in the national entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Promote Entrepreneurship amongst Women:

Focus will also be placed on encouraging women entrepreneurs

INCREST - 2016 Page 38

through appropriate incentives for women owned businesses under the public procurement process. Priority will be given for mentorship and support system for women entrepreneurs in existing business centers and incubators.

Foster social entrepreneurship and grassroots innovations:

Universities and academic institutions will be encouraged to launch a course on ‘Social Entrepreneurship’, including through online distance education, to actively promote social entrepreneurship in the country. Additional support, including through fiscal incentives and incubation, will also be considered.

Besides, to encourage the start-ups, The Government of India is also carrying out a host of activities like,

Annual Incubator Grand Challenge

The Government is proposing to make forward looking investments towards building world class incubators. In its first phase, the aim is to establish 10 such incubators. These incubators would be given INR 10 crore each as financial assistance which may be used for ramping up the quality of service offerings.

The incubators shall also become reference models for other incubators aspiring to offer best- in-class services. Video interviews of these incubators would be showcased on the Startup India portal. An “Incubator Grand Challenge” exercise shall be carried out for identification of these incubators.

Incubators/ parks

The Start Up India mission envisages technology business incubators and research parks. The Science and Technology Ministry would bear 100 per cent cost to set up business incubators in institutes like NITs. Each incubator would work with 20 budding ventures, and be spread over 10,000 sq.ft. The cost of each incubator is expected to be in the range of Rs. 5 crore to Rs. 10 crore.

Separately, research parks like the one at IIT Madras would be set up in a handful of institutes at a cost of Rs. 70 crore to Rs. 100 crore each. They would be fully funded by the HRD Ministry. A technology business incubator would be built into these parks that have at least 1,00,000 sq. ft. of space for operations.

INCREST - 2016 Page 39

In top gear

 With 4,200 startups, India ranks 3rd globally.  Of $18 billion pumped into Indian startups between 2010-15, $9 billion came in 2015 alone.  9 Indian startups have been valued at more than a billion dollars.  Increase in number of incubators: 80 in 2014, 110 in 2015

"To Create a Start-up Eco-system in the state" This is the mission of Kerala Start-up Mission (KSUM). It has been actively initiating various programmes for developing the student entrepreneurship in the state. Government of Kerala declared the start up policy with an aim to accelerate the growth of student entrepreneurs. KSUM being the nodal agency for implementing the Start-up policy have come up with various schemes for the effective implementation of the policy. The schemes covers a broad area from schools, colleges and to young entrepreneurs.

Student Entrepreneurship Policy (SEP) Government Orders

The Student Entrepreneurship Policy(SEP) sponsored by the Kerala State Government offers Attendance & Grace Mark relaxation to students studying at colleges affiliated to Universities in Kerala, who are pursuing entrepreneurship and trying to build a startup.

The Role of Academic institutions

Changes in academic system outlook for encouraging creativity and innovation should evolve.

The Success factors are:

1. The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

“Education is the clearest path to individual opportunity and societal growth, and entrepreneurship education is especially vital to fuelling a more robust global economy. Entrepreneurs bring new ideas to life through innovation, creativity and the desire to build something of lasting value. Therefore, we must continually foster educational cultures within our companies, governments and communities to keep the entrepreneurship pipeline filled for generations to come” Dirk Meyer, President and CEO, AMD

INCREST - 2016 Page 40

Entrepreneurship Education and awareness creation Can entrepreneurship be taught or, more importantly, learned? It’s an age -old debate. It is clear that education plays an essential role in shaping attitudes, skills and culture – from the primary level up. Entrepreneurship education provides a mix of experiential learning, skill building and, most importantly, mindset shift. Certainly, the earlier and more widespread the exposure to entrepreneurship and innovation, the more likely students will become entrepreneurial, in one form or another, at some stage in their lives.

Entrepreneurship education is not an “extra” or a “nice to have”. It is not an option. It is a necessity in today’s world. We need ubiquitous entrepreneurship and innovation – it should not be limited to those who actually start companies. It needs to permeate society and our way of operating.

Entrepreneurial learning must be deeply embedded into the curriculum to ingrain a new entrepreneurial spirit and mind-set among students. In many countries around the world, entrepreneurship tends to be offered in standalone courses rather than being integrated in the content of courses in other departments or disciplines. Entrepreneurship also remains primarily elective or extracurricular at many schools and universities.

The purpose and goals of entrepreneurship education need greater clarity. They should be based on a broadly defined set of outcomes, not only on narrow measures such as the number of start-ups created. Entrepreneurship education is about developing attitudes, behaviours and capacities at the individual level. Inherently, it is about leadership. It is also about the application of those skills and attitudes which can take many forms during an individual’s career, creating a range of long-term benefits to society and the economy.

First and foremost, entrepreneurship education requires close cooperation between academia and business. Past barriers to academic collaboration with business need to be broken down and outreach both encouraged and supported. The companies and entrepreneurs play instrumental roles in promoting entrepreneurial endeavours by providing knowledge, expertise, mentoring, social capital and financial support. In addition, they provide employees with the opportunity to cultivate entrepreneurial skills and aptitudes at work.

Higher Education Institutions have a critical role to play as intellectual hubs in entrepreneurial ecosystems by serving as an incubator for innovation and research.

2. Curriculum Development

Typically, skill-building courses in entrepreneurship education entail creativity, new venture creation, business idea development and opportunity recognition as well as soft skills like negotiation or presentation competences.

Courses in innovation and innovation management are essential ingredients

INCREST - 2016 Page 41

of an entrepreneurship programme or curriculum. Delivering innovations in the form of new products or services and building rapidly growing enterprises requires specific leadership competences and social responsibility by pioneering entrepreneurs.

In terms of the methods, there is a need for more interactive, interdisciplinary and proactive learning approaches, with teachers acting as moderators rather than lecturers, fostering team - based, participant-centred and interactive learning.

Information technology is a valuable enabler for developing individually tailored e-learning modules, business simulations or virtual project communities with participants from different countries or disciplinary backgrounds.

The curriculum for most successful youth entrepreneurship programmes should include many of the following activities, typically with clear learning objectives tied to textbook themes. Preferably it should be taking place outside the classroom.  Simulations and games  Interactive teamwork and group activities  Direct, action-oriented market research (students need to recognize market opportunities by observing and interviewing potential customers, identifying needs in their own communities)  Field trips to local businesses, especially entrepreneurial ventures  Entrepreneurs or venture funders as guest speakers in class  Business plan competitions, with business people as judges  Student-run businesses, using real money (including in-school stores)  Visualize and Plan for Business: Students need to create and present a business plan.  Work Closely with Entrepreneurs: No entrepreneurship programme can succeed without close interaction with entrepreneurs.

3. Developing Effective Educators

The current pool of entrepreneurship teachers should be expanded. Growing the base of experienced educators not only means providing the necessary training and education, but also requires expanding the definition of educators beyond professors to include entrepreneurs, alumni and business professionals Work Closely with Entrepreneurs: No entrepreneurship programme can succeed without close interaction with entrepreneurs.

The current pool of entrepreneurship teachers should be expanded. Growing the base of experienced educators not only means providing the necessary training and education, but also requires expanding the definition of educators beyond professors to include entrepreneurs, alumni and business professionals

INCREST - 2016 Page 42

Using active learning methods is more complex than traditional teaching methods. It requires engaging students’ feelings and emotions in the learning process and developing the creativity, innovation and critical thinking skills of individuals.

Educators/facilitators therefore must be able to create an open environment of trust in which students develop the necessary confidence to take risks by learning from trial experiences with both success and failure. The proper incentives, assessment, rewards and recognition must be put in place to encourage educators to try these approaches.

4. Entrepreneurship Training/Mentor Platform

Entrepreneurship education should be very closely linked with practice. Educators should be encouraged to reach out to the business community and integrating them into the learning process. Outside speakers and case studies provide role models for students considering an entrepreneurial career path. This is an important part of creating entrepreneurial drive: if students see that people “like themselves” were able to successfully create companies, it helps to demystify the process and make that option more feasible.

More local case studies, featuring entrepreneurs discussing their successes and failures as well as challenges they faced in the process, need to be developed and shared broadly. This is particularly important for those outside of formal education systems. More could also be done to profile these entrepreneurs in the media to create a broader exposure to such role models.

Entrepreneurs face enormous challenges in running and growing a start-up – be it raising capital, hiring a team, or acquiring customers. An effective way to overcome these challenges lies in finding motivated and compatible mentors who can impart the critical skills, knowledge and motivation.

The Mentor Platform brings a carefully selected network of established experts, entrepreneur educators and successful entrepreneurs or corporate managers. These mentors guide business start-ups. This mentorship includes reviewing the business plan submitted by the mentored students, helping entrepreneurs think through alternative solutions and plans, surveying progress and suggesting a road map for future action. Mentors can make a tangible difference by providing the critical advice, guidance and access to networks.

They also help to:

 Strike the right balance between strategic goals and day-to-day challenges  Prioritize and make the right business decisions  Connect to the right resources and people.

To foster technology transfer, scientific and technical institutes and universities should include modules on entrepreneurship; these would enhance INCREST - 2016 Page 43

awareness within the research community of the opportunities and modalities that exist to commercialize innovative R&D. Links with business school students and faculty as well as with the business community should also be encouraged. Nurturing centres of R&D excellence is important as well. In general, most alumni around the world do not feel strong ties to their own schools and universities, which are still seen as the realm of governments. There needs to be a stronger culture of “giving back” which requires that schools track and engage alumni.

Recommended Action Plan for Academic Institutions

1. Transform the Educational System

 Develop a clear framework of desired outcomes of entrepreneurship education by developing individual capabilities, attitudes, and mind-sets  Encourage application of those capabilities (as evidenced through start- ups and other ventures)  Development of online training materials relevant in the local context  Create effective measures and track those over the long-term to understand the impact of entrepreneurship education.  Encourage programmes that target underdeveloped or underserved groups such as women, minorities, disadvantaged or disabled people.

2. Build the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

 Encourage all faculties/disciplines to develop opportunities for students at every level to experience entrepreneurship. Integrate entrepreneurship into the curriculum and build towards a multidisciplinary learning environment:  Increase the number of institutions offering entrepreneurship courses, programmes and activities  Augment the number entrepreneurship courses, programmes and activities and make them available to a broader group of students  Encourage entrepreneurship across disciplines, particularly in science and technology  Build projects and programmes across disciplines

3. Encourage the use of interactive teaching methods:

 Promote the application of “learning by doing” through project-based learning, internships and consulting  Leverage the uses of case studies for discussion based learning  Develop the proper incentives, assessment, rewards and recognition to encourage educators to try these approaches  Involve entrepreneurs and companies in entrepreneurship courses and activities

INCREST - 2016 Page 44

4. Broaden and build a strong pipeline of entrepreneurship professors and teachers:

 Support workshops and training programmes for teachers  Provide training for entrepreneurs, business people and other practitioners to become effective educators  Develop appropriate incentives and celebrate successes  Review regulations on the participation of entrepreneurs, business people and others in teaching activities

5. Encourage the sharing of best practices among teachers and across institutions and countries.

6. Support the development course materials (books, cases, online games, videos, etc.), not only for entrepreneurship but also for leadership and personal development.

7. Engage diverse body of students and provide support and facilities for them to develop their own initiatives, whether through seminars , laboratories etc.

 Entrepreneurship Awareness Camps (EACs)  Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDPs)  Entrepreneurship & Skill Development Programs (ESDPs)  Technology Entrepreneurship Development Programs (TEDPs)  Entrepreneurship Conference  Guest Lectures & Seminars on Entrepreneurship  Visits to various industries

8. Engage and reach out to the business community, public sector and other players in the ecosystem.

9. Encourage the engagement of alumni, entrepreneurs and other practitioners in the classroom.

10. Facilitate spin-outs from technical and scientific institutions:  Advance core research and innovation  Accelerate the application of science and technology to market through technology  Establish stronger links between academia, business and entrepreneurs  Facilitate the provision of direct training and/or support programmes for entrepreneurs in the process of starting companies  Provide the appropriate training for staff, particularly in the area of technology transfer  Ensure the time for faculty to engage in entrepreneurial activities

11. Ensure a consistent and adequate level of funding for entrepreneurship education programmes:  Provide resources (and seek public and private sector matching) to

INCREST - 2016 Page 45

help fund entrepreneurship teaching and research  Provide the necessary funding to reach sustainability  Encourage the development of local and venture capital funds

12. Engage the media to share the successful stories more broadly as well as to change the mind-set about entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs.

The Indian success stories….

India is now shopping online like never before, and Flipkart is the hot destination of every internet shopaholic. The master mind behind the idea, one of the first people to establish an e- commerce website in India is Sachin Bansal, an IIT graduate and a business man who created something of a history in the great Indian internet shopping revolution. The eight-year-old Flipkart is now part of the nine-member Indian Unicorn club with a valuation of $15.5 billion.

Sachin Bansal spoke about the three things they did right, and what worked well for Flipkart.

“We were clear on whom we wanted to work

with; so we set clear boundaries for ourselves. As a startup, it was hard to take that call,” said Sachin. Of course, Flipkart started in 2007-2008, when startups were not that “cool”. He added: “We could have easily said yes to the various people who were coming to us for various reasons. But we kept our resolve and it paid off.” He calls it the single-largest reason for their success.

Curiously, it was the same for investors too. “We were able to choose our investors, and whom we can partner with. We also set the right expectations with investors,” he added.

Sachin also stressed the importance of humility. “Keeping your ears and eyes on the ground is very important. When they said we were great, we had to make sure that it didn’t go to our heads. Not becoming arrogant was important for us.” He added that he never reads positive PR, but only criticism.

Sachin Bansal “ In this next phase of the journey, it will be our endeavor to fulfil this responsibility and prove that India can produce a world class internet company that can outshine any global behemoth. We also want to continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the internet and the commerce ecosystem of India.”

INCREST - 2016 Page 46

Electric two-wheeler startup Ather Energy launched its first product, Ather S340, in Bengaluru on Tuesday at the startupevent ‘Surge’.

The company was founded in 2013 by IIT Madras alumni Tarun Mehta and Swapnil Jain and has since been working on developing India’s first smart electric scooter.

R-L – Tarun Mehta, CEO and Co- Founder and Swapnil Jain, CTO and Co-Founder

There is a growing need for a sustainable energy-based transport. “ Smart Electric vehicles are an inevitable future,” said Tarun Mehta, CEO and Co- founder of Ather Energy, at Surge 2016, the startup event organised by the team behind Web Summit the Ather-S340 is a connected vehicle powered by a lithium- Ion battery pack, and features a digital touchscreen dashboard, a light-weight aluminium chassis, and can reach speeds of 72 kmph. The smart dashboard in the vehicle will enable users to create personalised profiles, choose riding modes and set other ride preferences. The vehicle charges up to 80 per cent in less than an hour. Its touchscreen dashboard contains a Vehicle Control Unit (diagnostic system) that constantly monitors the rider’s behaviour, a GPS, and an indicator showing how much distance can be travelled on the remaining charge. The personalised profile feature will allow users to create their profile comprising

all the basic information.

Modern Kerala too has its share of entrepreneurs. We can incubate the likes of Deepak Ravindran, who did his B Tech from LBS Kasargod and went on to became CEO of Innoz Technologies at the young age of 22 years. He distributes ‘gyan’ through SMSs. There is no “one size fits all” answer. Context matters. The challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurship vary dramatically in different parts of the country. It is therefore critical that the local context is taken into account and that the relevant local players are engaged in the process.

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship and education are two extraordinary opportunities that need to be leveraged and interconnected if we are to develop the human capital required for building the societies of the future. Entrepreneurship is the engine INCREST - 2016 Page 47

fuelling innovation, employment generation and economic growth. The moment is right for a significant evolution of entrepreneurship education. Innovation and economic growth depend on being able to produce future leaders with the skills and attitudes to be entrepreneurial in their professional lives, whether by creating their own companies or innovating in larger organizations.

This paper consolidates existing knowledge and good practices in entrepreneurship education in the various institutions to enable the sharing and development of innovative new tools, approaches and delivery methods. It also provides recommendations to academic institutions on the development and delivery of effective education programmes for entrepreneurship. This is only the beginning – As highlighted in the paper, innovation should become the culture of the Technical Education stream wherein teaching gives way to mentoring the students.

REFERENCES: ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD Adedamola A Ariyo, Cloudware Technologies [email protected] Jonathan Lee, University of Windsor [email protected] David McCalman, University of Central Arkansas [email protected] Journal of International Business Disciplines 1 Volume 10, Number 1, May 2015

Promoting Youth Entrepreneurship in India: Perceptions and Suggestions Revathy Rajasekaran*, S Chinnathai** and T Ramadevi The IUP Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. XII, No. 2, 201540

Industrial Investments in Kerala, Trends, Constraints and Future Prospects; Sunil Mani, Centre for Development studies, Trivandrum. Journal of Industrial Statistics, 2014

The Government of India's Role in Promoting Innovation Through Policy Initiatives For Entrepreneurship Development. ; Ravindra Abhyankar Technology Innovation Management Review August 20 14

Entrepreneurship Education in India: A Critical Assessment and a Proposed Framework; Rituparna Basu Technology Innovation Management Review August 2014

Educating the Next Wave of Entrepreneurs Unlocking entrepreneurial capabilities to meet the global challenges of the 21st Century; World Economic Forum http://www.msde.gov.in/partners.html http://nenglobal.org http://www.msde.gov.in/proposed- scheme.html http://www.nstedb.com/training/eac.html INCREST - 2016 Page 48

A comparative and analytic study of methodologies adopted by TBI’s and STP’s of foreign countries versus India especially in educational institutions

DIVYA M Lecturer Women’s Polytechnic College Nedupuzha

Abstract:

Business incubation from country to country and information flows is different. Unlike business incubation, technology Business incubation is based on the skilled technical knowledge. Growing technological impact provides employers rather than job seekers.TBI is such an incubator which provides all environments to support technical business. This paper aims to cover a comparative case study of various TBI’s and Science technological Parks all over the world. Study on strategies taken and implemented by foreign countries will benefit to our nation. Our nation is an original reservoir of knowledge where severe brain storming is happening. The point is why we can’t utilize our technical knowledge for our nation with various strategies.

Methodologies adopted by foreign countries TBI’s are good enough to achieve their goals. Even though alot of finance spent, planning is going on, and in additional, human resource of skill set with technical knowledge is plenty available, India is still far away from foreign countries .So a comparative study makes a better result.

Statistical analysis of TBI’s at foreign countries, literature comparative analysis of methodologies adopted at different technical education centres of TBI’s at foreign countries will be done in this paper so as to make improvement in our technical education centre especially

INCREST - 2016 Page 49

A comparative and analytic study of methodologies adopted by TBI’s and STP’s of foreign countries versus India especially in educational institutions

Introduction

As per the statistics for October 2006, there were nearly 7000 incubators of various types. Out of these, approximately 1400 were in North America (1115 in United States, 191 in Mexico and 120 in Canada), 1000 in Europe(including 370 in Germany), 400 in China, 355 in Korea, 265 in Japan, and 220 in UK. The remaining are in other parts of the world. India has around 120 incubators including 40 Science and Technology Entrepreneurs’ Parks (STEP).So far as the Indian scenario is concerned, the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) launched the Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Parks (STEP) in the early 1980’s, and the Technology Business Incubators (TBI) in the beginning of 2000. Our country has nearly 120incubators and science parks which have nurtured over 1150 entrepreneurs up to2008. NSTEDB has so far created 53 TBIs in collaboration with premier academic and research institutes with an investment of Rs. 100 crores and the cumulative revenue generated by these incubated enterprises now stands at Rs. 595 crores.

TBI’s at foreign countries provide incubator space, common services, enterprise counselling, access to financial resources, technology counselling and research and technology Development. Service Percentage of incubators providing service in Europe countries are Training (78%),Technology assistance (86%),Marketing consultancy (100%),Business planning consultancy (100%),Providing rental space for enterprises (78%),Shared logistical services (83%),Providing venture capital financing (46%). Systematic evaluation of technology business incubators is essential. However, performance Of the TBI should be regularly monitored and evaluated to determine impact in accordance with the objectives pursued, to justify the project investments and to establish the background for motivation and rewarding of the management. In the case of technology oriented incubators, evaluation will allow for an objective determination of the technology used/ transferred to the enterprises established. The main performance indicators for monitoring and evaluation purposes, using EU terminology, are: Category or level Performance indicators such as Operational efficiency- the number of enquiries for entry received by the TBI; number of new start-ups and subsequent failure rate; reasonable turnover of tenants. Financial performance, the level of operating income and expenditure, positive cash flow measured against original forecasts, Research and technology transfer value of achieved technology transfer agreements, research RTD projects granted to tenants, value of contracted research, royalties paid to stakeholders.

With a literature survey of methodologies adopted by foreign countries will provide a clear path for us to follow in our institutions. The complete evaluation and comparative study of Science Park and TBI’s all over the world is very essential. Not only study but periodic measurement and analysis of performance indicators are needed. This paper covers both comparative study and performance indicators for evaluation of such TBI’s and science parks.

INCREST - 2016 Page 50

A.TBI Ventures at INDIA and Foreign countries

As of October 2006, there were nearly 7000 incubators of various types in the world.1 Out of these, approximately 1400 were in North America (1115 in United States, 191 in Mexico and 120 in Canada), 1000 in Europe(including 370 in Germany), 400 in China, 355 in Korea, 265 in Japan, and 220 inUK. The remaining are in other parts of the world. India has around 120 incubatorsincluding 40 Science and Technology Entrepreneurs’ Parks (STEP). Business incubators originated in the United States of America and the first incubatorcame into being in an abandoned Massey Ferguson manufacturing plant in Batavia in1959. A number of initiatives were undertaken between 1985 and 1995 to strengthenthe incubation movement and as a result, it evolved into an ecosystem with a plethoraof models ranging from public to private incubators. Business incubation took a growing role in Canada’s economic development. Duringthe year 2005, there were more than 83 operating business incubators generatingfunds in excess of $45 million. Within them, 900 client businesses raised revenuesover $93 million and created full and part-time employment for more than 13,000people.3China also has a well-developed incubation market space, with the governmentplaying a predominant role to accord with its mandate of high technology led economic growth. Although the creation of small businesses through the incubationmodel started only in late 1980s, it has been able to develop about 400 variants in a short span. These incubators have helped bridge the gap between research and the market place, fostered entrepreneurial attitudes, and facilitated the re-entry of scholars abroad. Between 2002 and 2006, the number of client firms increased from 20993 to 41434, and their real value added increased from 41 billion to 133 billion Yuan (at the2000 price).National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) estimated that in 2005 alone, North American incubators assisted more than 27,000 start-up companies that provided fulltime employment to over 100,000 workers and generated annual revenue of $17billion. Another study in the mid 1990s found that 87 per cent of all firms that had graduated from NBIA member incubation programs were still in business and about84 per cent of them remained in the incubator’s community.5 A 2008 study conducted by consulting firm Grant Thornton for the US Department of Commerce Economic Development Administration found that business incubators produced new jobs at low cost to the government.

Over the last 12 years, United Kingdom Business Incubation (UKBI)7 has measured the impact of incubators on local economy and workforce. The research proved that an incubator's client firms provided an average of 167 jobs (full time equivalents) per incubator and were home to roughly 30 entrepreneurial companies at any one time. About 60 per cent of them also operated "outreach" services and were able to support150 additional ventures. Most importantly, businesses had an average success rate of98 per cent when they were located in the incubator as compared to a national average of less than 30 per cent and around 87 per cent of them survived beyond five years. Thus, business incubation centres have not only grown in numbers and geographic spread, but also in terms of its impact on promoting entrepreneurship, job creation and economic development across the world.

INCREST - 2016 Page 51

So far as the Indian scenario is concerned, the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) launched the Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Parks (STEP) in the early 1980’s, and the Technology Business Incubators (TBI) in the beginning of 2000.8 Our country has nearly 120incubators and science parks which have nurtured over 1150 entrepreneurs up to2008.9 NSTEDB has so far created 53 TBIs in collaboration with premier academic and research institutes with an investment of Rs. 100 crores and the cumulative revenue generated by these incubated enterprises now stands at Rs. 595 crores. Although no comprehensive study has been carried out to measure the impact of these mechanisms put together, the estimates are that all these incubators help to graduate about 500 enterprises every year and out of these, 60 per cent are technology based Startups.11 The report of the Working group on science and technology for small and Medium scale enterprises for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012)12 recommend that a total of 170 Technology Business Incubators and 50 Technology Innovation Centres should be set up with a total outlay of Rs. 1100 Crore. Though the origin of Incubation Centres in India is recent, they have played a significant role in promoting entrepreneurship which could be reviewed from the unique contribution of few Business Incubation Centres.

Founded in 2000, SIDBI Innovation & Incubation Centre (SIIC), set up by Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur has incubated 15 startups, of which 5 have already graduated. SIIC incubates ventures in technology, engineering and all interdisciplinary areas. The incubatee firms have created employment for 94individuals and generated revenues exceeding Rs 67 million. Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship (CIIE), Ahmedabad which came into being in 2001 facilitates the conversion of hi-tech and mass-impact. From amongst the 16 companies that have been incubated, 2 have already moved out successfully. CIIE’s incubates currently employ over 150 individuals across western India. Technology Business Incubator, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, (TBINITC)was established in 2003 and has completed incubation of 4 out of the 17ventures that have been admitted so far. Vellore Institute of Technology- Technology Business Incubator (VIT-TBI) ,commenced its operations in 2003 and focuses on Auto Components, Biotechnology and Consumer Durables. It has enrolled 18 enterprises out of which 5 companies have already achieved their agreed upon milestones. The firms have created more than 65jobs and contributed Rupees 16 million to the economy.

B. Methodologies adopted by foreign countries versus position of country for the same regard

Categorisation of services and deploying them efficiently is essential for the better working of TBI’s. Many of the foreign countries adopted and categorized the services and implemented it.Service Percentage of incubators providing services are as follows:

INCREST - 2016 Page 52

Training (78%) ,Technology assistance (86%) ,Marketing consultancy(100%),Business planning consultancy(100%),Providing rental space for enterprises(78%) ,Shared logistical services(83%),Providing venture capital financing(46%).

B.1 .Training

Our educational institutions are more focused on the training on theoretical aspects with less skilled persons. The major focus on the theoretical concepts of business incubation, entrepreneurship awareness classes, motivational classes to become an employer etc. But originally educational institutions are restricted to their curriculm,so the better and inevitable training on the technical skill, business practises ,ways to fund finance etc is needed. Based on the area of specialization the training must be organized. Every institution TBI’s now a day’s focus on It based business only .The wide variety of fields like sales, marketing, marine, healthcare, finance & accounting, administration, information management etc are open to all the technical people to invent and establish business. But educational TBI’s are now a days giving less priority to all the fields except IT.In the regard of IT ,only the upper layer awareness of the subjects are presenting to the students of TBI. Students will know the technical terms like cloud,android,hibernet etc. Even in the IT field TBI’s are never giving much trainingsin technical side due to the lack of efficient trainers.

But in the field of corporates TBI’s are working better.As the symptom the news reported by Indian Express on 15th May 2014 as Techno park Technology Business Incubator (T-TBI) has been chosen for the ‘Special Commendation’ for ‘Golden Peacock National Training Award’ for 2014. The award instituted by Institute of Directors India has chosen T-TBI for the successful conduct of various training activities undertaken by it in the areas of entrepreneurship development, software engineering, software certification, students’ technical skill enhancement etc. T-TBI is the first business Incubator in India to receive the prestigious Golden Peacock Award.T-TBI is also incubated 190 companies. This is the major deficiency of TBI’s at INDIA, skilled technical knowledge is restricted inside the walls of corporate world. So innovations of young brains at educational institutions become untrained .The result is lack of innovative and technical business ideas in INDIA among the young generation.

B.2.Technology Assistance

Foreign countries provide better training for the educationalist, teachers, TBI coordinators in the educational institution to foster their skill set .The curriculum presentation by the teachers only provide the theoretical and obsolete knowledge to the students. To provide effective technology assistance to the young generation has to be recommended in better way in INDIA, for that train the factors of educational institutions.

INCREST - 2016 Page 53

The area where foreign countries are far ahead in the following practices under technology assistance such as:

• Technical Training and Seminars • Techno-business Matching • Technology Acquisition • Provision of Industrial and Technology Information • Industrial Consultancy Services • Linkage to Other Industrial Service

B.3.Marketing Consultancy In educational institution, TBI’s at INDIA never accelerate the growth of marketing consultancy with the innovative ideas of younger generation .With the survey analysis of foreign countries the major areas of marketing consultancies lack in INDIA are as follows • Customer insights and segmentation services • Product and category management • Pricing • Sales and channel effectiveness • Brand strategy services • Customer experience survey services etc.. Each of these services are the option for the youngsters to establish a employable institution in the field of marketing consultancy. B.4.Miscellaneous Services Foreign countries are far better in the field of miscellaneous services such as rental space for enterprises, shared logistical services and capital financing.Educatonal institutions can focus on shared logistical services such as provide best personnel ,deliver customized services in global scale etc. C. Conclusion India as a developing country must focus on the young generation. Growth of our country depend on the employability conditions rather than become an employee.TBI is a great venture to develop the skilled and innovative employment opportunities in our country.The effective and modern methodologies adopted by other countries must be added to our TBI activities.

References 1. Role of Science and Technology Entrepreneurs’ Parks (STEPs) towards Entrepreneurship Development in India ,T. Manjunatha, Dr. N. Nagesha Department of Mechanical Engineering Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore – 570006, Karnataka, India.Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, University B.D.T. College of Engineering, Davangere – 577004, Karnataka, India. 2. US/GLO/94/009 IN-DEPTH EVALUATION OF SELECTED UNIDO ACTIVITIES ON DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY Component 3 Technology Business Incubators and Technology Parks,Prepared by United Nations Industrial Development Organization 3. Website

INCREST - 2016 Page 54

Student Entrepreneurship Development Factors

SHYN.C.S Workshop Instructor in Mechanical Engineering Mahakavi Vennikkulam Gopalakurup Memorial Government Polytechnic College Vennikkulam, Pathanamthitta E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper focus on the type of motivation and support required for student entrepreneurs. A survey is carried out to find the attitude and knowledge of students of IEDC (Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centre) to become successful entrepreneurs. The type of support expected by the students from parents, friends, teachers and Government agencies are identified through the assessment of student entrepreneurs. Key Words: Entrepreneurship, innovation, attitudes.

INCREST - 2016 Page 55

Student Entrepreneurship Development Factors

1. INTRODUCTION

The concept of entrepreneurship has wide range of meanings. An entrepreneur is a person of very high aptitude who pioneers change, a characteristic that is found in only a very small fraction of the population. The student entrepreneur is the main focus of this century. Through this paper the characteristics, roles, functions and benefits of entrepreneurship has been pointed out. A survey is carried out to find the attitude, knowledge and support required for the student entrepreneurs of IEDC. Based on the survey the type of support which can be provided from an IEDC is developed.

2. FUNCTIONS OF AN ENTREPRENEUR

The main function of an entrepreneur are: idea generation and scanning of the best suitable idea, determination of business objectives, product analysis and market research, determination of form of ownership/organization, raising necessary funds, procuring machines and materials, recruitment of team, undertaking the business operations and risk uncertainty bearing.

1. CHARACTERISITICS OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS

The successful entrepreneurs have the following characteristics: will be accessible, will have solid reputation, get involved in the work, show master in the art of negotiations, be the driving force of an enterprise, will have enthusiastic vision, risk takers, positive thinkers and strong decision makers, open to feedback, thrive on opportunities and threats, show high degree of commitment, willing to accept risk, work hard and take action.

1. BENEFITS AND DRAW BACKS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The benefits entrepreneurs enjoy include the opportunity to: create their own destiny and make a difference, reach their full potential, generate impressive profits, contribute to society and be recognized for their efforts.

The Potential Drawbacks of Entrepreneurship are uncertainty of income –”The entrepreneur is the last one to be paid”, risk of losing their entire investment, long hours and hard work, lower quality of life until the business gets established, high levels of stress, complete responsibility, discouragement. Studies have indicated that there are common reasons for new business ventures to fail. These causes of small business failure may

INCREST - 2016 Page 56

include: management mistakes, lack of experience, poor financial control, weak marketing efforts, failure to develop a strategic plan, uncontrolled growth, poor location, improper inventory control, incorrect pricing, inability to make the “entrepreneurial transition”.

The entrepreneurs can increase their chances for success if they: know their business in depth, develop a solid business plan in writing, manage financial resources, understand financial statements, learn to manage people effectively, keep in tune with who they are.

2. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Entrepreneurship promotes capital formation, creates large scale employment opportunities and also contributes towards innovation and R&D. Entrepreneurship promotes balanced regional development, reduces concentration of economic power and also wealth creation and distribution. It increases gross national product and per capita income & can improve the standard of living. Through the entrepreneurship local resources are utilized, it also prevents industrial slums.

3. DATA COLLECTION

The data is collected from the students of IEDC, to find the attitudes and knowledge towards the entrepreneurship. The questions included are to find the attitude of students with regard to entrepreneurship, if any support from parents and external support they get. Table 1 shows the tabulated data collected from a sample of 50 students of IEDC.

4. RESULT The data is analyzed with the help of the graph and observed that the for the serial numbers 1,4,8,10,13,18,19 and 23 the students have fairly good knowledge about the startups & IEDC. For the serial numbers 2,5,12,16,21 the parents have less knowledge about entrepreneurship and they didn’t encourage their children to become an entrepreneur. Also the parents have some false beliefs about entrepreneurship; most of the parents force the students to go for a job after the completion of the course.

Graph: students with yes comment (series 1), no comment (series 2), serial number of questions shows on horizontal axis and total number of comments on vertical axis.

INCREST - 2016 Page 57

Table 1: Tabulated data of attitudes of students towards entrepreneurship.

Sl. No Questions Yes No Sl. No Questions Yes No

Do you know about Do you like to work with novel 1 42 8 15 38 12 entrepreneurship? projects?

Do you have any family Do your parents know about 2 19 31 16 support at present to become 23 27 entrepreneurship? an entrepreneur?

Do you have any friends Does your family support 3 37 13 17 support to become an 39 11 entrepreneurship? entrepreneur?

Do you have positive attitude Do you like workshops and 4 48 2 18 47 3 towards entrepreneurship? seminars on entrepreneurship?

Do you have any fear of failure Do you like to undergo 5 24 26 19 48 2 towards entrepreneurship? training in entrepreneurship?

Do you need job immediately after 6 35 15 20 Do you know about mentors? 24 26 completing the course?

Do you know any Do you like to become an 7 40 10 21 entrepreneurs from our college 15 35 entrepreneur? alumni?

Do you like to attend free online 8 44 6 22 Do you know about internship? 28 22 courses to boost skills?

Do you like to participate in 9 42 8 23 Do you know about startups? 45 5 innovation competitions?

Do you know about recent Do you like to visit 10 45 5 24 developments in your area of 30 20 companies/startups? study?

Do you like to do innovative Do you have leadership 11 42 8 25 35 15 projects? qualities?

Do you know about Internet of 12 25 25 things?

Did you like to do something 13 46 4 creatively?

Do you want interaction with the 14 43 7 entrepreneurs?

INCREST - 2016 Page 58

5. CONCLUSIONS

Now days the students suffer huge pressure from parents side, the parents are concerned about the job after the course of study. Parent’s world has become so blind; they don’t care what the children think and about their creative/innovative qualities. The parents not discover the talents and aspirations of children.

The student entrepreneurs need motivation and support from family, friends, teachers and government agencies. The proper guidance and support will be beneficial to the student startups. First of all parents must be aware of the student entrepreneurship and startups. Encourage the parents to attend Government funded seminars, workshops and interactive sessions on entrepreneurship. This will change their attitudes towards student entrepreneurship.

REFERENCES:

1. Sathish Khanna, The Rising India Entrepreneur: Instilling Entrepreneurial Skills, Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi, 2004. 2. Renu Arora and Dr. Sood S.K., Entrepreneurial Development, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 2004. 2. Sanja P,Natasa S, Marijana Z S, (2016)”Shaping the Entrepreneurial Mindset: Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students in Croatia,” Journal of Small 3. Business Management 54(1), pp.102-117. 3. Saeid K, Harm J. A. Biemans, Thomas L, Mohammad C, and Martin M, (2016)”The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: A Study of 4. Iranian Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions and 5. Opportunity Identification,” Journal of Small Business Management 54(1), p.p 187-209.

INCREST - 2016 Page 59

INTRAPRENEURSHIP AND INTRAPRENEURING STRATEGIES Gowrimol D Lecturer, Department of Computer Engineering, WPC Nedupuzha, Thrissur

Abstract

This paper aims to study the field of entrepreneurship by giving an overview of intrapreneurship and different strategies that can be adopted to implement intrapreneurship.

Research on intrapreneurship has been on the rise in the last decade; however so far few attempts to summarize this research or give an overview were made. This paper will define the most important attributes and characteristics of the intrapreneurship concept itself, the individual intrapreneur and the entrepreneurial organization and thus clarify what defines

intrapreneurship.

Keywords:- intrapreneurship, intrapreneur, intrapreneurial strategies

INCREST - 2016 Page 60

INTRAPRENEURSHIP AND INTRAPRENEURING STRATEGIES

1. INTRODUCTION According to Morris, Kuratko and Covin [1] the world is experiencing an entrepreneurial revolution. The research in the field of entrepreneurship in the present days increasingly focuses on entrepreneurship within the boundaries of existing organizations. This subfield of entrepreneurship is known as intrapreneurship or corporate entrepreneurship. Intrapreneurship is important for organizations of all ages. In case of new organizations, intrapreneurship help the organization to accelerate its growth, while that in already established organizations helps them to stay high in the market through new innovations. The research on intrapreneurship can be divided into different areas. 1) The intrapreneur as an individual, focusing on his characteristics 2) the intrapreneurial organization, emphasizing its main characteristics and strategies and so on.

2. INTRAPRENEURSHIP – THE CONCEPT Intrapreneurship is the act of behaving like an entrepreneur while working within a large organization. The term is derived from a combination of "intra" or internal, and "entrepreneurship”. Pinchot coined the term ―intrapreneurship in 1978, in his paper named intra-corporate entrepreneurship. He points out that, firms, in order to grow and prosper in a rapidly changing society and economy need entrepreneurial thinking within the company. The researchers define intrapreneurship as entrepreneurship within an existing organization, referring to emergent behavioral intentions and behaviors of an organization. Furthermore, ―intrapreneurship refers not only to the creation of new business ventures, but also to other innovative activities and orientations such as development of new products, services, technologies, strategies and competitive postures. There are several dimensions that are regarded to be the key for the concept of intrapreneurship. These dimensions are new ventures, new businesses, Product/service innovativeness, process innovativeness, self-renewal, risk taking, proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness. New ventures focuses on creating new firms operating on their own, while new businesses emphasizes on the existing company to enter and pursue new businesses that bear relation to current products and/or markets. The focus of the product and service innovativeness dimension lies solely on the creation of new products and services. Process innovativeness puts emphasis on innovation in production procedures and techniques. Self-renewal is concerned with the reformulation of strategies as well as reorganization and organizational change within the firm. The dimension of risk taking relates to relates to actively taking risky actions quickly and committing resources to new business opportunities with the possibility of inquiring losses. Proactiveness describes the top management to be oriented towards pioneering and taking the initiative. Lastly,

INCREST - 2016 Page 61

competitive aggressiveness focuses on the company‘s aggressive posturing towards competitors. The researchers point out that the concept under which these eight dimensions are united can be seen to be innovation in the broadest sense. 3. THE INTRAPRENEUR AS AN INDIVIDUAL This part of the paper focuses on the intrapreneur in an organization as an individual. The analysis of the intrapreneur’s attributes is also important in the study of intrapreneurship. These attributes can also be compared with that of an entrepreneur. Sayeed and Gazdar [2] conducted an attempt to assess what an intrapreneur is, based on the so called Intrapreneurship Scale developed by Lessem in 1988. The scale is comprised of seven dimensions: -adventurer, innovator, designer, leader, entrepreneur, change agent and animator. We can identify many attributes of successful intrapreneurs. In order to analyze further we can group them into five:- Commitment to Innovation, resilience, Entrepreneurial spirit, risk taking and leadership. Commitment to Innovation:- Most of the large organizations operate stable businesses well, but are reluctant to start an entirely new business. Even if the employees come up with new ideas, to turn them into a product it has to go through research and large number of prototyping. So the idea suggested by the intrapreneur should be having adequate innovation in it if it has to be taken up to the next level. Resilience:- Intrapreneurs are employees who come up with innovations that can be successful or failure as a product in the market. So they should find ways to tackle with various challenges with corporate resources all while still delivering traditional value to their business. They have to stay focused on their purpose and be strong enough not to let setbacks and office politics throw them out of their organization. Entrepreneurial spirit:- In order to be an intrapreneur, an employee should possess entrepreneurial spirit. He should be a person of dynamic thought and action. He should be a able to work in a crowd, a group or alone. The intrapreneurs understand the economic drivers that allow the organization to succeed and are able to support this fundamental truth and not fight it. An intrapreneur does his work in a way that shows the organization they are someone it can’t afford to lose. The money and advancement finds them. Risk taking:- An intrapreneur should be a risk taker also. Risk involved may not cause any financial loss to the intrapreneur. But the impact of a failure on the organization may be huge. Leadership:- An intrapreneur should possess all the attributes which defines a leader. Within his organization he should be able to lead his colleagues in making his idea

INCREST - 2016 Page 62

into a product. Along with leading the team he may have to act in any role in the team.

4. THE INTRAPRENEURIAL STRATEGIES There are different strategies that can be adopted for successful implementation of intrapreneurship.

1. Set up a formal structure for Intrapreneurship The employees in an organization will be having a well defined task according to their designation. The employees should be given with enough time away from their daily jobs to work on creative ideas. The organization should set up formal processes to make sure those ideas are taken to the next level. It is also good to make internal intrapreneurship part of the evaluation system. The employees suggesting the new ideas can be given with more points in their evaluation. 2. Ask for ideas from your employees The employees working in an organization can be asked to come up with innovative ideas irrespective of their ranks or functions. The employees coming up with new ideas can be given with incentives or rewards. And the reward can vary depending on the feasibility and importance of the idea, or the domain of the organization.

3. Design a career path for your intrapreneurs Usually the intrapreneurs tend to dislike conventional administrative jobs. Their creative mind may not allow them to do the daily chores in an efficient way. If the innovations made by them tend to be profitable for the organization, then a different career path can be established for them. Through this approach the innovators within the organization get appreciated. With this approach the company will be able to support both the dreamers and doers. 4. Explore government programs Nowadays the government is declaring many schemes and programs to support intrapreneurship. These can be utilized effectively to support innovation and entrepreneurial ventures within an organization. 5. Prepare for the pitfalls of intrapreneurship The organization promoting intrapreneurship should be prepared to accept the pitfalls. If the product developed through intrapreneurship becomes successful the organization will be appreciated. But that doesn’t happen always. So the organization may have to deal with failed ventures, internal conflicts, financial risks and intellectual property battles. If the organization is not able to handle these issues it may lead to different problems. So the organization must be able to handle the failures.

INCREST - 2016 Page 63

6. Intrapreneurship in Higher Education Including intrapreneurship training in education can promote creativity among students. Through this students can acquire intrapreneurial abilities and skills which they can carry forward to their work place. In another approach the educational institution can act as an organization which supports intrapreneurship and take ideas from students. After checking the feasibility and importance of those ideas, they can be given with the nod to take their ideas forward. The product can be released in institution’s banner. This approach may induce entrepreneurial attributes in a student. So after the course completion he can move towards entrepreneurship.

5. Importance of Intrapreneurship Intrapreneurship benefits new as well as established organizations. For an established organization it helps to stay high in the market with new and innovative products, while for new organizations it provides a stepping stone towards success. The employees having innovative ideas also like this concept since they get appreciation and rewards for their creativity. 6. Case Study 3M and the Post-It Note In 1968, when Spencer Silver was working at 3M to create a super strong adhesive for use in the aerospace industry, he accidently created an incredibly weak, pressure sensitive adhesive. This was useless for his project. But the new adhesive had two interesting features. First, when stuck to a surface, it could be removed without leaving residue, and second, it was reusable. He was unable to use this product in his work, so he tried out its other possibilities. But, Silver found himself in a sticky situation. His product failed. 3M encouraged Silver to continue seeking suggestions from other employees and for nearly five years the adhesive stayed in the company as an interesting, but useless innovation. In a moment of frustration chemical engineer and 3M employee Art Fry suggested that perhaps Silver had been using the adhesive backwards all along. Fry had struggled with keeping his page markers in his hymn book, and having learnt about the adhesive from one of Silver’s lectures thought this adhesive could be the key. The key difference he explained was instead of coating bulletin boards, 3M could put the adhesive on a piece of paper and stick it to anything. By applying this adhesive to a strip of paper, Fry could mark his pages, move the markers around and easily flip between hymns without damaging the books. And the Post-It note was born.

INCREST - 2016 Page 64

7. CONCLUSION Intrapreneurship is an important and growing part in entrepreneurship research. This paper has reviewed various aspects of the concept of intrapreneurship. The first part dealt with the concept of intrapreneurship. The second part focused on intrapreneur as an individual. The third part discussed the various strategies that can be adopted for implementing intrapreneurship within an organization. After having reviewed and discussed the concept of intrapreneurship on a general, individual and organizational level it is possible to point out the main characteristics that drive the concept. The attributes innovativeness and to a certain degree risk taking are seemingly to be found on every level of analysis.

References:- 1. Morris, Kuratko and Covin (2009) “CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: IS ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR POSSIBLE IN A LARGE COMPANY?”

2. Sayeed, O. & Gazdar, M.K., (2003), ―Intrapreneurship: Assessing and Defining Attributes of Intrapreneurs‖, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol.12 No. 1. 3. Pinchot, G. 1984. Who is the Intrapreneur? In: Intrapreneuring: Why You Don't Have to Leave the Corporation to Become an Entrepreneur. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 28 – 48 4. http://www.intrapreneurshipconference.com/

INCREST - 2016 Page 65

TECHNICAL SESSION II STUDENTS

INCREST - 2016 Page 66

AUTOMATIC PHASE SEQUENCE CORRECTOR WITH SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER

Akhil K N KGPTC, Kozhikode Abstract

Three phase motor connected in incorrect phase sequence has the risk of reverse rotation. This can be result in a severe damage to the system in which the motor is connected. Phase sequence correction techniques can be employed to make a solution for this problem.

When Single phasing occurs that is the absence of any phase among three that are connected to the motor, the risk of overheating of windings is immense resulting severe damage to the motor itself.

The destruction of three phase induction motor is common in our daily life. Lot of motors burns out from single phasing .The losses to a user or to a production line is greater as our modern life depends upon these machines.

The solutions for such problems that can certainly happen in a three phase system is discussed through this work. More importantly a product being introduced with this discussion. The threat of phase sequence error when commissioning or de-commissioning a three phase motor is not negligible. There is higher chance of error in a tensed situation or the error can also be made by motor repair shop. With this kind of environment still exists, the necessity of a more reliable and more compact protective device is not a luxury.

INCREST - 2016 Page 67

AUTOMATIC PHASE SEQUENCE CORRECTOR WITH SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER

Introduction

The threat of phase sequence error is common in a three phase system used in many industries and domestic areas. The three phase motor connected with incorrect phase sequence has a threat of reverse rotation. This can be result in severe damage to the system in which the motor is connected. The motor can run reversely without any damage to itself .But the system in which the motor is connected, maybe not. A reliable phase sequence correction system is necessary in this kind of situation. When commissioning or de- commissioning a three phase motor, the chance of connecting the phase lines incorrectly is greater. With this phase sequence corrector, it automatically correct the incorrect phase sequence that are fed to the three phase motor and the technician don’t have to worry about sequence correction. So the output will always be in correct sequence despite the input.

Phase Sequence error is detected and corrected by the combination of ‘Phase Sequence Monitoring Relay’ and two sets of Contactors.

Single phasing is another big threat to a three phase induction motor. A single phasing means the absence of any one phase among three phases that are required for smooth working of a three phase induction motor. When ‘Single Phasing’ occurs the other windings of the motor draws more current from the circuit. Hence the coil gets overheated. Ultimately the motor windings get burned up. The same thing happens as in the case of phase asymmetry, the load unbalance in each phase .Or as from under voltage.

Single Phasing is prevented with the help of a ‘Single Phasing Preventer’ and a ‘Phase Sequence Monitoring Relay’. If Single Phasing occurs in any line the output of the contactor relays are cut-off by these two relays.

INCREST - 2016 Page 68

AC supply in Correct Sequence is shown in fig.

The phase sequence corrector with ‘Single Phasing’ preventer is designed to isolate these deadly situations from the three phase system enabling the environment. Construction

This phase sequence corrector with single phasing preventer is made up of a single phasing preventer, phase monitoring relay, three MCBs and four sets of contactor relays that are mounted on a wooden box.

The box is made up of plywood and has 17” X 14” X 6” in dimensions. An opening with glass protection is provided in the front for seeing the inside indicators. Plastic reapers are provided at the edges for protection.

The appropriate DIN channels for fixing contactor relays, timer relays and phase monitoring relay, are fixed to the floor of the box by using 15mm metal screws.

The single phasing preventer is directly fixed to the floor by using 15mm metal screws.

The contactor relays, timer relay and phase monitoring relay are clipped on to the appropriate DIN channels.

The base for fixing the MCBs is hoisted about 4 cm above floor level. And a DIN channel is provided at the top.

The whole connections are made using 1.5sq.mm PVC insulated copper wires by keeping the color code.

Electrical Components Used

The various components used for making the ‘Automatic Phase Sequence Corrector’ is listed below.

• MCBs

• TIMER RELAY

• PHASE MONITORING RELAY

• SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER

• CONTACTOR RELAYS

• L E D INDICATORS

• P V C INSULATED COPPER WIRES

INCREST - 2016 Page 69

1. L E D Indicator

L E D indicators are used for showing the availability of lines. When all the lines are live the indicators lights up giving the indications of supply. The features of the Indicator are listed below.

The salient features of gen next LED indicators

• Consists SMD technology. • Sleek and compact design. • Lug wiring possible. • Uniform and bright illumination. • Wide voltage range. • Operating hours more than 1 Lac hours. • Can be assembled I push button stations. • Integrated IP 20 protection for terminals and IP 65 protection. • Passage surge test of 2 kV and HV test of 1.5 kV. • CE approved.

The dimensions of the indicator are shown in fig.

INCREST - 2016 Page 70

2. M C B

Electricity is a inseparable part of our daily lifestyle. In residential, commercial and industrial sectors there are myriad systems, equipments and sophisticated appliances that depends upon electrical energy. Uncontrolled electrical power can be extremely dangerous. Overloads, crowded wiring, short-circuits and all kinds of interruptions in electric supply can lead to devastating losses least of them being financial.

The primary function of the MCB is to protect the installation such as cable and other components from damage, resulting due to over load and short circuit fault. Under overload heating effect can occur on cable. Protection in this respect is assured by matching the cable rating to the current rating of MCB under short circuit condition, mechanical damage can occur due to strong magnetic field caused by high current peaks and overheating of cables on account of "exclusive let through energy" .The current limiting action of "MCB" ensures low value of both peak current "cut off" and minimum let through energy".

INCREST - 2016 Page 71

Overload Protection

It is achieved by thermal operation of the bimetal strip which deflects when heated by the over current going through it, there by tripping the operating mechanism and causing the contact to open. Thermo static Bi-metal is a composite material comprising of two metallic layers of different coefficient of thermal expansion which are permanently bonded together by pressure welding.

Short-Circuit Protection

In short-circuit, the high current in the range of kA energizes the solenoid and a magnetic field is created due to this magnetic field the anchor is pulled down which pushes the plunger to strike the inner latch, causing instantaneous opening of the contact.

Two internal diagrams of MCB are shown in figs.

INCREST - 2016 Page 72

3. Electronic Timer

The electronic timer is manufactured by GIC has 10varrying functions including signal and non signal based functions .The unit has a compact design and operates with little power consumption .It has a wide time range from .3 to 3hors.and it features individual displays for power and relays status.

Electronic timers can be used for all delayed switching applications in control, starting and protection circuits. They are ideal for use in application like machine tools, material handling, process control and motor control .With multifunction timer, you can configure the same timer as per your application need. Thus one timer is used for many applications. .

Features of electronic timer

• COMPACT 17.5MM WIDE. • MULTIPLE TIMING RANGES. • LOW POWER CONSUMPTION. • LED INDICATIONS FOR POWER AND RELAY STATUS. • DIN RAIL AND BASE MOUNTABLE. • INTEGRATED DUAL VOLTAGE SELECTION.

INCREST - 2016 Page 73

•

INCREST - 2016 Page 74

INCREST - 2016 Page 75

4. Phase Monitoring Relay

L&T’s ‘MULTI FUNCTIONAL RELAY-SPP 1’ offers the protections from ‘Single Phasing’, ‘Phase Asymmetry ’and ‘Phase Sequence Error’. These are the major threat to a motor connected to the three phase system. This relay continuously monitors the three phase supply for safety.

It has three input terminals [R, Y and B] and three output terminals [15, 16 and 18 (15 is the common terminal)]. 15 and 16 are NC [Normally Closed] terminals. And 15 and 18 are NO [Normally Opened] terminals.

Working

If the input supply is free from ‘Single Phasing’, ‘Phase Asymmetry ’and ‘Phase Sequence Error’, a contact is made between 15 and 18.

If the input supply is not healthy the NC contacts remains between 15 and 16. And this facilities are used here for turning on the contactor relays.

INCREST - 2016 Page 76

INCREST - 2016 Page 77

5. Contactor Relays

Contactors come in many forms with varying capacities and features. Unlike a circuit breaker, a contactor is not intended to interrupt a short circuit current. Contactors range from those having a breaking current of several amperes to thousands of amperes and 24 V DC to many kilovolts. The physical size of contactors ranges from a device small enough to pick up with one hand, to large devices approximately a meter(yard) on a side. Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, thermal evaporators, and other electrical loads.

A contactor has three components. The contacts are the current carrying part of the contactor. This includes power contacts, auxiliary contacts and contact springs. The electromagnet (or "coil") provides the driving force to close the contacts. The enclosure is a frame housing the contact and the electromagnet. Enclosures are made of insulating materials like Bakelite, Nylon 6, and thermosetting plastics to protect and insulate the contacts and to provide some measure of protection against personnel touching the contacts. Open-frame contactors may have a further enclosure to protect against dust, oil, explosion hazards and weather.

Operating principle

Unlike general-purpose relays, contactors are designed to be directly connected to high-current load devices. Devices switching more than 15 amperes or in circuits rated more than a few kilowatts are usually called contactors. Apart from optional auxiliary low current contacts, contactors are almost exclusively fitted with normally open ("form A") contacts.

When current passes through the electromagnet, a magnetic field is produced, which attracts the moving core of the contactor.

The electromagnet coil draws more current initially, until its inductance increases when the metal core enters the coil. The moving contacts propelled by the moving core; the force developed by the electromagnet holds the moving and fixed contacts together. When the contactor coil is de-energized, gravity or a spring returns the electromagnet core to its initial position and opens the contacts.

For contactors energized with alternating current, a small part of the core is surrounded with a shading coil, which slightly delays the magnetic flux in the core. The effect is to average out the alternating pull of the magnetic field and so prevent the core from buzzing at twice line frequency.

Because arcing and consequent damage occurs just as the contacts are opening or closing, contactors are designed to open and close very rapidly; there is often an internal tipping point mechanism to ensure rapid action.

INCREST - 2016 Page 78

Rapid closing can, however, lead to increase contact bounce which causes additional unwanted open-close cycles. One solution is to have bifurcated contacts to minimize contact bounce; two contacts designed to close simultaneously, but bounce at different times so the circuit will not be briefly disconnected and cause an arc.

Three pole contactor with its internal diagram are shown in fig.

6. PVC Insulated Copper Wire

Poly-Vinyl Chloride insulated copper wires re suitable for usage variety of applications such as grounding wires ,building wires for power transmission etc .It can withstand the pressure of heavy duty applications .The conductors are drawn from bright electrolytic grade copper rods (99.9%pure).

Specially formulated grade of FRPVC compound is capable of withstanding higher conductor temperatures .Continuous rating of 105 deg.cel and intermitend rating of 125 deg.cel enables the cable to be overload without endangering safety .The insulation is resistant to boiling water ,steam and vapor to prevent aging and cracking in practical usages .These are constructed in size from 0.5 sq.mm to 16 sq.mm .PVC cables are available for 250/440 V and also for 600 V.PVC copper wires also have neat and smooth appearance.

INCREST - 2016 Page 79

7. Single phasing preventer

Single phasing preventer is a device which uses to cut off the whole supply automatically and prevent the load when a single phasing occurred in three phase system .In case of induction motors, single phasing lead a condition to draw more current from available two phases that we says overload condition .Overload condition damages the coil windings and we need the exact single phasing preventer to avoid this.

Here, we used a single phasing preventer specially designed for DOL starter by TEXON .This preventer contains an electromagnetic coil having a working voltage of 145V- 415V and an electronic circuit for monitoring phase sequence. This has seven terminals.1 to 5 terminals are input terminals and the 6th and 7th terminals are output terminals .3rd ,4th ,5th terminals are input terminals for monitoring phase sequence.1 and 2 terminals feed the working voltage of preventer. If the working voltage is available a continuity forms between 6 , 7 terminals. we can use this continuity for operating the control circuit by passing a phase.

If 3,4,5 terminals gets proper connections and in correct phase sequence the continuity remains between 6 and 7.when the phase sequence is incorrect or connections are not proper, continuity losses.

For the exact working , connect the phase 1 and phase 2 to 1st and 2nd terminals respectively. Ensure the line voltage is between 145V-415V.phase 3 is connected to 6th terminal and the working voltage of contactor relay taken through 7thterminal.If phase 1 or phase 2 are not available, the preventer will not get the working voltage and working voltage of controlling circuit will be absent. If phase 1 and phase 2 are available but, phase 3 is missing, the continuity is formed but, there will be no working voltage for controlling unit. Hence, the single phasing is prevented simply and easily.

Phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3 should be connected to 3rd, 4th and 5th terminals for monitoring phase sequence. For operating as an exact single phasing preventer avoid the connections to 3, 4 and 5.

INCREST - 2016 Page 80

Working

The phase three phase supply is given to the main contactor through MCBs. So the given supply can be controlled by the MCBs. Between these two connections, a single phasing preventer, a timer and a phase monitoring relay are provided. If the phase that is connected to the ‘Single phasing Preventer’ is cut-off from any incident, the coil supply for the main contactor would be absent. So there would be no output from the main contactor relay.

Similarly if ‘Single phasing occurs in any other lines, the ‘Phase Monitoring Relay‘ connected to the system detects the ‘Single phasing’ and cut-off the coil supply to the Contactor 2 & 3.

Hence the ‘S ingle Phasing’ from all line is prevented. Ensuring the Protection of the motor from ‘Single Phasing’ .

The phase sequence error is detected and corrected via the combination of ‘Phase Monitoring Relay’, ‘Timer Relay’ and four sets of ‘Contactor Relays’.

When the supply is healthy, a connection is made between the common and NO[Normally Opened] terminals of the ‘Phase Monitoring Relay’ providing the coil supply for the contactor 3 through the auxiliary contact[Normally Closed] of the contactor 2. This connection prevents both contactor relays from working simultaneously. The output supply from the main contactor [contactor 1] is given to the input terminals of the contactor 2 in the same order. The same supply is given to the input of the contactor 3 in reverse order [BYR to the contactor 1 and RYB to contactor 2, as from connection diagram]. And the corresponding output from the contactor 2 and contactor 3 is taken out. Putting a line in common, interchanged the other two lines [Putting B constant, interchanged the Y and R phase between two contactor relays, as from connection diagram].

So the given supply gets to the input and then to the output terminals of the contactor 3 without any alteration.

When the phase sequence is incorrect, the connection remains between the common and the NC terminals of the phase sequence monitoring relay[15 and 16] which provides coil supply for the second contactor relay to work and correct the incorrect phase sequence .So the output will always be in correct sequence despite the input supply. And the output is taken to the input terminals of the fourth contactor which is controlled by a timer relay.

The timer relay holds the coil supply for the fourth contactor for 10sec. [can be adjusted]. Hence giving the required time for the whole system to take action without giving any incorrect output supply .

INCREST - 2016 Page 81

Three indication lamps are provided at the input end for the indication of three lines. If any phase is lost, the corresponding lamp turns off. Similarly another three sets of indication lamps are provided at the output end for indication of the output supply.

All together this protection system protects the three phase induction motor from ‘Single Phasing ‘and phase sequence error.

The block diagram for the circuit is shown in fig.

INCREST - 2016 Page 82

Salient Features of Phase Sequence Corrector

This phase sequence correcting system is very reliable and economical. This concept of automatic phase sequence corrector has a great potential on upcoming generations. More effort and new technologies can make this system more compact and simple. We welcome the valuable skills and knowledge of new generation.

• This system offers protection of industrial motors from ‘single phasing’ • The automatic phase sequence correction is possible • The reverse rotation of industrial motors can be avoided. • The economical loss due to repair can be reduced. • Bothering of continuous phase system monitoring can be avoided. • The time delay adjustment of the system protects the chance of sudden accidents.

INCREST - 2016 Page 83

SCHEDULE OF MATERIAL AND ESTIMATION

SL. RAT AMOUN ITEM SPECIFICATION QTY NO. E T PHASE SEQUENCE 1 MONITORING RELAY 3 PHASE,415 VAC,50/60 Hz 1 675 675

SINGLE PHASING 3 PHASE,145-415 VAC,50/60 2 PREVENTOR Hz 1 700 700

3 ELECTRONIC TIMER (0.3s-3h),240 VAC,50/60 Hz 1 710 710

3 POLE CONTACTOR 3 POLE/1NC,10 A,240 4 RELAY VAC,50/60 Hz 2 636 1272

3 POLE/1NO,10 A,240

VAC,50/60 Hz 2 636 1272

5 MCB 10 A,240 VAC 3 118 354

6 LED PILOT LAMPS 200mA,240V,50/60 Hz 6 38 228

7 PVC COPPER WIRE 1.5 SQ.MM 18M 13/M 234

8 TERMINALS 10 A,415 VAC,50/60 Hz 7 15 105

9 DIN RAIL 8 WAY,35 MM 1 24 24

4 WAY,35 MM 1 12 12

2 WAY,35 MM 1 6 6

1 10 PAC CABLE TIE 100 MM K 17 17

11 FORK 2.5 MM 24 1.5 36

12 CRIMMING SOCKET 2.5 MM 7 2.85 20

13 WIRE CLIP 10 MM 20 1.35 27

14 SHELL FABRICATION 17"x14"x6" 1 500 500

TOTAL 6192/-

INCREST - 2016 Page 84

ENTREPRENEURSHIP CONCEPT, SUCCESS FACTORS, COMPETENCIES, SKILLS, ATTITUDES AND TRAITS Sayima T.S Computer Engineering, Women’s Polytechnic, Thrissur

Abstract

An entrepreneur is an individual who engages in some risk‐taking behavior in the investment of resources to achieve a goal. Business entrepreneurs organize and manage resources to make profits and add value to their businesses. Social entrepreneurs seek to generate “social value” rather than profits. These entrepreneurs focus on particular social problems and draw on resources or an idea they have thought through to address the problems. It is now generally agreed that entrepreneurs are one of the key engines of growth in many developing countries by contributing to employment creation. In this paper, it is argued that businesses cannot grow or succeed unless they are entrepreneurial. It is with this view in mind that this paper is being proposed.

INCREST - 2016 Page 85

ENTREPRENEURSHIP CONCEPT, SUCCESS FACTORS, COMPETENCIES, SKILLS, ATTITUDES AND TRAITS

INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneur is an Economic Agent who plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. Economic development of a country refers steady growth in the income levels. This growth mainly depends on its entrepreneurs. An Entrepreneur is an individual with knowledge, skills, initiative, drive and spirit of innovation who aims at achieving goals. An entrepreneur identifies opportunities and seizes opportunities for economic benefits. Entrepreneurship is a dynamic activity which helps the entrepreneur to bring changes in the process of production, innovation in production, new usage of materials, creator of market etc. It is a mental attitude to foresee risk and uncertainty with a view to achieve certain strong motive. It also means doing something in a new and effective manner.

1. CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEUR

The word "Entrepreneur" is derived from the French verb 'entrepredre'. It means 'to undertake'. In the early 16th century the Frenchmen who organized and led military expeditions were referred as 'Entrepreneurs'. In the early 18th century French economist Richard Cantillon used the term entrepreneur to business. Since that time the word entrepreneur means one who takes the risk of starting a new organization or introducing a new idea, product or service to society. According to J.B. Say, “An Entrepreneur is the economic agent who unites all means of production; land of one, the labour of another and the capital of yet another and thus produces a product. By selling the product in the market the pays rent of land, wages to labour, interest on capital and what remains is his profit". Thus an Entrepreneur is an organizer who combines various factors of production to produce a socially viable product. According to Joseph Schumepeter, "An entrepreneur in an advanced economy is an individual who introduces something new in the economy, a method of production not yet tested by experience in the branch of manufacture concerned, a product with which consumers are not yet familiar, a new source of raw material or of new market and the like"

2. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEUR

An entrepreneur is an opportunity seeker. He is also the organizer and coordinator of the agents of production. He has to execute many a good functions while establishing a small scale enterprise. He not only perceives the business opportunities but also mobilizes the other resources like 5 Ms-man, money, machine, materials and methods. However, the main functions of the entrepreneurs are discussed further. INCREST - 2016 Page 86

1. Idea generation: This is the most important function of the entrepreneur. Idea generation can be possible through the vision, insight, observation, experience, education, training and exposure of the entrepreneur. Idea generation precisely implies product selection and project identification. Ideas can be generated through environmental scanning and market survey. It is the function of the entrepreneurs to generate as many ideas as he can for the purpose of selecting the best business opportunities which can subsequently be taken up by him as a commercially-viable business venture.

2. Determination of objectives: The next function of the entrepreneur is to determine and lay down the objectives of the business, which should be spelt out on clear terms. In other words, entrepreneur should be very much clear about the following things: (i) The nature of business (ii) The type of business This implies whether the enterprise belongs to the category of a manufacturing concern or a service -oriented unit or a trading business, so that the entrepreneurs can very well carry on the venture in accordance with the objectives determined by him.

3. Raising of funds: Fund raising is the most important function of an entrepreneur. All the activities of a business depend upon the finance and its proper management. It is the responsibility of the entrepreneur to raise funds internally as well as externally. In this matter, he should be aware of the different sources of funds and the formalities to raise funds. He should have the full knowledge of different government sponsored schemes such as PMRY, SGSY, REGP, etc. by which he can get Government assistance in the form of seed capital, fixed and working capital for his business.

4. Procurement of raw materials: Another important function of the entrepreneur is to procure raw materials. Entrepreneur has to identify the cheap and regular sources of supply of raw materials, which will help him to reduce the cost of production and face the competition boldly.

5. Procurement of machinery: The next function of the entrepreneurs is to procure the machineries and equipments for establishment of the venture. While procuring the machineries, he should specify the following details:

 The details of technology.  Installed capacity of the machines.  Names of the manufacturers and suppliers.  Whether the machines are indigenously made or foreign made.  After-sales service facilities.  Warranty period of the machineries.

INCREST - 2016 Page 87

6. Market research: The next important function of the entrepreneur is market research and product analysis. Market research is the systematic collection of data regarding the product which the entrepreneur wants to manufacture. Entrepreneur has to undertake market research persistently in order to know the details of the intending product, i.e. the demand for the product, the supply of the product, the price of the product, the size of the customers, etc. while starting an enterprise.

7. Determination of form of enterprise: The function of an entrepreneur in determining the form of enterprise is also important. Entrepreneur has to decide the form of enterprise based upon the nature of the product, volume of investment, nature of activities, types of product, quality of product, quality of human resources, etc. The chief forms of ownership organizations are sole proprietorship, partnership, Joint Stock Company and cooperative society. Determination of ownership right is essential on the part of the entrepreneur to acquire legal title to assets.

8. Recruitment of manpower: Entrepreneur has to perform the following activities while undertaking this function: (a) Estimating manpower need of the organization. (b) Laying down of selection procedure. (c) Devising scheme of compensation. (d) Laying down the rules of training and development.

9. Implementation of the project: Entrepreneur has to work on the implementation schedule or the action plan of the project. The identified project is to be implemented in a time- bound manner. All the activities from the conception stage to the commissioning stage are to be accomplished by him in accordance with the implementation schedule to avoid cost and time overrun, as well as competition. Thus, implementation of the project is an important function of the entrepreneur. To conclude with, all these functions of the entrepreneur can precisely be put into the following categories:  Innovation.  Risk bearing.  Organization.  Management.

3. ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS FACTORS Entrepreneur is a key figure in economic progress. He is the person who introduces new things in the economy. He is considered as the business leader and not as simple owner of capital. He is a person with telescopic faculty, drive and talent who perceives business opportunities and promptly seizes them for exploitation. To be successful, an entrepreneur should have the following characteristic features:

INCREST - 2016 Page 88

4. Need to achieve: Entrepreneurs have got strong desire to achieve higher goals. Their inner self motivates their behaviour towards high achievement: most of the people dream of success but do not take any action towards achieving these dreams. Entrepreneurs with high n-Ach factor act continuously to achieve the goal and make their dreams come true. For them, winning is achievement. 5. Independence: Most of the entrepreneurs start on their own because they dislike to work for others. They prefer to be their own boss and want to be responsible for their own decisions. 6. Risk-bearing: Entrepreneurs are the persons who take decisions under uncertainty and thus they are willing to take risk, but they never gamble with the results. They choose moderate risk rather than play wild gamble. They, therefore, undertake calculated risk which is high enough to be exciting, but with a fairly reasonable chance to win. 7. Locus of control: According to Rotter's locus of control theory, an individual perceives the outcome of an event as being either within or beyond his personal control. Entrepreneurs believe in their own ability to control the consequences of their endeavour by influencing their socio-economic environment rather than leave everything to luck. 8. Perseverance: Entrepreneur has got the quality of sticking to job he decides to undertake. Once committed to a specific goal and course of action, entrepreneurs become absorbed to it. They personally solve the problems that come across their way while setting up the project. They also work sincerely until the whole project is successfully implemented. 9. Positive self-concept: Entrepreneurs are always positive in their action. Being an achiever, he directs his fantasies and dreams towards achievement of worthwhile goals and sets extraordinary standard of excellence in what he is doing. This is based upon his awareness of SWOT analysis, i.e. his strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. He utilizes his positive knowledge to support his thinking. He never exhibits any negative attitude. 10. Ability to find and explore opportunities: Entrepreneurs are always alert to opportunities. They are very much quick to see and grab opportunities. They exhibit an innovative turn of mind and convert the problems into viable opportunities. They plan intellectually and anticipate carefully how to achieve their goals in realizing an opportunity. 11. Flexibility: Most of the successful entrepreneurs measure the pros and cons of a decision and tend to change if the situation demands. They never feel reluctant to revise their decisions. They are the persons with open mind without rigidity. 12. Sense of efficacy: Entrepreneurs are always oriented towards action for accomplishment of their goals. Being confident of their abilities, they find themselves as problem solvers rather than problem avoiders. They chalk out their goals for future and make planning to achieve them. 13. Openness to feedback and learning from experience: Successful entrepreneurs like to have immediate feedback of their performance. They modify their plans on the basis of the feedback they receive from the environment around them. They learn from their experience and never get discouraged having received unfavorable information. On the

INCREST - 2016 Page 89

contrary, they are stimulated by unfavorable information to involve themselves sincerely in their own tasks to reach their desired goals. 14. Confronting uncertainty: Successful entrepreneurs are always optimistic and take every odd as the opportunity. They maneuver their environment in such a way that the works get accomplished rationally. Thus, they win by the application of their extraordinary insight and skill. 12. Interpersonal skills: Entrepreneurs are always comfortable while dealing with people at all levels. They interact with raw material suppliers, customers, bankers, etc... for different activities. As successful entrepreneurs, they should be persons who like working with others possessing the much needed quality of interpersonal skill to deal with people. 15. Need to influence others: Once the entrepreneurs set their goals, they have to play the roles of manager too. For influencing others (n Power), a low need to establish emotional relationship (low n Affiliation), and a high need to discipline one's own self (to inhibit over expression of their personality) are essential. 16. Time orientation: Entrepreneurs anticipate future trends basing upon their past experience and exposure. They stick to the time pragmatically while doing their jobs. 17. Innovators: Successful entrepreneurs are innovators. They constantly put their efforts in introducing new products, new method of production, opening new markets and recognizing the enterprise. 18. Business communication skill: In order to motivate others in the business entrepreneurs must possess good communication skill. Both written and communication skills are necessary for the entrepreneurs for running enterprise efficiently. 19. Telescopic faculty: Successful entrepreneurs always tend to think ahead. They have got telescopic faculties which make them think for the future. Future orientation makes them quite alert to the changing conditions of the time and they tend to produce goods and commodities as per the changing demands. 20. Leadership: Entrepreneurs should possess the quality of leadership. Leadership is the ability to exert interpersonal influence by means of communication towards the achievement of goals. Entrepreneurs as the leaders should provide the necessary spark to motivation by guiding, inspiring, assisting and directing the members of the group for achievement of unity of action, efforts and purpose. Hence, entrepreneurs by their own leadership styles and behaviour reduce the problems by proper handling of situations. Good administrative work depends upon effective leadership of the entrepreneur. 21. Business planning: Planning implies deciding in advance what, when and how to do a thing. Entrepreneurs should be equipped with skill and knowledge to prepare their business plan. A successful entrepreneur always follows the principles of management while planning for his business. The planning can act as a bridge between the present position and expected future shape of the enterprise. It provides a sense of vision to the entrepreneurs to cope with risky and uncertain situation. 22. Decision making: Decision-making skill is a fundamental characteristic of an entrepreneur. This implies the function of choosing a particular course of action at every stage of creation of an enterprise out of several alternative courses for the purpose of

INCREST - 2016 Page 90

achieving specified goals. Hence, decision making is necessary at all times and mostly at conditions of uncertainty and risk. 23. Ability to mobilize resources: Entrepreneurs must have the ability to marshal all the inputs to obtain the end product. They have to mobilize 6Ms, i.e. Man, Money, Material, Machinery, Market and Method effectively to realize the final product as entrepreneurship is a function of gap filling and input completing. 24. Self-confidence: Entrepreneurs must have self-confidence to accomplish the task effectively and efficiently. They must take decisions on their own in uncertain and risky situation and should stick to it confidently even if there occurs initial setbacks. 25. TRAITS OF A GOOD ENTREPRENEUR 1. Full of determination When you set out to become an entrepreneur it will require you to set very clear goals along the way. Growing your business, increasing sales and hiring new employees require several micro-goals within them to be executed successfully. 2. Not afraid to take risks Some of the most successful entrepreneurs took major risks, and they paid off in a big way. When most people hear the word “risk” they relate it to a financial risk, but in the case of Corcoran, the initial financial investment wasn’t very risky. The risk came into play when she went all in, devoting 100 percent to making her business work with such a small amount of seed capital. Many would assume it isn’t possible to start a business with very little money, but those who aren’t afraid to take risks don’t see things such as limited funding as a handicap. 3. High level of confidence Entrepreneurs that have a high level of confidence are able to get the job done even under the most stressful conditions. They understand that big challenges breed big rewards. This is the same mentality that allows successful entrepreneurs to spot an opportunity when most just see a possible challenge. When most focus on the challenge, a successful entrepreneur focuses on the finish line and the end reward.

4. Craves learning You have to stay sharp, and that requires that you are constantly learning. Industries constantly change and evolve -- only those that are also growing through constant learning will stay ahead. You will always have competitors breathing down your neck trying to surpass you. There will always be someone claiming to be the next greatest thing. 5. Understands failure is part of the game Richard Branson said it best: “Few first ventures work out. It is how a beginning entrepreneur deals with failure that sets that person apart. In fact, failure is one of the secrets to success, since some of the best ideas arise from the ashes of a shuttered business.”

INCREST - 2016 Page 91

If you understand that failure is part of being an entrepreneur, you will take those failures and use them as learning experiences. Real world experience, even failing, will teach you more than you would ever learn in a classroom. 6. Passionate about his or her business Passion fuels the drive and determination required to be successful, whether you are building a company from the ground up or buying an Internet business that already has a proven track record. You have to thoroughly enjoy what you are doing -- there will be long days and nights and at some points along the way your business will consume you. If you aren’t fully passionate about what you are doing the added stress and obstacles will build up on your shoulders and eventually be responsible for your collapse.

7. Highly adaptable If entrepreneurs had the ability to see what was hiding around each turn it would make it much easier -- but unfortunately that is not the case. There can be surprises around every corner, even with a well thought out plan and strategy.

If you are extremely adaptable it gives you the ability to respond quickly in any situation. This allows you to make decisions that will navigate you out of trouble and allow you to thrive in environments that would sink those that aren’t adaptable.

8. Good understanding of money management It doesn’t matter if you are bootstrapping your business, using personal credit cards or have millions of dollars from investors -- you must have excellent money management skills. Poor financial decisions, such as overspending or allocating funds to less important tasks can quickly ruin a business.

Have a clear financial map drawn out -- what are your essential monthly expenses and obligations? How much can you allocate monthly for items that fall outside of the “essential” category? Stick to your plan and make sure all founders and shareholders are on the same page. Money problems can destroy a business the same way they can ruin a marriage.

9. Expert at networking A large collection of business cards and a huge contact list doesn’t make you an expert at networking. Building value-based relationships that are truly meaningful is what networking is all about -- these are the relationships that lead to business opportunities and long-term relationships that are mutually beneficial.

I am constantly networking with people that can not only help my business currently, but also have the potential to help me in the future as well. Don’t be selfish when networking. You should always know how you can help someone and provide value to

INCREST - 2016 Page 92

them before even thinking about how the relationship will be potentially beneficial to you.

10. Ability to sell and promote If you watch the TV show Shark Tank then you have certainly heard Mark Cuban tell entrepreneurs on several occasions that knowing how to sell is an absolutely essential part of being a successful business owner.

26. MANAGING COMPETITION BY AN ENTREPRENEUR Competition is everywhere. Very few industries or markets haven't experienced some form and degree of competitiveness. Researching competition through competitor intelligence can be a powerful tool for entrepreneurs. Competitor intelligence is a process of gathering information on who competitors are, what they are doing, and how their actions will affect your organization. Competition is defined as organizations battling with each other for some desired outcome, it may be customers, market share, survey ranking, or needed resources. There are three ways/approaches to define possible competitors. A. The industry perspective: It identifies competitors as organizations making the same product or providing the same service. For instance, there's the oil industry, the seed industry, the fertilizer industry etc. The competitors in each of these industries are producing the same or similar types of products or services. Using this approach, an entrepreneur can assess the intensity of competition by looking at how many organizations are in the industry and how they differ from each other. Competition would be highest when there are numerous, similar competitors. In other words, these competitors are all using the same approaches in fighting for the same desired outcome for example, getting a customer to purchase their product or service, and not another organizations. B. The marketing perspective: It which says that competitors are organizations that satisfy the same customer need. For example, if the customer need is technical information, potential competitors might range all the way from R&D, Scientists, Print and electronic media, Development agencies etc. These are different industries that are attempting to satisfy the same customer need. Under this perspective, the intensity of competition depends on how well the customer's needs are understood or defined and how well_ different organizations are able to meet that need. C. The strategic groups' perspective: Strategic groups are groups of competitors following essentially the same strategy in a particular market or industry. Within a single industry, you might find a few or several strategic groups, depending on what strategic factors are important to different groups of customers- that is, What factors customers use in making purchase decisions. For instance, two strategic factors often used in grouping competitors are price (low to high) and quality (low to high). Competitors would then be "grouped" according to their price quality strategies, with those following the same or similar approaches in the same strategic group. Keep in mind that the important strategic factors used to determine an organization's

INCREST - 2016 Page 93

competitors are different for every industry and can be different even for various industry groups. The possible dimensions for identifying strategic groups are price, quality, geographic scope, product line, market share, profits and product uniqueness. No matter how we define our potential competitors, the fact remains that there will be other organizations working hard to secure the same customers, resources, and other desired outcomes that you also want. Now that we know how to define "who" our competitors are, we need to look at what type of competitive information to get and where to get that information about what our' competitors are doing.

1. COMPETITOR INFORMATION

A. Type of Competitive Information to be collected: What you want to do is get a good feel for what your potential competitors are doing. Here are some possible areas you might use to guide your research:  Types of products or services are competitors offering.  Major characteristics of these products or services.  Their products' strengths and weaknesses.  The way of handling, marketing, pricing, and distributing.  Attempts to do the activities differently from other competitors and their success percentage.  Competitive advantage(s) of their activities.  Profitability percentage of their activities.  Mode of reaction of the competitors when something (or someone) new comes in. Once you've decided what type of competitive information you'd like to have, you're ready to find it.

B) Sources of getting Competitive Information: Published financial sources, former employees; dealers, representatives, and distributors; suppliers; professional meetings; market surveys; trade fairs and exhibits; competitors' brochures; competitors' Web- pages; technical analysis of competitors' products (called reserve engineering); comparison shopping; news stories found in newspapers or other printed publications and on broadcast media news programs; competitive intelligence firms; interviews with consultants; and so forth. One thing you should be concerned with as you gather competitive information, however, is whether or not your information gathering is ethical.

2. PRINCIPLES OF MANAGING COMPETITION The rivalry between business organizations having similar interest is a common phenomenon. For the business to survive in the face of stiff challenge and to ensure its sustained growth in that environment, the entrepreneur has to adopt certain principles of managing competition. Some of them are: • Spot early opportunities. • Develop a deeper understanding of the customer - national and international. • Keep track of the competitors.

INCREST - 2016 Page 94

• Identify current trends which would shape the future.

3. SWOT ANALYSIS The processes of liberalization and economic reforms, while creating tremendous opportunities for growth of many industries, have also thrown up new challenges to the industries. Building competitive strengths, technology up gradation and quality improvement are the vital issues that need to be looked into, to build capabilities, to withstand emerging pressures and ensure sustained growth. The 21st century, would ensure a bright future for industries only if a conscious and sincere effort is initiated for overcoming hardships faced. The entrepreneurs have to lay more emphasis on the quality of their production. The gospel truth is, 'Better quality and Better productivity'. Therefore, entrepreneurs have to devote sufficient attention on Research and Development. Innovation is the real step towards continued progress. To innovate, an entrepreneur has to make a diagnosis of the current situation. The diagnosis of the current situation is done by conducting an Internal Analysis and External Analysis. Analysis of External and Internal Environment together is called SWOT Analysis. SWOT Analysis refers to identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. SWOT Analysis is a tool, often used by organizations in planning its future. This tool can be explained in a simplified manner as follows: S - Strengths of the organization. W - Weaknesses. O - Opportunities of the environment. T - Threats.

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS Every business needs to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses periodically. The management or an outside consultant reviews the business's marketing, financial, manufacturing and organizational competencies. In examining its strengths and weaknesses clearly, the business does not have to correct all of its weaknesses nor gloat about all of its strengths. They have to slowly overcome their weakness and convert it into its strength.

C. OPPORTUNITIES: An opportunity is an area of need in which a company can perform profitably. Some of the opportunities of an organization are: • Growing population. • Increase in disposable income. • Good monsoon. • Easy availability of money. • Availability of appropriate technology. • Favorable government policies. • Availability of different task environment like market information, distribution outlets and media. • Presence of favorable cultural environment. D. THREATS: Some developments in the external environment represent threats. An environmental threat is a challenge posed by an unfavourable trend or development that would lead, in the absence of defensive marketing action, to sales or profit deterioration. Some of the threats of an organization are: • Shortage of power, water, fuel. • Rejection by the market. • Recession. • Tough competition. • Political instability. • Fiscal policy resulting into increased taxes, duties, imports reservations, licensing. • Technological obsolescence. • Tight money market. • High cost of raising finance.

INCREST - 2016 Page 95

27. SKILLS AND ATTITUDES REQUIRED FOR A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR

A number of factors have been found to be responsible for the growth of entrepreneurship. These factors can be grouped in three categories namely;

 Entrepreneurial Ambitions  Competency factors  Facilitating Factors  Entrepreneurial Ambition Earning money and getting rich seems to be the obvious reason for people to set-up their own ventures. Seeking self-employment or continuing family business had been a motivating factor with most of the entrepreneurs. Several peopl e have the ambition to gain social prestige and start their enterprise.

Compelling factors There have been a large number of causes wherein, it was not the ambition hut the compulsion of life that prompted individuals not only to take to the career of entrepreneurship but also succeed in it. A large: of ex-servicemen become entrepreneurs out of compulsion of being retired and becoming unemployed at an early stage of life. During the recent restructuring of economy a large number of professionals and skilled workers, who were not fully satisfied with their job profiles, were compelled to set up their own ventures taking voluntary retirement from their existing jobs. These entrepreneurs wanted to capitalize their skills and knowledge for themselves than working for others. These individuals had always perceived that they possessed higher abilities than those required by their jobs and had higher aspirations about their career. A large number of technically qualified people after gaining initial experience and confidence and not being satisfied by the’, growth in the profession have a compulsive reason to try entrepreneurship.

Supportive Factors Ambition or compulsion alone does not make a person an entrepreneur. The moral support from the family and friends, personal experiences and availability of funds are also important factors directing people to entrepreneurship. The previous experience or knowledge of that business, gained either as an employee u in an associated profession imparts confidence to an individual. This helps in reducing the risk perception for that type of business and thus generates a level of confidence to take a calculated risk. The process of becoming an entrepreneur becomes easier if one is encouraged and provided moral support by the members of the family, friends and relatives. Provision of risk capital by the family not only encourages the individual to start his own enterprise, but also enhances the entrepreneurs trust worthiness in the money market and relieves him from the fear of business failure.

INCREST - 2016 Page 96

CONCLUSION In the modern world people can no longer expect large enterprises to guarantee them jobs for life. Individuals are increasingly expected to seek out their own opportunities, actively create value and behave ethically, rather than faithfully follow rules and routines set by others. In particular, today's young people need to learn to be enterprising, both when working for others and when setting up their own businesses. Being enterprising involves taking responsibility for decision making, becoming increasingly self reliant, pioneering, adventurous, daring, dynamic, progressive, opportunist, ambitious and holding your values, as well as being able to initiate ideas and see them through into action.

REFERENCE

1. Belcourt, M, Burket, R.J., Lee-Gosselin, H. (1991) The Glass Box: Women Business 2. Owners in Canada. Background paper published by the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women. 3. Yusuf, A. (1995) Critical Success Factors for Small Business: Perceptions of South Pacific Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 33, 2, 68-73. 4. Pillai Dr N.C. and V. Anna. The Entrepreneurial Spirit among Women (A study of Kerala) Indian Management - Nov-Dec 1990 5. Jubi, R. & Chandrasekar, K. S. (2010). Enterprise development and sustainability-need for entrepreneurship education for women. Organizational Management, April-June, 16(1). 6. VKrishnamoorthy and RBalasubramani (April 2014), ―Motivational factors among women entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial success: A study issn 2319 - 345x www.ijmrbs.com Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2014. 7. Shikha Mahajan, Women Entrepreneurship in India, Global Journal of Management and Business Studies. ISSN 2248-9878 Volume 3, Number 10 (2013), pp. 1143-1148.

INCREST - 2016 Page 97

HOW DOES THE INNOVATIVE CELL HELP THE STUDENTS TO ACHIEVE THEIR CAREER GOAL

Munavir K &Thomson George, S6 Mechanical Engineering, GPTC Meenangadi, Wayanad District.

Abstract

Behind every innovation and invention there will be a force of motivation. In our college, the innovative cell plays a vital role behind every innovation. We have a community of innovators and thinkers named Master Minds. Every day after college time we sit together and discuss about our new ideas. Before we start the Master Minds most of the students do not have an opportunity or platform to present their ideas or develop it. Most of them do not even try to prototype their ideas. Now we have prototype models and products as well.

After the inauguration of innovative cell our students especially who interested to do something different in future get trained in new technologies such as

1. Arduino programming. 2. Windows app development workshop. 3. IOT workshop. 4. Start-up i3 program and other trainings. 5. Meet the entrepreneur

Two projects from Electronics Department get cash assistance for their projects from KSCSTE, TVM and we both visited the Fab lab at Kerala Start up Mission Trivandrum. We made parts of our projects in 3D printer. Innovative cell often discuss about entrepreneurship and get an effective motivation class of new entrepreneur Ajay Thomas, one of the brain behind the floating solar project, Wynad dist.

We final year students get interview training under the innovative cell that helps us to appear interviews confidently.

INCREST - 2016 Page 98

HOW THE INNOVATIVE CELL DOES HELP THE STUDENTS TO ACHIEVE THEIR CAREER GOAL

Introduction

Present Polytechnic Education Scenario

Polytechnic education in India contributes significantly to its economic development. 2 years duration in different specializations. The aim of the polytechnic education till now is to create a pool of skill based manpower to support shop floor and field operations as a middle level link between technicians and engineers. Over the years, the diploma programmes have deteriorated losing the skill components, which has resulted in their being just a diluted version of degree education. The organizations employing them have to train them all over again in basic skills. Thus now the present education system produce only certificate holders. some of the major problems being faced by the polytechnic education system includes lack of industry institute participation, lack of training and exposure to new emerging technologies and lack of research and development among students.

Creating a Think Tank for Your Career

In order to tackle these problems you need a constant supply of information to achieve success and your career goals. You must stay aware of trends and issues and keep up with rapid economic and technological changes to become and stay competitive. Thus we have to reinvent education system by taking a initiative and to lead by example. thus we can translate India now a technology using country to a technology developing country.

Let us innovate our world

Each of us can spark change- for individuals, communities, families and the world, fuelled by innovative technology and working together we can connect people to their potential and make economic empowerment a reality and the future needs you.

Behind every innovation and invention there will be a force of motivation. In our college, the innovative cell plays a vital role behind every innovation. We decided to unfreeze the present class room concept and think out of box, think out of class room. This aaction started a innovation group MASTER MIND IN JULY2015

Thus a community of innovators and thinkers named Master Minds was borne. Every day after college time we sit together and discuss about our new ideas. Before we start the Master Minds most of the students do not have an opportunity or platform to present their ideas or

INCREST - 2016 Page 99

develop it. Most of them do not even try to prototype their ideas. Now we have prototype models and products as well.

After the inauguration of innovative cell, our students especially who interested to do something different in future get trained in new technologies .while sitting together we students realized and came to a decision to improve our quality so as to turn outwe students from mere certificate holders to the best INNOVATORS. We understand that the task is not that simple, but challenging. But we assure that this will bring out a drastic boom in the future placement opportunities and entrepreneurship.

Action Plan: Objectives

Master minds It is a voluntary forum of polytechnic students.

Scope of the work

 To promote innovation among polytechnic students.  To equip them to compete in state level and national level project completion.  To bring recent innovations of the world to the students.  Counseling and guidance by experts.  To promote entrepreneurship among students.  Master minds is also a platform for sharing innovative ideas, developing the ideas to the final project and to make them to actual product. That is a project to product concept.  It creates an ecosystem  The innovation for social change.  Soft Skill Development which helps the students in attending job fairs and interviews  Develop Leadership and Organizational skills. After fixing the above portfolio we circulated a notice to all the students.

We have around 700 students. Out of these 10 to 15 students came up to cooperate with this project. We planned to conduct meetings in the evening after the regular working time.

During our meetings we students are very free to discuss and present our very silly and stupid ideas with our friends. This activity improves our presentation skill, communicative skill and helps to avoid stage fear. Also we are getting new ideas and technologies and wide range of knowledge.

INCREST - 2016 Page 100

Execution

• You may have already discovered that it's next to impossible to keep up with all this information on your own. There is simply too much of it. Fortunately, the knowledge you lack is always someone else's specialty, so you can turn to others for help. There are usually at least a few people who can help you deal with certain issues or special problems that you may encounter in the business or profession you are in or are interested in entering. In lieu of specific knowledge, you must know in advance whom to contact and where to go to get the information you need. Thus we went for workshops , hands on experiences and project competitions and exhibitions. We decided to change the conventional project works to new product that using high end technology and should meet laymen's demand in the 2016-2017 academic year. the changes are excellent. The works taken up by us are the following: • We developed a tree climbing robot which is named Automatic Arecanut Pesticide Sprayer. This machine is very simple and easy tool to spay pesticides to arecanut trees, which is of great importance to Wayanad, which is mostly dependent of agriculture. This innovative farming solution helps the farmers in much better way. Mechanization of labor which help the farmers to reduce manpower and thus increases productivity, less wastage of pesticides, reducing the harmful effect to the workers. This innovation helps the farmers to a great extent. For this project we got first price in National Level Tech fest conducted by Government Engineering College Wayanad. This got selected for South Indian Agri fest, at Kannur. We got financial assistance from ATMA, A government funding agency and Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Trivandrum. • Low cost solar table lamp (Design submitted to IIT Mumbai for solar lamp competition) The purpose is to provide light to students in off grid area, the cost is less than Rs 1000/- 4 students including us got permission to attend competition. This was a prestigious competition over 500colleges participating from over the world. We designed the product and came up to the final round. From that experience we understood that whatever the product is we have to make it a finished product. For that we have to go for 3D printing and prototyping and also the product must be low cost. Thus we achieved new information about 3D printing. (http://www.techfest.org/resources/soul.pdf) We discussed our experiences with our Master mind community and the students were very much interested. The change in students approach is amazing and definitely this will change our institution to new levels. • Conducted and participated the i3 workshop by Kerala Start up mission. This opened up our minds to the field of products and entrepreneurship.

INCREST - 2016 Page 101

• Attended a 2 day workshop on Robotics conducted by IIT Madras and got 2 number of robotics kits. Thus in this we got introduced to Arduino programming. Were got the new technology and understood that Mechatronics is a very vast area that awaits engineers!!!! • We attended the Makers party arranged by Make Magazine and Kerala start up mission. It was an amazing experience for us and understood the need for entrepreneurship. • Under Kerala Start up mission, we organized and participated in Arduino Workshop, Windows App development and IOT workshop. • Internet of Things (IOT) is a new emerging technology. Irrespective of our branches we students gained knowledge in these various fields of Technology. All these are possible due to this Innovation Cell. • Got permission to visit Fab lab Trivandrum and we got 3D printed of our project and thus created a prototype model of our product, Automatic Arecanut Pesticide Sprayer.

CONSOLIDATION

 The innovation centre creates a positive change in the campus  We are able to create a ecosystem for creativity  Also a ecosystem for entrepreneurs  Many government agencies are approaching to know our products  We are undertaking government projects  With the innovation centres in the college, students can develop the 21st century skills they need to thrive in today's rapidly evolving knowledge world.

INCREST - 2016 Page 102

OUTCOME

a) First prize in National level Tech fest.

b) Invited to attend various workshops and trainings.

c) How to translate from project to product.

d) 3d printing exposure.

e) Easy to attend interviews, group discussion

f) Improve self confidence

g) Got ability to do multi tasking jobs

h) Improving our relationships, expand your social circle, network with like-minded people, and those who energize us rather than those drain our energy.

i) Improving our communication skills socially and professionally and becoming happier and more successful.

j) Personality development.

k) Leadership skill.

l) Organizational and management skill.

m) Reduce stress in study .

n) Learn to fail with a smile and face failures with courage.

o) Not the least - Friendships and Fun : Life is not just about career and making money. It is about building friendships and having fun. You get a chance to meet people and build good friendships. You will be part of the social activities and will have so much fun.

CONCLUSION

In our experience the innovation centers in polytechnics is a very must. In modern IT scenario, the students are getting better exposure to up to date technologies which are not in the syllabus. they are now thinking in a boarder sense, out of class room manner. The syllabus is always in a lag and running short of modern trends. This type of training and workshops helps us to attain up to date knowledge and equip ourselves to face the modern world in a better sense.

INCREST - 2016 Page 103

Our complete attitude improved by all these trainings. the student community got a better sense to serve the society, to find new products for the good will of the society and use our technical knowledge in a better and useful manner.

This helps in personality development and the communication skills because of interacting with different people. You learn to balance education and organizational work focusing on your career goals and excel in campus interviews.

Leadership here the student coordinators take up the responsibility or challenge to be a leader and learn what it takes to be a leader, thus improving the leadership skills. The innovation centre helps you by giving you training and instilling those good leadership skills.

This also helped us to think entrepreneurship as a career, to analyze the social, economical, and environmental factors which determine perception of students towards entrepreneurship as their career goal and to bring out the enabling factors to the entry of diploma engineers into entrepreneurship.

INCREST - 2016 Page 104

AUTOMATED CAR DOOR EJECTION SYSTEMS

Deepak Raphael & Anandu Das Mech. Engg. Department GEC Thrissur, Kerala

Abstract

Statistical analysis has proved that only limited percentage of accident victims reach nearby hospitals for medical aid. Around 38% of accident victims die due to ineffective rescues. The problem is not with the rescue officials or the helping locals. But the main reason for these situations is that the rescue team can’t get to the victim in time. One reason for such situations is the jamming of car doors during accidents. The door will be either stuck in an inappropriate angle or the driver will be unconscious to unlock the same. In such situations the rescue team will be forced to break down the door to save the victim. But this is a tiresome task and not a very effective solution too. What help could we offer in such a situation? Automated door ejection is the suggested solution. It works perfectly in aircrafts. So can’t it work in cars? Aircraft door ejection mechanisms use explosive cartridges to operate. But similar situations will not be suited in case of cars. Hence an alternative mechanism has to be adopted. One of such mechanisms could be the usage of airbags. Using airbags compacted in the form of strips can be used to dislocate the door from the main frame of the car. The mechanism has to be flexible for easier operations. It should be able to operate under almost all circumstances. To accomplish the same, we could install sensor controls. The sensors would work effectively in such a way that they analyze the situation for the best solution. Suppose the car is in a slanting position, then only one or two of the side doors could be ejected. Suppose the car is in an inverted position, then possibly any one of the side doors could be ejected. The mechanism could also be operated manually. The driver if conscious can decide the door to be ejected. The suggested advantages are better rescues in case of accidents, more chances of survival for the victim, effective mechanism for fast action, easy installation for effective use, smarter sensors for smarter response, sleek and elegant design adds beauty.

INCREST - 2016 Page 105

AUTOMATED CAR DOOR EJECTION SYSTEMS

Introduction

Car accidents have now been rising at an incredible rate even with safety systems like ABS to prevent them .Even if one occurs the rescue officials reach the spot within minutes to save the life of the victims. Even the local people do their role effectively in rescue operations involving car accidents. But statistical analysis has revealed that not all the victims survive an accident. This is not because of the problem of the rescue tactics .Actually the rescue officials increase the probability of survival for the victim. It is reported that such increases are between15% to 23%. Even then how is it that only 62% of the rescued victims survive the accident. As mentioned both the rescue officials and the locals do their best to save such lives. Then where does the problem lie? One major reason for such problems is that the rescue teams are unable to reach the victim in time. They might be in the spot within minutes but they won’t be able to reach the victim physically. There might be debris or similar hindrances opposing their noble cause. One such hindrance is the jammed doors of cars. During a collision the car door absorbs a major portion of the impact. They are usually designed to be light in weight and eventually get jammed during collisions. These cause a hindrance for the rescue team to reach to the victim. In such situations the rescue team will have to break down the jammed doors by force (usually using a crowbar or similar hard tools). This is not only time consuming but also a tiresome task. Even with such efforts the team will not be able to effectively save the victim. There have been situations where the broken debris formed by such efforts inflict more damage than the actual accident. AUTOMATED DOOR EJECTION Haven’t we all seen how doors get ejected from the cockpit of fighter aircrafts just in time for the pilot to save his life? Can’t we apply the same in case of cars? Our solution came from this scenario: AUTOMATED DOOR EJECTION The ejection mechanism of a cockpit not only provides an opportunity for the pilot to escape from a damaged plane but also helps him to inflate his backup parachute by giving an open space for the same. But these ejections happen at high altitudes. There is considerably no resistance for such an ejection neglecting the air resistance and highly turbulent wind pattern. Hence not a very large amount of force is required for such ejection mechanisms. Can these ideas work in case of a car that has to face many on road problems like traffic, busy lanes, congested roads,etc. There won’t be any machine or man nearby when the ejection happens for an aircraft.

This posed a lot of design constraints mentioned as follows.

INCREST - 2016 Page 106

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

1) When we look at the case of cars a lot of problems have to be encountered. The main such problem would be regarding the force required for such ejection. If the force becomes too large compared to the optimal value that is required the door would simply blast outwards towards the locals the rescue team. This would increase the number of causalities compared to the original count. If the force applied force becomes too small compared to the optimal value the door would not dislocate from the frame of the car. Hence the actual optimal forces have to be obtained for all car door models. This will give a range of force for completing the task on any car model.

2) Now comes another hurdle. How can one actually achieve it? To solve this one has to actually look at the design of a car door. Aside from minor variations, almost all car door designs are having the same concept. There are basically four links that attach the car door to the actual frame of the body. There are two links for the actual linkage between the door and the body frame. These are usually made of metals and designed to be strong. There is then another link to control the angle of rotation of the car door. Everyone might have wondered why the car door rotates only to an angle less than 70degrees. Well the reason is the above mentioned link. There is yet another electronic link used to supply power to the electrical options that one gets at the door panel. Thus a mechanism has to be developed to actually break the links if seemed necessary. 3) Another question that raised suspicion was: Will it work in all severe situations? A car might involve in accidents in a lot of ways. The design had to be developed in such a way so that it would work in virtually any situation.

4) The material structure for the design should not add much to the overall weight of the car. If so this would greatly affect the efficiency of the car by reducing the mileage.

5) It must to an add on feature. No one would allow a person to tear apart their dream machine just for the sake of safety. Even with the officials insisting on safety, we have seen how careless we are when it comes to the matter of safety. Helmets and seatbelts are a great example for the same.

6) The design must be pleasing and attractive. No one wants an old looking device to be anywhere near them. Old and outdated ones are now a thing of the past.

MECAHNISM

The mechanism has to be effective. It has to be fast and at the same time safe to those inside a car. It has to have options for expandability and opinions for flexibility without altering from its core duty.

A lot of options were applicable to solve this situation. Two of such were the use of Controlled Explosive Cartridges and the use of Airbag Systems. The main concerns regarding the above were their safety and effectiveness. But to understand a system one has to fully learn all the aspects regarding the same.

INCREST - 2016 Page 107

How Does Your Car's Airbag System Work?

The airbag system is one of the most important parts of your vehicle's safety components. Proper airbag deployment can ensure that you and your passengers survive a crash that you may have otherwise experienced serious injury or death as a result of. Airbag deployment has saved thousands of lives through the years. But how exactly do they work? The airbag system is extremely complex and needs to activate within milliseconds after a crash occurs to ensure the protection of the driver and passengers.

What Are Airbags? Airbags are stretchable fabrics or other materials that are tightly packed in various locations throughout your vehicle. There are airbags at the front of the dashboard in most cars, and many vehicles have airbags along the side of the car as well. These bags are compressed and kept in a small area. When there is an accident, the airbags fill up with air very quickly to provide a cushioning system for the people in the car so that they are not thrown around in the event of a crash. While this does not necessarily prevent total injury or death, it can be very helpful in cushioning the passengers in a car in many cases.

Crash Sensors The most important parts of the success of the airbag system are the crash sensors. These small pieces of electronics are designed to tell when the vehicle has been damaged in an accident. They respond to several different sets of stimuli, including sudden stopping, increased pressure as pieces of the car are moved due to the force of the collision, and more.

Different types of sensors measuring wheel speed, seat occupant status, brake pressure and impact, and other vehicle status indicators are monitored by the airbag control unit located in the front portion of the cabin. The sensors relay signals to the airbag control unit, which analyzes the data and can orchestrate safety features like seat belt lock, automatic door locks, as well as airbag deployment.

Two types of airbag sensors used in cars are electrical and mechanical. Electrical sensors vary in design. Some use an electromechanical "ball and tube" mechanism, which basically consists of a small tube containing a circuit switch and ball that's held together by a small magnet. If a collision occurs, the ball is dislodged from the magnet and rolls forward in the tube, hitting a switch that completes the electrical circuit. Other electrical designs are similar in principle, using a metal roller or spring loaded weight instead of a ball, or in newer cars, an accelerometer to trip the sensor. Mechanical sensors work independent of the electrical system and respond similarly to the electrical sensors, with a design that actuates a firing pin triggering a small explosion after a crash. Since a mechanical sensor does not require a power source, it cannot be deactivated like an electrical sensor can when the battery is disconnected.

The success of the airbag system relies upon the crash sensors working not only accurately but also extremely quickly, so the most expensive and technologically advanced part of the airbag system are here.

Inflator Once the control unit determines there is an accident, it sends a signal to the inflator system. The inflator sets off a chemical charge, producing an explosion of nitrogen gas, filling up the airbag. As the airbag fills up, it bursts through the paneling that contains it and enters into the space of the car in order to protect you.

INCREST - 2016 Page 108

This all happens in an instant, usually within 25 or 50 milliseconds. That translates to almost 200 miles per hour. The airbag then will deflate itself on its own once it deploys.

How Fast Does an Airbag Deploy?

An airbag can deploy in about 55 milliseconds, according to engineering study. This is about the same amount of time it takes you to blink your eyes or sneeze. In other words, airbag deployment is very quick. Authorities have noted that if you are out of position when an airbag deploys, you can be injured. How can you get out of position? Airbags should be used in conjunction with seatbelts, and if you drive without your seatbelt fastened, then it is possible for the airbag to fire, and for you to slide under the airbag just far enough so that you can receive a nasty blow to the face or head.

Which Airbag Sensors are Better, Electrical or Mechanical?

The jury is still out on the best airbag sensors system. Use of electromechanical airbag igniters in which a small switch senses a crash force is also preferred. If it is great enough, an igniter pin drives into the sodium azide packets used to inflate airbags. Other automakers use small tubes that break over a certain pressure, freeing a gold ball that completes the circuit, igniting the airbag. A third type- piezoelectric sensors--are used by several automakers. These electrical systems rely on switches located outside and inside the vehicle. If the sensors agree that there is enough force, then the airbag inflates.

How Much Does an Airbag Cost?

A common question asked is, 'How much does an airbag cost?'. If you need to replace or repair an airbag in your vehicle, the cost will vary depending on the type of car you are driving, as well as which airbag needs to be replaced. In most cases, budget between $400-800 for a driver's side airbag. A passenger side airbag can cost up to $1,000. Curtain airbags tend to be a bit cheaper, but are still fairly expensive. Replacing an airbag is a complicated repair, and it must be done by a professional. The labor costs are what makes up the majority of the bill when it comes to replacing an airbag. But the use of airbag strips considerably drop the costs to nearly $100.

What is the Speed of an Airbag Deployment?

The speed of an airbag deployment will vary depending on the vehicle and the seriousness of the accident. In most cases, the airbag will come out at a speed of between 100 to 220 miles per hour. At this speed, an airbag can cause significant damage to a person, so it is important to be at least 10 inches away from the airbag when it deploys. This is why wearing a seatbelt is extremely important. Even when driving a car equipped with airbags. There have been cases of children being killed by a deploying airbag, so it is vital that the airbag be turned off if a child is in the front seat.

INCREST - 2016 Page 109

Ejection Seat Systemin Aircrafts

A BAE Hawk showing the explosive cord in the canopy

On many high-performance military aircraft, the canopy is an integral part of the ejection seatsystem. The pilot cannot be ejected from the aircraft until the canopy is no longer in the path of the ejection seat. In most ejection seat equipped aircraft, the canopy is blown upwards and rearwards by explosive charges. The relative wind then blows the canopy away from the ejection path. However, on some aircraft, such as theMcDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II, the pilot may be forced to eject when in a hover, or when going too slow for the relative wind to move the canopy out of the path of the ejection seat. In that situation, the pilot could possibly impact the canopy when ejecting. To overcome that possibility, some aircraft have a thin cord of plastic explosive zig-zagging across the canopy over the pilot's head. In the event of an ejection, the explosive cord is activated first, shattering the canopy. Then the ejection seat (and pilot) are launched through the shattered canopy.F-16 sill canopy inspections are delivered per AFI 21-3549, para 16.3 and required to be done under real world conditions – the cabin must be under pressure, and the aircraft will be at a minimum of 16,000 feet during eddy current assessments. A technician must meet the qualifications of E-6 in rank.

Metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) for forming high-intensity thin film explosives with optimized burn rates and energy densities While similar to organic reagents in the amount of energy released per unit weight, inorganic reagents are able to release up to 5 times more energy per unit volume, (energy density) thus requiring less space for the same amount of force released. Still, organic energetic materials have a faster reaction velocity, or burn rate, than inorganic materials. In order to increase the burn rate of the material the effective interface (area in which the two components are touching one another) must be improved upon. To do so the invention utilizes a method for which the two components are stacked on top of one another in thin nanolayers, while avoiding any potential “interfacial reacted zones of thickness.” These zones are made of already reacted materials often caused by excess water vapor left inside the vacuum chamber during the manufacturing process, and will greatly decrease the effective interface between the two components. By substantially increasing the effective interface and virtually eliminating prematurely reacted zones, the invention was able to reach burn rates of up to 180 m/s utilizing inorganic reagents.

INCREST - 2016 Page 110

Advantages This technology from the University of Central Florida reduces the presence of water vapor by nearly a hundred times, which allows for much thinner interfacial regions between the nanolayers, a higher stored energy density, and a reaction velocity that is five times faster than conventional designs. In addition, the controlled application of intense amounts of heat through regulated rapid heat release improves welding, soldering, and brazing, without damaging the peripheral materials.

Technical Details To create these energetic materials and thin film explosives, layered MIC deposition is accomplished through the contact of two different solid reactants, such as copper oxide and aluminum, which releases heat, resulting in a self-propagating reaction. This is done by sputtering in a vacuum chamber at a low pressure, helping in the reduction of water vapor content. Additionally, pure chemical inert gas is used for sputtering to provide higher purity and prevent water vapor contamination. Moreover, the thickness of the interfacial region over the entire surface area of reactants is less than 2 nanometers, providing higher reaction velocity. Benefits

• Protects peripheral materials • Regulates heat release • Higher energy-storage • Faster reactions

PROPOSED DESIGN MECHANISM

The actual proposed mechanism effectively combines all these into a single system. The Metastable Intermolecular Composite(MIC) used for making thin explosive layers or similar such mechanism could be used for making controlled explosive cartridges. These explosive cartridges once activated gives out an excess amount of heat which could be used to melt the four links mentioned in the car door mechanisms. Once the links are melted, only a comparatively little force is required to dislocate the car door from the main body frame. We could use strips of airbags to accomplish the same. The cartridge mechanism need to be only used at the edges having the links. The airbag mechanism could be used at the other edges.

Another design improvement could be the provision for the use of sensors and mechanized controls. Consider a situation where the victim becomes unconscious after the initial impact. Then use of smart sensors help to analyze the orientation and predict the optimal door to be ejected. If the victim is conscious, then he could himself decide the door to be ejected.

Hence a design could be fabricated that makes use of effective technologies and sensors to accomplish the required task.

INCREST - 2016 Page 111

CONCLUSION

With the use of the AUTOMATED CAR DOOR EJECTION SYSTEM there would be considerable increase in the survival rate of the accident victims.With its design specifications matching the needs of the present day scenario, it could offer a great deal of help to both victims and the rescue teams.

The major advantages of the system could be summarized as:

1) Fast and effective action 2) Use of smarter sensors for smarter response 3) Reliable in nearly all scenarios. The only situation where it fails is when there is an external pressure applied into the door frame(like during drowning) 4) Sleek and elegant design to improve the attraction and pleasing features 5) Easy use and easy installation 6) Options for expandability and flexibility

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.wikipedia.com- Airbag mechanism and Ejection seat systems in canopies

2. www.carsdirect.com - Airbag mechanism

3. www.autohowstuffworks.com - Airbag mechanism

4. http://technologies.tt.research.ucf.edu - Metastable Intermolecular Composite(MIC)

5. www.explainthatstuff.com - Airbag systems and aircraft canopy ejection

7) Experimental study of aircraft wakes in forest canopies - book by Guy G Williamson

8) Air Bag Development and Performance - book by Richard W Kent

INCREST - 2016 Page 112

FAST CHARGING CASE (F-case)

Riyamol P E & Reneesh J Bright & Akhil V Sukumar Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur

Abstract

This product serves as a charging accelerator on charging a smart phone. Nowadays charging the phones had become a great time consuming process. By using Fast Charging Case the time taken for charging can be reduced by 1/4th of the usual charging time, in short the rate of charging increases by 4 times. This case is used only while charging and it user friendly. This has a compact design which is easy to handle and can be easily carried with your charger. It is not a phone protector, the word case means that it covers the phone, only while charging. The basic principle which is behind the working of the case is electromagnetic induction. The Fast Charging Case increases the charging rate 4 times, thus that much of time can be saved. The most important advantage of the fast charging case is that the time saving property. During charging there are losses in the form of heat radiations and as electro-magnetic waves. This can be prevented by the use of fast charging case, thus it acts as an energy saver. There are no complication regarding the use of Fast Charging Case, the only work to be done is just to put the phone inside the case while charging. Every smart phone users are expecting to be the customers of this Fast Charging Case. The main value which is being exposed is that time is precious in this hectic world.

INCREST - 2016 Page 113

FAST CHARGING CASE

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays the most important thing we spent time is for charging our mobile phones. This has become a unavoidable wastage of time on which researches are going on to find a solution for solving this problem. The main concept of our product is based on the solution of this situation. Our product is based on the minimising the losses caused and rectifying the losses, then making this lost energy concentrating on the charging purpose. The product is just a case which is used while charging the phone. This case prevents the losses caused while charging to an extent and concentrates this energy to be lost to the charging purpose. By this action the rate of charging of the smart phone almost increases by 4 times. The main reason behind the working of this product is that it minimises the loss to certain extent and almost tries to concentrate this energy entirely on the charging purpose which results in the more efficiency in charging the smart phone. This fast charging case helps in the amplification of the rate of charging the smart phone. The fast charging case acts as a shield which prevents the loss of energy and concentrate in further efficiency while charging. This is the main factor that results in the increase of the rate of charging. This actually reduces the charging time to a great extent. So the fast charging case helps in reducing the wastage of time that we use to spent initially. The fast charging case mainly use the process of prevention of losses and making use of the lost energy again in the process of charging. So it can be also considered as an energy saver. By the use of this case there can be a considerable rate of energy saving. So it can be said that this case has the properties of both time saving as well as energy saving. The main plus point is its use, that it can be used easily without any complication. There are no other sources of energy involved in this process. It is purely based on the reduction ofthe losses caused while the process of charging and concentrating this energy entirely on the process of charging thereby increasing the rate of charging. EARLY STAGE At the beginning of the introduction of smart phones, the main point of view were based on the design and the features present in the phone. So the main constraints regarding the development of the phone began to be more concentrated on the side of the design, looks, features and functionality. This situation resulted in discarding the area of the battery and charging segment of the phone. As a result the battery and charging segments in the phone are still not coping up with the developed design of the phone. This resulted in the inefficiency in charging and the battery backup the phone due to various kinds of losses. The design of the phone also have a very important effect in the charging, battery backup, overheating and loss of energy by various other forms. The compactness of the phone prevents proper ventilation which result in the overheating of the phone which in turn causes a decrease in the efficiency of the phone. This will also affect the battery backup as well as charging time of the phone. So heating caused in the phone is one of the major reason causing inefficiency. Along with heating there are certain other factors such as the emission of radiation and other electromagnetic waves at the time of charging

INCREST - 2016 Page 114

which results in lesser efficiency while charging. As a result the time taken for charging the phone increases. The main reason for increase in time taken for charging is the various kinds of losses caused at the time of charging. The charging time can be reduced by controlling the various kinds of losses and by preventing further losses during the time of charging. Thereby preventing the losses while charging can reduce the time taken for charging and can improve the efficiency while charging the phone. Preventing the energy losses will help to improve the working of the phone.

RELAVANCE IN THE CURRENT WORLD We all have noticed the evolution of mobile phones since the past 10 years. It has changed a lot with the introduction of the smart phone era which presented us with the wide new variety of the phones which are entirely different from the previous versions. We have seen a lot of improvements in the design, appearance, features and many other aspects regarding the phone. With new and new developments we see many features upgraded with the earlier versions. But there is one important thing that we actually miss out is that the time taken in charging the devices has changed with these developments. About 10 years back the time taken for charging a phone was about amaximum of 1 hour, but today it has changed to the condition of saying a minimum of 1hour. This is mainly because of the increased energy losses in the process of charging and also while using the phone. This losses have increased with the compaction of design which is a necessary factor for the easy handling of the device. So this cannot be changed. But without changing this there are no other way in which we can reduce this loss directly. Here comes the use of the Fast Charging Case, which helps in solving the problem of preventing losses caused while charging to some extent, thereby increasing the efficiency of charging which results in the increase in rate of charging. So by using Fast Charging Case while charging helps in charging the phone almost 4 times faster than the actual charging situation. This serves as a product that helps to reduce the time we actually spent on charging the smart phone in the current world were we consider time as more precious in our lives. The factor which promotes the use of Fast Charging Case is that it is useful in reducing the time taken for charging the phone, also helps in reducing the heating of the phone while charging. These 2 factors are the major reason which promote the use of Fast Charging Case, since these are the 2 worse situations that are being faced by the people at present. This Fast Charging Case will be the proper solution for these problems faced by the people at a simpler use without any complication. So these reasons promote the use of the Fast Charging Case in the current world.

PRINCIPLE The basic principle regarding the working of the Fast Charging Case (F-case) is simple Electromagnetic Induction which helps in concentrating the maximum energy received directly to the battery preventing the loss of potential and thereby increasing the rate of charging F-case acts as an inductor wound around the phone, while charging the phone there are some amount of electromagnetic field/flux generated around the phone which is the reason for the loss of energy. This flux can induce an

INCREST - 2016 Page 115

emf in the coil, which in turn produces a back emf, that opposes the further release of energy in the form of flux. So it helps in concentrating the entire energy within in the phone itself. Thereby rate of charging increases up to an extent. So by the use of F-case the charging time can be reduced. Along with the loss of energy in the form of flux there is also an inefficiency caused due to the overheating of the device while charging, which results in the delayed charging of the phone due to the loss of energy while charging. F-case comes with heat absorbing material which helps in maintaining the the phone at normal temperature while charging by absorbing the heat generated and maintaining the phone at optimum temperature while charging. By maintaining an optimum temperature the efficiency of the charging can be increased to some extent than regular charging efficiency. Fast Charging Case (F-case)increases the charging efficiency by reducing the losses caused while charging and increases the rate of charging without any additional energy support also by causing no harm to the device.

FUNCTION AND ADVANTAGES The FAST CHARGING CASE reduces the charging time by 1/4thand increases the charging rate 4 times than the present. This case is used only while charging and no need to use other times. It reduces the heat loss occurred while charging and there by increases the charging rate. Thus speed of charging gets accelerated. Since it uses the principle of electro-magnetic induction it reduces the radiations evolved and also there by charging rate increases. The case reduces the heating of the phone there by protects the phone and its internal components from overheating and also from the damages due to the overheating effect. While charging we may find that the battery was over heated. The overheated battery may damage the battery and even the phone. Moreover, the phone users who use the overheated phones are suffering from potential threat. According to some reported some phone users gets hurt due to their phones exploded and even some dead finally because of the explosion of the battery. If the phone battery gets overheatedfor a long time the internal mechanics of the phone will also be hot. And this may cause the phone to gets restartedand the phone be hung up while calling. Thus by using the F- case these type of situations can be avoided and the phone can be protected from the overheating effects. Thus F-case also provides a protection for the phone from the overheating effect while charging the phone. The another function of the FAST CHARGING CASE is the time saving property ,as the case accelerates the charging rate by 4 times as the present situation. Thus it saves the energy also. The F case saves the precious time and the energy from the loss. In short the F case saves the time, reduces the heating effect thus protects the phone and saves the energy.

PRODUCT REVIEW The main problem the smart phones of the current generation lack is battery life. Not only that it drains the battery very fast, but it also takes a very long time charging the device. Thus as a solution to this major problem we present the F-Case that is the fast charging case. The F- Case provides a great experience as it saves time to a great extent by reducing the charging time of the phone up to four times. The case is boon for users such as travellers late night workers. This case reduces the charging time by four times when compared to the usual time. The product is a case in

INCREST - 2016 Page 116

which the phone should be placed while charging. The f-case prevents the loss of energy given out as radiations by the phone and thus helps to increase the efficiency while charging. This product is useful for all types of customer whoever uses a smart phone. Previous solution to this problem was the use of power banks, which also should be charged. The f- case can also be used to charge the power bank at a faster rate. Moreover while charging the phone from the power bank, it charges at a faster rate. This product is a giant leap towards the possible energy crisis in the future as it reduces the energy loss while charging. We tested our product in phones of different brands with different types of chargers. It was found that different phones were charged at different rates but all of them charged faster than the usual charging. We also did the test with different chargers for the same phone, as the companies say; the stock charger is always the best for charging a phone. The f-case will have great impact on the market as is cost efficient and is a very useful product. It provides great value for your money. It is also the first of its kind in the market.

INCREST - 2016 Page 117

CONCLUSION The F- Case will bring revolutions in inductive charging and is expected to be great success once it hits the market as it provides the experience not many of the other products in the market provides. It also reduces the heating effect on the phone while charging; this in turn increases the rate of charging which is one of the ways by which the case reduces charging time. We have planned future development for this case. If we are able to incorporate a solar panel and an f-case, It provides an unlimited source for charging the phone unlike power banks which are a limited source. Charging becomes an easier task with the f-case. As it reduces time by up to 4 times, it will charge a phone that usually takes 2 hours for charging in just half an hour and hence saves our valuable time. It also reduces the unnecessary tension or worries of not having charged your phone. REFERENCE 1. https://googleweblight.com/?lite_url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiatio n_and_health&ei=uRd9FjvD&lc=en- IN&s=1&m=81&host=www.google.co.in&ts=1457984143&sig=APY536wVNgtjEZ7iO1zfdlt9- r1Uunc0Dg

2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer

3. https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100414090723AAVJqwm

4. http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/19778/does-a-mobile-plugged-in-to-the-charger- produce-more-radiation

5. http://blog.recovery-android.com/the-cause-and-solution-of-overheated-battery-on-your- phone/

INCREST - 2016 Page 118

SMART VEHICLE SPEED INTERCEPTOR (SVSI)

Sajith KV& Nishanth & Amrutha GPTC, Kasaragod

ABSTRACT

On state highways, the upper speed limit for a motor car is 80 kmph while it is 50 kmph for both motorcycles and auto rickshaws. If a vehicle exceeds this limit, automatically SVSI system indicates warning alarm for 20 seconds. If the driver is not ready to reduce the speed within the time allotted, then a message (consist vehicle number & speed) will be sent from SVSI system to concerned RTO office. Upon receiving the message from the SVSI system, a message will be sent a replay message from RTO to the SVSI system by indicating fine details. The fine details consist of the fine amount to be paid and the date of remittance. The RTO can remotely block the vehicle ignition system if the owner of the vehicle did not pay the fine within 30 days. After the remittance of the fine amount, the RTO remotely unblock vehicle ignition system. If the owner of the vehicles or driver tries to remove SVSI system from the vehicle, the system alerts the concerned RTO office by sending a message that the system has been disconnected.

Keywords – 89s52 microcontroller, Tachometer, alphanumeric LCD Display, GSM ,GPS

INCREST - 2016 Page 119

SMART VEHICLE SPEED INTERCEPTOR (SVSI)

. Introduction

Traffic accidents are a major cause of death and injuries worldwide. According to the study done in the State over a period of three months, 3,000-odd persons die in road accidents. Last year, 2,764 persons died in road accidents. Here we are developing a SMART VEHICLE SPEED INTERCEPTOR SYSTEM to avoid accidents occurring due to the speed of the vehicle. Due to over speed of the vehicles the number of accidents are increasing. To reduce the accident the Govt. established ‘WEBCAMERA SYSTEM’ system.

On state highways, the upper speed limit for a motor car is 80 kmph while it is 50 kmph for both motorcycles and auto rickshaws. If a vehicle exceeds this limit, automatically SVSI system indicates warning alarm for 20 seconds. If the driver is not ready to reduce the speed within the time allotted, then a message (consist vehicle number & speed) will be sent from SVSI system to concerned RTO office. Upon receiving the message from the SVSI system, a message will be sent a replay message from RTO to the SVSI system by indicating fine details. The fine details consist of the fine amount to be paid and the date of remittance. The RTO can remotely block the vehicle ignition system if the owner of the vehicle did not pay the fine within 30 days. After the remittance of the fine amount, the RTO remotely unblock vehicle ignition system.

II. RELATED WORK

Currently, different types of speed detecting devices have been presented however, they have focused on avoids the accidents completely. J. Marendic-Miljkovic [1] investigated the design and applications of speed measuring in road traffic. These system measuring the speed of the vehicles in traffic due to the occurrence of different types of speedometers with respect to the structure, methods of measurements andplace of use, there is a need to create a unique method which aim is to check all the metrological characteristics of measurement in terms of speed compared to the manufacture's technical specification and metrology requirements of the by-raw for this type of measure. This method allows you to easily perform testing to measure the speed of any kind of speedometer on the ground internal terms, regardless of road conditions and whether conditions. As a fully automated method is suitable for monitoring because if defines the parameters required for accessing the safety standards of speed and their proper use.

INCREST - 2016 Page 120

Md. Mominul Ahsan [2] carried out research on wireless speed monitoring system. Globally road accident is considered to be an important issue, which can be reduced by proper vehicle speed monitoring system. More recently, the advancement in wireless sensor technology shows a great promise in designing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) due to its flexibility and cost-effectiveness for deployment. The aim of this research is to develop a prototype vehicle speed monitoring system using accelerometer-based wireless sensor. JOELMIGWI [3] carried out research on over speed monitoring system. In this system will entail a GPS speed sensing mechanism which automatically updates a database with the details of an over speeding vehicle using the GSM system. Once the details are updated, the driver is charged for over speeding. A GPS module is connected toa microcontroller which detects when the critical speed is exceeded and triggers the sending of different text messages, using GSM technology, to a police database and the driver. The text sent to the database contains the details of the car. The text sent to the owner informs them that they have over sped and the fine they are supposed to pay. It is innovative because it uses both GPS and GSM technology. It also helps in the advancement of science and technology by diversifying the usage of GSM technology.

In the presence study an attempt has been made to design and development of a unique model known as SMART VEHICLE SPEED INTERCEPTOR. In this system the measurement unit detects and displays the over speed of the vehicle.

III. METHODOLGY

RECEIVER AT RTO / CONTROLL ROOM

Fig.1: block diagram of SVSI

INCREST - 2016 Page 121

OPERATION

Fig.1 shows the block diagram of SVSI. It consists of a 89S52 microcontroller, a tachometer as speed measurement unit , 16x2 LCD display, audible alarm, relay module as vehicle immobilizer, GPS, GSM modem and it works with +5v DC power supply. It consists of an in-built battery +6v battery which is the power supply for the entire SVSI System. AT89S52 micro controller was used which are 40pin 8bit, 32 I/O lines which is the brain of the circuit. A tachometer is used as speed measurement unit which detects and displays the over speed of the vehicle. And audible alarm will be active at the same time and if the driver didn’t decrease the speed within 20 seconds, RTO will be received a message by GSM modem containing the speed of the vehicle, location and the vehicle number. The RTO sends a replay message that “You must pay the fine for disobey the rule”. Unless the owner of the vehicle pays the fine amount within 30 days the ignition system of the vehicle will be block by the RTO remotely. If the owner of the vehicles or driver tries to remove SVSI system from the vehicle, the system alerts the concerned RTO office by sending a message that the system has been disconnected.

1. MICROCONTROLLER Microcontroller used here is 89S52. It is the heart of the SVSI system; it can control each section of SVSI system. It is typically a micro computer. That is a microcomputer, so that is specially programmed for control each sections.

2. Tachometer

It is the speed measuring system installed in the vehicle which senses the over speed event and sends the sensed event information to the control section of SVSI. It works with Hall- effect sensor and controlled by 89s52 Microcontroller.

3. GSM Modem & GPS RECEIVER

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. We can monitor and check the speeds thus preventing accidents. The global positioning system (GPS) is a fleet of 29 satellites that are orbiting our planet approximately 11,000 miles above Earth’s surface. Handheld GPS receivers calculate positions that are known as autonomous solutions. In other words, each INCREST - 2016 Page 122

handheld GPS receiver is independent from all other receivers and uses only satellites to calculate positions. 4. LCD Display

LCD display is used for displaying the state of the unit .Here the display receives the messages.LCD module is a dot matrix liquid crystal display that displays alphanumeric, rana (Japanese character) and symbols. The CMOS technology makes the device ideal for applications in handheld portable and other powered instruments with low power consumptions.

IV. RESULT

SMART VEHICLE SPEED INTERCEPTOR SYSTEM to avoid accidents occurring due to the speed of the vehicle has been developed. Due to over speed of the vehicles the number of accidents are increasing. To reduce the accident the Govt. established ‘WEBCAMERA SYSTEM’ system.

The figure 2 shows the working prototype of SMART VEHICLE SPEED INTERCEPTOR SYSTEM. It works with 5v DC supply and controlled by 89S52 microcontroller.

Fig.2: working prototype of SVSI system.

1. Speed detection

While considering the design and development of SVSI system the main aim to be achieved was speed detection. A tachometer is used to detect the speed of the vehicles which is as shown in the figure 3. The hall-effect sensor will be placed near the tire of the vehicle and a magnet will be placed on the wheel. The hall- effect sensor counts

INCREST - 2016 Page 123

the number of rotation of the wheel by using this magnet. The distance covered for one rotation of the wheel will be stored in the microcontroller’s database and the speed will be calculated by measuring the time taken for one complete rotation. When the speed increases than 60 kmph, the microcontroller sends command to turn on the warning audible alarm and to the display unit.

Fig.3: Hall-effect sensor module.

2. Alerting the driver

Upon detecting the over speed of the vehicle the microcontroller sends commands to the warning audible alarm system and to the LCD display unit. The figure 4 shows the warning LCD display message generated by SVSI system.

Fig.4: LCD display message in the SVSI system.

3. Communicating with RTO office

After the detection of speed, the microcontroller alerts the driver by using audible alarm for 20 seconds and sends the over speed detection message to the RTO office by

INCREST - 2016 Page 124

using GSM modem. The message sent to the RTO office including the number of the vehicle is as shown in the figure

Fig.5: Message received by RTO office.

Upon receiving the message from the SVSI system, a replay message is sent from RTO to the SVSI system by indicating fine details. The fine details consist of the fine amount to be paid and the date of remittance. The RTO can remotely block the vehicle ignition system if the owner of the vehicle did not pay the fine within 30 days.

After the remittance of the fine amount, the RTO remotely unblock vehicle ignition system. Figure 6 shows the fine due message send by the RTO to the SVSI system.

Fig.6: LCD display for fine due. V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages:

1. Over speed detection and accident prevention. 2. Location identification of the vehicle.

INCREST - 2016 Page 125

3. Continuous monitoring of the vehicle by RTO throughout the journey. 4. Malpractice will not be entertained. 5. If the GSM modem is out of range, the speed detection will be stored in the memory and sends the message when the vehicle is within the range. 6. Theft protection. 7. It can be implemented in every vehicle. Disadvantages: 1. Need to design and development for individual vehicles. 2. Need to get permission from the RTO office before servicing. 3. The system can be disconnected by the driver only if the GSM Modem is not working. 4. For the implementation of the system, a controller with automobile grade must be used.

VI. FUTURE SCOPE 1. Collision detection can be added by using obstacle sensors. 2. Need to design a monitoring system by using PLC for monitoring each Vehicle from the concerned RTO office. 3. Good communication between RTO and driver by making the LCD display more user friendly. 4. SVSI system can be implemented instead of speedometer with more features.

CONCLUSION

The Smart Vehicle Speed Interceptor (SVSI) technology conclusions are drawn

1. The speed measurement unit has been developed to detect the over speed of the vehicle.

2. In this system hall-effect sensor is used to calculate the number of rotation of the vehicle’s wheel.

3. The 16x2 display indicating the over speed of the vehicle.

4. An audible alarm will activate when the vehicle is in over speed.

INCREST - 2016 Page 126

REFERENCE

1. MARENDIC-MILJKOVIC, Speed measuring devices in road traffic, Belgrade, Serbia, 2012. 2. MD. MOMINUAL ABSAN, Wireless vehicle speed monitoring system, Ireland,2014. 3. JOELMIGWI, Over speed monitoring system, 2012. 4. NHTSA, IACP, Speed-measuring device, Performance specifications: Down-The- Road Radar Module, USA, 2004. 5. ADRIAN K.LUND, Highway Safety, Performance under controlled conditions of the interceptor VG-2 6. Radar detector, 1990

INCREST - 2016 Page 127

GENERATION OF FUEL FROM WASTE PLASTIC George Thomas Govt. Polytechnic College Perumbavoor Abstract

Plastic have become an integral part of our lives. Since plastics are relatively low cost and being easily available have brought a use and throw away culture. Each year more than 100 million tones of plastics are produced worldwide because of use and throw culture so plastics waste management has become a problem worldwide.

In this paper, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels are explained which a solution for recycling of plastics become. Thus two universal problems such as Problems of waste plastic.

Problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, fractional distillations to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil, furnace oil traction and coke.

The process of waste plastic into fuels can literally change the economic scenario of our country. Thus, the process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste.

INCREST - 2016 Page 128

GENERATION OF FUEL FROM WASTE PLASTIC

Introduction:

Household items are made from various kinds of plastic.

Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic amorphous solid materials used in the manufacture of industrial products. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve performance and/or reduce costs. Monomers of Plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds.

The word is derived from the Greek past (plastikos) meaning fit for molding, and past (plastos) meaning molded. It refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes”such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more.

The common word plastic should not be confused with the technical adjective plastic, which is applied to any material which undergoes a permanent change of shape (plastic deformation) when strained beyond a certain point. Aluminium, for instance, is plastic in this sense, but not a plastic in the common sense; in contrast, in their finished forms, some plastics will break before deforming and therefore are not plastic in the technical sense.

There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough heat is applied; examples are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid.

OVERVIEW

Plastics can be classified by chemical structure, namely the molecular units that make up the polymer's backbone and side chains. Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking.

Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset,

INCREST - 2016 Page 129

elastomer, structural, biodegradable, and electrically conductive. Plastics can also be classified by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to various chemical products.

Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood; stone; horn and bone; leather; paper; metal; glass; and ceramic, in most of their former uses.

The use of plastics is constrained chiefly by their organic chemistry, which seriously limits their hardness, density, and their ability to resist heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt or decompose when heated to a few hundred degrees celsius.While plastics can be made electrically conductive to some extent, they are still no match for metals like copper or aluminium. Plastics are still too expensive to replace wood, concrete and ceramic in bulky items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, and railroad ties.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Common thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 in molecular mass, while thermosets are assumed to have infinite molecular weight. These chains are made up of many repeating molecular units, known as repeat units, derived from monomers; each polymer chain will have several thousand repeating units. The vast majority of plastics are composed of polymers of carbon and hydrogen alone or with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfur in the backbone. (Some of commercial interests are silicon based.) The backbone is that part of the chain on the main "path" linking a large number of repeat units together. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups "hang" from the backbone (usually they are "hung" as part of the monomers before linking monomers together to form the polymer chain). This fine tuning of the properties of the polymer by repeating unit's molecular structure has allowed plastics to become such an indispensable part of twenty first-century world.

Some plastics are partially crystalline and partially amorphous in molecular structure, giving them both a melting point (the temperature at which the attractive intermolecular forces are overcome) and one or more glass transitions (temperatures above which the extent of localized molecular flexibility is substantially increased). The so-called semi-crystalline plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (vinyl chloride), polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some polyurethanes. Many plastics are

INCREST - 2016 Page 130

completely amorphous, such as polystyrene and its copolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), and all thermosets.

Molded plastic food replicas on display outside a restaurant in Japan.

HISTORY

The firsthuman-made plastic was invented by Alexander Parkes in 1855 [7]; he called this plastic Parkesine (later called celluloid). The development of plastics has come from the use of natural plastic materials (e.g., chewing gum, shellac) to the use of chemically modified natural materials (e.g., rubber, nitrocellulose, collagen, galalite) and finally to completely synthetic molecules (e.g., bakelite, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene).

Types

CELLULOSE-BASED PLASTICS

In 1855, an Englishman from Birmingham named Alexander Parkes developed a synthetic replacement for ivory which he marketed under the trade name Parkesine, and which won a bronze medal at the 1862 World's fair in London. Parkesine was made from cellulose (the major component of plant cell walls) treated with nitric acid and a solvent. The output of the process (commonly known as cellulose nitrate or pyroxilin) could be dissolved in alcohol and hardened into a transparent and elastic material that could be molded when heated. By incorporating pigments into the product, it could be made to resemble ivory.

Bois Durci is a plastic moulding material based on cellulose. It was patented in Paris by Lepage in 1855. It is made from finely ground wood flour mixed with a binder, either egg or blood albumen, or gelatine. The wood is probably either ebony or rose wood, which gives a black or brown resin. The mixture is dried and ground into a fine powder. The powder is placed in a steel mould and compressed in a powerful hydraulic press whilst being heated by steam. The final product has a highly polished finish imparted by the surface of the steel mould.

BAKELITE

The first plastic based on a synthetic polymer was made from phenol and formaldehyde, with the first viable and cheap synthesis methods invented in 1909 by Leo Hendrik Baekeland, a Belgian-born American living in New York state. Baekeland was searching for an insulating shellac to coat wires in electric motors and generators. He found that mixtures of phenol (C6H5OH) and formaldehyde (HCOH) formed a sticky mass when mixed together and heated, and the mass became extremely hard if

INCREST - 2016 Page 131

allowed to cool. He continued his investigations and found that the material could be mixed with wood flour, asbestos, or slate dust to create "composite" materials with different properties. Most of these compositions were strong and fire resistant. The only problem was that the material tended to foam during synthesis, and the resulting product was of unacceptable quality.

Baekeland built pressure vessels to force out the bubbles and provide a smooth, uniform product. He publicly announced his discovery in 1912, naming it bakelite. It was originally used for electrical and mechanical parts, finally coming into widespread use in consumer goods in the 1920s. When the Bakelite patent expired in 1930, the Catalin Corporation acquired the patent and began manufacturing Catalin plastic using a different process that allowed a wider range of coloring.

Bakelite was the first true plastic. It was a purely synthetic material, not based on any material or even molecule found in nature. It was also the first thermosetting plastic. Conventional thermoplastics can be molded and then melted again, but thermoset plastics form bonds between polymers strands when cured, creating a tangled matrix that cannot be undone without destroying the plastic. Thermoset plastics are tough and temperature resistant.

Bakelite was cheap, strong, and durable. It was molded into thousands of forms, such as radios, telephones, clocks, and billiard balls. The U.S. government even considered making one-cent coins out of it when World War II caused a copper shortage.

Phenolic plastics have been largely replaced by cheaper and less brittle plastics, but they are still used in applications requiring its insulating and heat-resistant properties. For example, some electronic circuit boards are made of sheets of paper or cloth impregnated with phenolic resin.

Phenolic sheets, rods and tubes are produced in a wide variety of grades under various brand names. The most common grades of industrial phenolic are Canvas, Linen and Paper.

INCREST - 2016 Page 132

Polystyrene and PVC

Plastic piping and firestops being installed at Nortown Casitas, North York (Now Toronto), Ontario, Canada. Certain plastic pipes can be used in some non- combustible buildings, provided they are firestopped properly and that the flame spread ratings comply with the local building code.

After the First World War, improvements in chemical technology led to an explosion in new forms of plastics. Among the earliest examples in the wave of new plastics were polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), developed by IG Farben of Germany.

Polystyrene is a rigid, brittle, inexpensive plastic that has been used to make plastic model kits and similar knick-knacks. It would also be the basis for one of the most popular "foamed" plastics, under the name styrene foam or Styrofoam. Foam plastics can be synthesized in an "open cell" form, in which the foam bubbles are interconnected, as in an absorbent sponge, and "closed cell", in which all the bubbles are distinct, like tiny balloons, as in gas-filled foam insulation and flotation devices. In the late 1950s, high impact styrene was introduced, which was not brittle. It finds much current use as the substance of toy figurines and novelties.

PVC has side chains incorporating chlorine atoms, which form strong bonds. PVC in its normal form is stiff, strong, heat and weather resistant, and is now used for making plumbing, gutters, house siding, enclosures for computers and other electronics gear. PVC can also be softened with chemical processing, and in this form it is now used for shrink-wrap, food packaging, and rain gear.

Nylon

The real star of the plastics industry in the 1930s was polyamide (PA), far better known by its trade name nylon. Nylon was the first purely synthetic fiber, introduced by DuPont Corporation at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City.

In 1927, DuPont had begun a secret development project designated Fiber66, under the direction of Harvard chemist Wallace Carothers and chemistry department director Elmer Keiser Bolton. Carothers had been hired to perform pure research, and he worked to understand the new materials' molecular structure and physical properties. He took some of the first steps in the molecular design of the materials.

His work led to the discovery of synthetic nylon fiber, which was very strong but also very flexible. The first application was for bristles for toothbrushes. However, Du

INCREST - 2016 Page 133

Pont's real target was silk, particularly silk stockings. Carothers and his team synthesized a number of different polyamides including polyamide 6.6 and 4.6, as well as polyesters.[9]

General condensation polymerization reaction for nylon

It took DuPont twelve years and US$27 million to refine nylon, and to synthesize and develop the industrial processes for bulk manufacture. With such a major investment, it was no surprise that Du Pont spared little expense to promote nylon after its introduction, creating a public sensation, or "nylon mania".

Nylon mania came to an abrupt stop at the end of 1941 when the USA entered World War II. The production capacity that had been built up to produce nylon stockings, or just nylons, for American women was taken over to manufacture vast numbers of parachutes for fliers and paratroopers. After the war ended, DuPont went back to selling nylon to the public, engaging in another promotional campaign in 1946 that resulted in an even bigger craze, triggering the so called nylon riots.

Subsequently polyamides 6, 10, 11, and 12 have been developed based on monomers which are ring compounds; e.g. caprolactam.nylon 66 is a material manufactured by condensation polymerization.

Nylons still remain important plastics, and not just for use in fabrics. In its bulk form it is very wear resistant, particularly if oil-impregnated, and so is used to build gears, plain bearings, and because of good heat-resistance, increasingly for under-the- hood applications in cars, and other mechanical parts.

Rubber

Natural rubber is an elastomer (an elastic hydrocarbon polymer) that was originally derived from latex, a milky colloidal suspension found in the sap of some plants. It is useful directly in this form (indeed, the first appearance of rubber in Europe is cloth waterproofed with unvulcanized latex from Brazil) but, later, in 1839, Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber; this a form of natural rubber heated with, mostly, sulfur forming cross-links between polymer chains (vulcanization), improving elasticity and durability.

INCREST - 2016 Page 134

Synthetic rubber

The first fully synthetic rubber was synthesized by Lebedev in 1910. In World War II, supply blockades of natural rubber from South East Asia caused a boom in development of synthetic rubber, notably Styrene-butadiene rubber (a.k.a. Government Rubber-Styrene). In 1941, annual production of synthetic rubber in the U.S. was only 231 tons which increased to 840 000 tons in 1945. In the space race and nuclear arms race, Caltech researchers experimented with using synthetic rubbers for solid fuel for rockets. Ultimately, all large military rockets and missiles would use synthetic rubber based solid fuels, and they would also play a significant part in the civilian space effort.

Toxicity

Due to their insolubility in water and relative chemical inertness, pure plastics generally have low toxicity in their finished state, and will pass through the digestive system with no ill effect (other than mechanical damage or obstruction).

However, plastics often contain a variety of toxic additives. For example, plasticizers like adipates and phthalates are often added to brittle plastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to make them pliable enough for use in food packaging, children's toys and teethers, tubing, shower curtains and other items. Traces of these chemicals can leach out of the plastic when it comes into contact with food. Out of these concerns, the European Union has banned the use of DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), the most widely used plasticizer in PVC. Some compounds leaching from polystyrene food containers have been found to interfere with hormone functions and are suspected human carcinogens.

Moreover, while the finished plastic may be non-toxic, the monomers used in its manufacture may be toxic; and small amounts of those chemical may remain trapped in the product. The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has recognized the chemical used to make PVC, vinyl chloride, as a known human carcinogen. Some polymers may also decompose into the monomers or other toxic substances when heated.

The primary building block of polycarbonates, bisphenol A (BPA), is an estrogen-like endocrine disruptor that may leach into food. Research in Environmental Health Perspectives finds that BPA leached from the lining of tin cans, dental sealants and polycarbonate bottles can increase body weight of lab animals' offspring. A more recent animal study suggests that even low-level exposure to BPA results in insulin resistance, which can lead to inflammation and heart disease.

INCREST - 2016 Page 135

As of January 2010, the LA Times newspaper reports that the United States FDA is spending $30 million to investigate suspicious indications of BPA being linked to cancer.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, present in plastic wrap based on PVC, is also of concern, as are the volatile organic compounds present in new car smell.The European Union has a permanent ban on on the use of phthalates in toys. In 2009, the United States government banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastic.

Environmental issues

Plastics are durable and degrade very slowly; the molecular bonds that make plastic so durable make it equally resistant to natural processes of degradation. Since the 1950s, one billion tons of plastic has been discarded and may persist for hundreds or even thousands of years. In some cases, burning plastic can release toxic fumes. Burning the plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may create dioxin. Also, the manufacturing of plastics often creates large quantities of chemical pollutants.

Prior to the ban on the use of CFCs in extrusion of polystyrene (and general use, except in life-critical fire suppression systems; see Montreal Protocol), the production of polystyrene contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer; however, non-CFCs are currently used in the extrusion process.

By 1995, plastic recycling programs were common in the United States and elsewhere. Thermoplastics can be remelted and reused, and thermoset plastics can be ground up and used as filler, though the purity of the material tends to degrade with each reuse cycle. There are methods by which plastics can be broken back down to a feedstock state.

To assist recycling of disposable items, the Plastic Bottle Institute of the Society of the Plastics Industry devised a now-familiar scheme to mark plastic bottles by plastic type. A plastic container using this scheme is marked with a triangle of three cyclic arrows, which encloses a number giving the plastic type:

Plastics type marks: the resin identification code

1. PET (PETE), polyethylene terephthalate: Commonly found on 2-liter soft drink bottles, water bottles, cooking oil bottles, peanut butter jars. 2. HDPE, high-density polyethylene: Commonly found on detergent bottles, milk jugs. 3. PVC, polyvinyl chloride: Commonly found on plastic pipes, outdoor furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains, clamshell packaging. 4. LDPE, low-density polyethylene: Commonly found on dry-cleaning bags, produce

INCREST - 2016 Page 136

bags, trash can liners, and food storage containers. 5. PP, polypropylene: Commonly found on bottle caps, drinking straws, yogurt containers. 6. PS, polystyrene: Commonly found on "packing peanuts", cups, plastic tableware, meat trays, take-away food clamshell containers 7. OTHER, other: This plastic category, as its name of "other" implies, is any plastic other than the named #1“#6, Commonly found on certain kinds of food containers, Tupperware, and Nalgene bottles.

Unfortunately, recycling plastics has proven difficult. The biggest problem with plastic recycling is that it is difficult to automate the sorting of plastic waste, and so it is labor intensive. Typically, workers sort the plastic by looking at the resin identification code, though common containers like soda bottles can be sorted from memory. Other recyclable materials, such as metals, are easier to process mechanically. However, new mechanical sorting processes are being utilized to increase plastic recycling capacity and efficiency.

While containers are usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them relatively easy to sort out, a consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small parts consisting of over a dozen different types and colors of plastics. In a case like this, the resources it would take to separate the plastics far exceed their value and the item is discarded. However, developments are taking place in the field of Active Disassembly, which may result in more consumer product components being re- used or recycled. Recycling certain types of plastics can be unprofitable, as well. For example, polystyrene is rarely recycled because it is usually not cost effective. These unrecycled wastes are typically disposed of in landfills, incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy plants.

Biodegradable (Compostable) plastics

Research has been done on biodegradable plastics that break down with exposure to sunlight (e.g., ultra-violet radiation), water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes, wind abrasion and some instances rodent pest or insect attack are also included as forms of biodegradation or environmental degradation. It is clear some of these modes of degradation will only work if the plastic is exposed at the surface, while other modes will only be effective if certain conditions exist in landfill or composting systems. Starch powder has been mixed with plastic as a filler to allow it to degrade more easily, but it still does not lead to complete breakdown of the plastic. Some researchers have actually genetically engineered bacteria that synthesize a completely biodegradable plastic, but this material, such as Biopol, is expensive at present. The German chemical company BASF makes Ecoflex, a fully biodegradable polyester for food packaging applications. INCREST - 2016 Page 137

Bioplastics

Some plastics can be obtained from biomass, including:

¢ from pea starch film with trigger biodegradation properties for agricultural applications (TRIGGER).

¢ from biopetroleum.

Oxo-biodegradable

Oxo-biodegradable (OBD) plastic is polyolefin plastic to which has been added very small (catalytic) amounts of metal salts. As long as the plastic has access to oxygen (as in a littered state), these additives catalyze the natural degradation process to speed it up so that the OBD plastic will degrade when subject to environmental conditions. Once degraded to a small enough particle they can interact with biological processes to produce to water, carbon dioxide and biomass. The process is shortened from hundreds of years to months for degradation and thereafter biodegradation depends on the micro-organisms in the environment. Typically this process is not fast enough to meet ASTM D6400 standards for definition as compostable plastics.

Price, environment, and the future

The biggest threat to the conventional plastics industry is most likely to be environmental concerns, including the release of toxic pollutants, greenhouse gas, litter, biodegradable and non-biodegradable landfill impact as a result of the production and disposal of petroleum and petroleum-based plastics. Of particular concern has been the recent accumulation of enormous quantities of plastic trash in ocean gyres.

For decades one of the great appeals of plastics has been their low price. Yet in recent years the cost of plastics has been rising dramatically. A major cause is the sharply rising cost of petroleum, the raw material that is chemically altered to form commercial plastics.

With some observers suggesting that future oil reserves are uncertain, the price of petroleum may increase further. Therefore, alternatives are being sought. Oil shale and tar oil are alternatives for plastic production but are expensive. Scientists are seeking cheaper and better alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, and many candidates are in laboratories all over the world. One promising alternative may be fructose.

INCREST - 2016 Page 138

Common plastics and uses

1. A chair made with a polypropylene seat 2. Polypropylene (PP) 3. Food containers, appliances, car fenders (bumpers), plastic pressure pipe systems. 4. Polystyrene (PS) 5. Packaging foam, food containers, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, CD and cassette boxes. 6. High impact polystyrene (HIPS) 7. Fridge liners, food packaging, vending cups. 8. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 9. Electronic equipment cases (e.g., computer monitors, printers, keyboards), drainage pipe. 10. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 11. Carbonated drinks bottles, jars, plastic film, microwavable packaging. 12. Polyester (PES) 13. Fibers, textiles. 14. Polyamides (PA) (Nylons) 15. Fibers, toothbrush bristles, fishing line, under-the-hood car engine mouldings. 16. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 17. Plumbing pipes and guttering, shower curtains, window frames, flooring. 18. Polyurethanes (PU)

Cushioning foams, thermal insulation foams, surface coatings, printing rollers. (Currently 6th or 7th most commonly used plastic material, for instance the most commonly used plastic found in cars).

Polycarbonate (PC)

Compact discs, eyeglasses, riot shields, security windows, traffic lights, lenses.

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) (Saran)

Food packaging.

Polyethylene (PE)

Wide range of inexpensive uses including supermarket bags, plastic bottles.

Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PC/ABS)

INCREST - 2016 Page 139

A blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic. Used in car interior and exterior parts, and mobile phone bodies.

Special-purpose plastics

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

Contact lenses, glazing (best known in this form by its various trade names around the world; e.g., Perspex, Oroglas, Plexiglas), aglets, fluorescent light diffusers, rear light covers for vehicles.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Heat-resistant, low-friction coatings, used in things like non-stick surfaces for frying pans, plumber's tape and water slides. It is more commonly known as Teflon.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) (Polyetherketone)

Strong, chemical- and heat-resistant thermoplastic, biocompatibility allows for use in medical implant applications, aerospace mouldings. One of the most expensive commercial polymers.

Polyetherimide (PEI) (Ultem)

A high temperature, chemically stable polymer that does not crystallize.

Phenolics (PF) or (phenol formaldehydes)

High modulus, relatively heat resistant, and excellent fire resistant polymer. Used for insulating parts in electrical fixtures, paper laminated products (e.g., Formica), thermally insulation foams. It is a thermosetting plastic, with the familiar trade name Bakelite, that can be moulded by heat and pressure when mixed with a filler-like wood flour or can be cast in its unfilled liquid form or cast as foam (e.g., Oasis). Problems include the probability of mouldings naturally being dark colours (red, green, brown), and as thermoset difficult to recycle.

Urea-formaldehyde (UF)

One of the aminoplasts and used as a multi-colorable alternative to phenolics. Used as a wood adhesive (for plywood, chipboard, hardboard) and electrical switch housings.

INCREST - 2016 Page 140

Melamine formaldehyde (MF)

One of the aminoplasts, and used as a multi-colorable alternative to phenolics, for instance in mouldings (e.g., break-resistance alternatives to ceramic cups, plates and bowls for children) and the decorated top surface layer of the paper laminates (e.g., Formica).

Polylactic acid (PLA)

A biodegradable, thermoplastic found converted into a variety of aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic acid which in turn can be made by fermentation of various agricultural products such as corn starch, once made from dairy products.

Plastarch material

Biodegradable and heat resistant, thermoplastic composed of modified corn starch.

Effects of Plastics

In this era of many astonishing industrial developments, probably no industry has under gone such rapid growth and development as the plastics industry. According to most authorities in this field, the plastics industry really began in 1868. A young American printer, named John Wesley Hyatt, was searching for a new material to be used as a substitute for ivory in the making of billiard balls.

This new plastic was called Bakelite. Many new plastics have been made since Bakelite. Production of plastics has increased over 2000% since Bakelite was first produced, and there are now more than twenty known types. Research along the lines of plastics has given a great impetus to research and invention in many other different fields of endeavor. Millions of dollars are spent yearly in plastics research, trying to find new plastics and to improve the existing ones. Much research will be done in the future to lower the cost of producing plastics so that their consumption will become greater. In spite of the varied and widespread application of plastics in practically every phase of everyday life, the possibilities of this wonderful new material have been by no means exhausted. It seems safe to say that if the application and use of plastics continue to increase at the present rate, we may be living in a "Plastics Age."

An apt definition of plastics has been given by the head of the Monsanto Plastics Research who says, "Plastics are materials that, while being processed, can be pushed into almost any desired shape and then retain that shape."

INCREST - 2016 Page 141

The major chemicals used to make plastic resins pose serious risks to public health and safety. Many of the chemicals used in large volumes to produce plastics are highly toxic.Some chemicals, like benzene and vinyl chloride, are known to cause cancer in humans; many tend to be gases and liquid hydrocarbons, which readily vaporize and pollute the air. Many are flammable and explosive. Even the plastic resins themselves are flammable and have contributed to numerous chemical accidents. The production of plastic emits substantial amounts of toxic chemicals(eg. ethylene oxide, benzene and xylenes) to air and water. Many of the toxic chemicals released in plastic production can cause cancer and birth defects and damage the nervous system, blood, kidneys and immune systems. These chemicals can also cause serious damage to ecosystems.

Ethylene oxide is used as a sterilant in hospitals. It is also the principle metabolite of ethene, a precursor to polyethylene plastics and other synthetic chemicals. Ethylene oxide can be measured by gas chromatography in air or biological specimens. Ethylene oxide reacts in the body with hemoglobin.

Many food containers for meats, fish, cheeses, yogurt, foam and clear clamshell containers, foam and rigid plates, clear bakery containers, packaging "peanuts," foam packaging, audio cassette housings, CD cases, disposable cutlery, and more are made of polystyrene. J. R. Withey in Environmental Health Perspectives 1976 Investigated styrene and vinyl chloride monomer as being similar: "Styrene monomer readily migrates from food contained in it. It makes no difference whether the food or drink is hot or cold, or contains fat or water. ...It is not inconceivable that the animal body behaves as a 'sink' for styrene monomer until the lipid portion of the animal body either becomes saturated (although death would probably occur prior to this event) or the tissues are equilibrated at the same concentration as the exposure atmosphere."

PVC is used for many products including: flooring, toys, teethers, clothing, raincoats, shoes, building products like windows, siding and roofing, hospital blood bags, IV bags and other medical devices. One of it's major ingredients is chlorine. When chlorine-based chemicals are heated in the presence of hydrocarbons they create dioxin, a known carcinogen and endocrine disruptor. All PVC production releases dioxin. Other sources of dioxin are: production and use of chemicals, such as herbicides and wood preservatives, oil refining, burning coal and oil for energy, all car and truck exhaust, cigarette

INCREST - 2016 Page 142

Plasticizers are used in PVC that migrate into a blood recipient via the blood bag, IV bag, IV tubing. Children's toys are made with pvc.

Anyone who receives blood, is on kidney dialysis, or has tubes either inserted in them or has liquid or air transported to their body is at risk. About 85% of medical waste is incinerated, accounting for ten percent of all incineration in the U.S.Approximately five to fifteen percent of medical waste needs to be incinerated to prevent infectious disease. The remaining waste, while not posing any danger from infectious pathogens, is very dangerous when burned. It contains high volumes of chlorinated plastics including PVC (also the toxic substances mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead.)

PYROLYSIS:

Pyrolysis is a process of thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. Plastic & Rubber waste is continuously treated in a cylindrical chamber and the pyrolytic gases are condensed in a specially-designed condenser system.This yields a hydrocarbon distillate comprising straight and branched chain aliphatic, cyclic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting mixture is essentially the equivalent to petroleum distillate.The plastic / Rubber is pyrolised at 370ºC -420ºC and the pyrolysisgases are condensed in a series of condensers to give a low sulphur content distillate.

TYPES OF PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUES:

In our study, we intended to divide pyrolysis into pyrolysis with the use of catalysts and pyrolysis without the use of catalysts. Pyrolysis process, which uses catalysts, can take place in two different kinds of batch reactor

Pyrolysis using expensive catalysts:

Here the catalysts used are metal promoted silica-alumina or mixtures of metal hydrogenation catalysts with HZSM-5. The optimization of waste plastic as a function of temperature in a batch mode reactor gave liquid yields of about 80% at a furnace temperatures of about 600 degrees centigrade and one hr residence time. The pyrolysis oil obtained at the temperature of maximum yield are relatively heavy in nature. However, hydroprocessing at relatively low hydrogen pressures (200-500psiag) at 430- 450 degrees centigrade either thermally or catalytically converts them into a much lighter product. Sodium carbonate or lime addition to the pyrolysis and coprocessing reactors results into an effective chlorine capture and the chlorine content of pyrolysis oil reduces to about 50-200ppm and that of the hydroprocessed oils to 1-10ppm. The

INCREST - 2016 Page 143

volatile product from this process is scrubbed and condensed yielding about 10-15%gas and 75-80% of a relatively heavy oil product.

Pyrolysis using synthesized catalysts from fly ash:

Table 2 shows chemical compositions of the catalysts and fly ash obtained from coal fired power plants. To use fly ash as synthesized catalyst it was treated in NaOH solution for more 24 hrs, washed by distilled water and dried. To make another synthesized catalysts this catalyst can be impregnated in the nickel nitrate solution. So two types of catalysts were made for the pyrolysis of PE and PP of olefin series.

Component Mordenite HY SilicaAlumina Fly Ash

SiO2 91.7 74.9 87 53.56

Al2O3 8.23 24.0 13 27.71

Na2O3 0.03 1.1 - 0.37

Fe - 0.03 - 5.53

SiO2/Al2O3 (-)18.9 5.31 6.69 1.93

The setup of the pyrolysis batch reactor is shown in Figure 1. The mechanical agitator was installed in the batch type reactor wrapped around with electric heater for controlling the pyrolysis temperature of waste plastic. The organic vapor pyrolyzed from waste plastics can pass the catalytic cracker bed or not when catalyst is charged with waste plastics in the reactor. After that, the vapor is discharged through 1st and 2nd condenser for product oil conversion. These two condensers are maintained at different temperatures, 70 and 10. Pyrolysis oil collected from each condenser was analyzed by SIMDIS GC to investigate the catalytic properties and the pyrolysis conditions. The yields of pyrolysis oil from polyethylene and polypropylene were 75 to 89%

Pyrolysis without the use of catalysts:

The process carried out is the same in this case also but catalysts are not used. Instead the temperature parameters are varied.

Commercial technology (CFFLS pyrolysis technology):

CFFLS (Consortium for fossil fuel liquefaction science) technology is implemented by USA.Here; plastic is subjected to a very simple pretreatment process of shredding of waste to 1-10cm size. The shredded materials are then subjected to INCREST - 2016 Page 144

magnetic and eddy current cleaning steps. In pyrolysis at about 600 degrees centigrade for 1hr about 80% of oil yield is obtained, which is relatively low in chlorine content (1- 10ppm).

Future prospects of pyrolysis technology:

Pyrolysis is a very promising and reliable technology for the chemical recycling of plastic wastes. Countries like UK, USA, and Germany etc have successfully implemented this technology and commercial production of monomers using pyrolysis has already begun there.

Pyrolysis offers a great hope in generating fuel oils, which are heavily priced now. This reduces the economical burden on developing countries. The capital cost required to invest on pyrolysis plant is low compared to other technologies. So, this technology may be the beacon light in the future to a world, which is now on the verge of acute fuel shortage.

Indian scenario and conclusion:

According to one estimate in India about 80000 tons of municipal solid waste is generated everyday of which plastics comprise of only 4-6%. A scientific and systematic approach in recycling the plastic waste in India is still in its infancy. Unscientific and haphazard landfilling is in operation in urban areas and in rural areas practically there is absence of any treatment.

The reasons are many. Both the government and private industrial sectors failed to initialize the development of indigenous technologies related to this area. Except well-established industries like Reliance polymers etc, others are not investing in a venture like this.

Nevertheless, India has already taken its first step in this direction. In the course of time, with the potential that our country has, India will surely make the most of chemical recycling methods and achieve great profits and progress by adapting pyrolysis.

Random Depolymerization:

Plastics have become an integral part and parcel of our lives due to its economic value, easy availability, easy processability, light-weight, durability and energy efficiency, besides other benefits.

INCREST - 2016 Page 145

Since plastics are re-usable and recyclable, there should not have been any problem of disposal of the plastics waste, however due to our poor littering habits and inadequate waste management system/infrastructure, plastics waste management, disposal continues to be a major problem for the civic authorities, especially in the urban areas.

Though various steps have already been either taken or initiated by the Government and the legal/civic authorities to reduce the problem of this waste management, an innovative invention by Prof. Alka Umesh Zadgaonkar of the Department of Applied Chemistry, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, has created a hope and scope to tackle this problem more easily and more environmentally-friendly manner.

She has invented a catalyst system, which converts polymeric materials into liquid, solid and gaseous fuels.

The Process

Under controlled reaction conditions, plastics materials undergo random de- polymerization and are converted into three products:

a) Solid Fuel “ Coke

b) Liquid Fuel “ Combination of Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel and Lube Oil

c) Gaseous Fuel “ LPG range gas

The process consists of two steps:

i) Random de-polymerization

- Loading of waste plastics into the reactor along with the Catalyst system.

- Random de-polymerization of the waste plastics.

ii) Fractional Distillation

- Separation of various liquid fuels by virtue of the difference in their boiling points.

One important factor of the quality of the liquid fuel is that the sulphur content is less than 0.002 ppm “ which is much lower than the level found in regular fuel.

INCREST - 2016 Page 146

PRINCIPLES INVOLVED

All plastics are polymers mostly containing carbon and hydrogen and few other elements like chlorine, nitrogen, etc. Polymers are made up of small molecules, called monomers, which combine together and form large molecules, called polymers.

When this long chain of polymers break at certain points, or when lower molecular weight fractions are formed, this is termed as degradation of polymers. This is reverse of polymerization or de-polymerization.

If such breaking of long polymeric chain or scission of bonds occur randomly, it is called ËœRandom depolymerizationâ„¢. Here the polymer degrades to lower molecular fragments.

In the process of conversion of waste plastics into fuels, random depolymerization is carried out in a specially designed reactor in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of coal and certain catalytic additives. The maximum reaction temperature is 350oC. There is total conversion of waste plastics into value-added fuel products.

Unique features of the process and product obtained are:

• ¢ All types of Plastics Waste including CDâ„¢s and Floppies having metal inserts, laminated plastics “ can be used in the process without any cleaning operation. Inputs should be dry.

• ¢ Bio-medical plastics waste can be used.

• ¢ About 1 litre of Fuel is produced from 1 kg of Plastics Waste. Bye-products are Coke and LPG Gaseous Fuel.

• ¢ Any possible dioxin formation is ruled out during the reaction involving PPVC waste, due to the fact that the reaction is carried out in absence of oxygen, a prime requirement for dioxin formation.

• ¢ This is a unique process in which 100% waste is converted into 100% value- added products.

• ¢ The process does not create any pollution.

INCREST - 2016 Page 147

Though the fuel so produced from the plastics waste could be used for running a four-stroke/100 cc motorcycle at a higher mileage rate, the inventor agrees that separation of petrol from the liquid fuel could be a complex generation. Nevertheless the product is good enough for use as an alternative clean fuel in boilers and other heating systems.

It is, however, not the first time that fuel has been produced out of plastics waste. A Japanese company, M/s. Ozmotec, is already manufacturing fuel out of plastics waste at an industrial plant in Japan employing the Pyrolysis process. However, Prof. Zadgaonkarâ„¢s process is a continuous one and hence is cheaper, whereas the Japanese technology is a batch process and is comparatively costlier.

A live demonstration of the production of Liquid Fuel was made in the presence of ICPE led team in the laboratory. Three kgs of plastics scrap was used to produce about 2 litres of Liquid Fuel in about 3 hrs. The reaction was terminated after the trial demo. The fuel obtained was used in smooth running of a motorcycle, which was experienced by the visiting members. However, the inventor does not wish to claim the product as a substitute for Petrol or Diesel at this stage. The present use would be as a fuel for running boilers and other heating purposes.

Zadgaonkarsâ„¢ Process:

The process is also carried out in absence of oxygen & in the presence of coal and certain hybrid catalytic additive.

The reaction parameters viz. temperature and pressure for a batch were extremely high in initial stages.

Later with the use of hybrid catalyst the maximum reaction temperature were brought down to a greater extend.

Steps Involved:

1. Feed System 2. Premelter 3. Melter 4. Dechlorination 5. Reactor

INCREST - 2016 Page 148

1. Feed System :

Feed consists of all type of plastic scrap

The system essentially consist sorters and sizing equipment like of Crusher

The material is crushed in to uniform size for ease of handling and melting

This process of sizing and grading the waste is semi automatic.

2. Pre-melting/Feeder

The feeder consists of a driving motor, electric heater and control panel.

The granular crushed/cut/shredded waste plastic melts and injected in the melting vessel.

3. Melter

In melter vessel, the feed is heated to 275°C -410°C.

The heat required for the melting will be supplied by the gas generated from the plant.

4. Dechlorination

The molten plastic will be drawn from the overflow end of melter vessel to Dechlorinate.

Here the waste plastic is heated with catalytic additive which helps in removal of chlorine.

The hydrocarbons free from HCl shall be used for heating purpose

The molten plastic is taken out and subjected to depolymerization

5. Reactor Section

The molten waste plastic free of chlorine is allowed to flow over a heated surface at 300 - 350 OC polymers are highly heat sensitive due to the limited strength of the covalent bonds. Hence The breaking of chemical bonds under the influence of heat occurs Here complex hydrocarbons breaks into simpler molecules to increase the quality and quantity of lighter, more desirable products.

INCREST - 2016 Page 149

It is also known as unzipping reaction. Advantages

• Reduces pollution helps in waste plastic degradation. • Cheaper and quality fuel. • Perfect solution for waste plastic, rubber, tyre management. • Raw material readily available. • Plant is energy self sufficient.

CONCLUSION

This study shows without doubt that one-way PET bottles are as Ëœecologically favourableâ„¢ as refillable glass under non-deposit circumstances. A plausible alternative could be to revise the Packaging Ordinance, such that ecologically favourable packaging systems would be included in a deposit without being discriminated when compared to refillable packaging. It cannot be explained to consumers that they should return the empty bottles to the store if they are subsequently transported to the other side of the world for recycling. This way we are losing environmental gain that is the prime reason behind bottles collection. This study has shown that it does not matter whether collected PET is recycled into polyester fibre, sheet, strapping or back into PET bottles: they all offer equal benefits to the ecological profile of PET. Mandatory or semi mandatory requirements to recycle PET bottles into PET bottles would be ridiculous. Public perception does not always match reality. Not many people comprehend that PET bottles, even for single use, are as good as their glass counterparts. This calls for further improvements in balanced, reputable education, and independent and irrespective of local political

REFERENCE

1. M. Sarker, M. Rashid, M. Rahman and M. Molla, "Environmentally Harmful Low Density Waste Plastic Conversion into Kerosene Grade Fuel," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 3 No. 8, 2012, pp. 700-708. 2. Nakamura and K. Fujimoto, “Development of New Disposable Catalyst for Waste Plastics Treatment for High Quality Transportation Fuel,” Catalysis Today, Vol. 27, No. 1 3. Warren McCabe and Smith Vol 1 and 2.

INCREST - 2016 Page 150

PROGRAMME

8.30 am - Registration 9.30 am - Inaugural Ceremony Prayer Welcome Speech - Shri V A Shamsudeen, Deputy Director, SITTTR Presidential Address - Shri. N Santhakumar, Joint Director, SITTTR Inauguration - Prof. Sunny K George, Syndicate Member, M G University, Kottayam Keynote Address - Shri Shri Issac Mathew, Dy. Financial Controller, TCC, Udyogamandal Felicitations: - Shri. Abdul Jabbar Ahamed, Programme Co-ordinator NSS Tech Cell, Kerala - Shri Aiju Thomas, HOS, GPTC, Kothamangalam - Shri T V Francis, Lecturer, GPTC, Perumbavoor Vote of Thanks - Shri Biju Peter, Project Officer, SITTTR

11 AM Technical Session I - Invited Lectures

Chair : Shri Jaikishen C Nath Chief Manager (Power & Utilities) BPCL, Kochi. Moderator : Shri Moncy Varghese, Trainer

1. Introduction to start ups and case studies of successful student entrepreneurs

Shri Yadhukrishnan S Fellow, Technology Innovation Fellowship Programme, Kerala Start up Mission

2. Entrepreneurship Development and Schemes of Industries Department Shri Biju P Abraham Deputy Director District Industries Centre, Ernakulam

3. Entrepreneurial Financial Assistance from Banking Sector Shri Antony P P Chief Manager, Canara Bank

Vote of Thanks - Smt. Swapna K K, Project Officer, SITTTR

INCREST - 2016 Page 151

1.30 PM Technical Session II - Presentations by Staff & Students

Chair : Shri Moncy Varghese, Trainer

Moderator : Shri K N Bharathan, IIS (Rtd), Dept. of Tech. Edn.

Sl. Name Designation Institution Topic No.

Role of start-ups in the skill development of 1 PREMJITH P HOS GPT ATTINGAL Indian school children, with special reference to ‘INDIAN HOMEMADE TOYS Towards Inculcating Entrepreneurial Culture 2 HABEEB RAHIMAN ASST PROFESSOR SSMPTC TIRUR among Technical Students Status and successful models of Entrepreneurship 3 PREETHA P LECTURER GPT KADUTHURUTHY promotion in Technical Institutions and lessons learned.

4 DIVYA M B LECTURER WPT THRISSUR Case study of Science Technology parks and TBI’s

W/S 5 SHYN C S GPT VENNIKULAM Student Entrepreneurship Development Factors INSTRUCTOR 6 GOWRIMOL D LECTURER WPT THRISSUR Intrapreneurship and intrapreneuring strategies

7 AKHIL K N STUDENT KGPT KOZHIKODE Automated phase sequence corrector

Entrepreneurship concept, success factors, 8 SAYIMA T S STUDENT WPT THRISSUR competencies, skills, attitudes and traits

MUNAVIR K, How does Innovative Cell help students to 9 STUDENTS GPT MEENANGADI THOMSON GEORGE achieve their career goal 10 DEEPAK RAPHAEL STUDENT GEC THRISSUR Automated Car Door Ejection System

RIYAMOL PE, 11 RENEESH J BRIGHT, STUDENTS GEC THRISSUR Fast Charging Case AKHIL V SUKUMAR

SAJITH KV, NISHANTH 12 STUDENTS GPT KASARGOD Smart vehicle speed interceptor (SVSI) M, AMRUTHA

13 GEORGE THOMAS STUDENT GPT PERUMBAVOOR Generation of fuel from waste Plastic

14 MOHAMED AASIM STUDENT GPT KALAMASSERY Student entrepreneurs in Kerala

4.00 PM Valedictory Session

INCREST - 2016 Page 152

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Sl. Institution Name Designation No. 1 SHAIJU G DEMON EL WPT KAIMANOM 2 PRASANTH S DEMON EL 3 DR YAMUNA D S ASST PROF. OF ENGLISH 4 SHEENA S S LECT AUTO GPT ATTINGAL 5 SHANIFA E LECT EL 6 PREMJITH P HOD AUTO St. Stephen's College, SEENA SIVADAS ASST.PROF.of PHYSICS 7 Kollam 8 Bhamadevi Lect CT 9 GPT PUNALUR REKHA G LECT EL 10 SANTHOSH D DEMON EE&EL 11 BABU P K ASST. PROF. OF CHEMISTRY GPT NEDUMKANDAM 12 AJITHKUMAR S LECTURER IN EL 13 SHYNE C S W/I 14 GPT VENNIKULAM JALSON JACOB ASST.PROF OF ENGLISH 15 SYAMKUMAR B DEMON IN EL 16 TITUS LECT IN CIVIL 17 GPT KOTTAYAM K K SABU LECT IN POLYMER 18 D PRAKASAN LECT IN CIVIL 19 ANNIE J ZENATH M S IEDC CO-ORDINATOR 20 ANAND MOHAN LECT IN DCP 21 WPT ERNAKULAM VIDHU P.K LECT IN ARCH 22 SELBI M.U LECT IN COMP 23 PAULY P M LECT IN EL 24 SUNEER S T/I IN COMPUTER H/W 25 GPT EZHUKONE BINUDAS S LECT IN EL 26 AJAYAN G LECT IN MECH 27 SREEJI SREENIVAS LECT IN MECH CARMEL POLYTECHNIC 28 RAJESH P V W/S SUPERNTD ALAPPUZHA. 29 TINU V SCARIA LECT IN EE 30 GPT KANNUR V SREEKUMAR HOS MECH 31 ANIL E A LECT IN EL GPT PURAPPUZHA 32 DHNESH S DEMON CT 33 AJI K LECT IN EL 34 PRINCE JOSEPH LECT IN CT GPT PALA 35 SYAMRAJ R L LECT IT 36 AUGUSTINE KURIAKOSE LECT IN EL 37 SOMAN C R LECT IN EL GPT CHERTHALA 38 JAIMON K G LECT IN EL

INCREST - 2016 Page 153

39 SULFIKAR A HOD EC 40 GPT NEYYATTINKARA ARAVIND SEKHAR R IEDC COORDINATOR 41 SILVY JOSEPH HOD DCP 42 JAYAPRAKASH ASST PROF. OF ENGLISH 43 WPT THRISSUR SMITHA JOSEPH LECT EE 44 AJITHA S LECT EL 45 GOWRIMOL D LECT CT 46 GPTC, Perinthalmanna ASOKAN P Lecturer mech Engg 47 THS PALA HARIDAS P S SUPERTDT. 48 GTHS, MULANTHURUTHY JOSEPH P J SUPERTDT. 49 SOMAN E G LECT CIVIL 50 SHAMSU KM SR CLERK GPT KALAMASSERY 51 AJAI B NTA 52 A K ABDUL KAREEM HOD MECH 53 MV PAULOSE LECT IN MECH 54 P K SIVAN LECT IN MECH 55 FRANCIS T V LECT EE 56 GPT PERUMBAVOOR ALIYAR A M W/S IR MECH 57 SHIHABUDHEEN K K W/S IR MECH 58 JOJI P M T/I IN MECH 59 M J ALEYAMMA LECT EL 60 AIJU THOMAS HOS EL 61 MINI K K LECT IN CIVIL 62 GPT KOTHAMANGALAM THARABHAI C V LECT IN EL 63 ASHA P V LECT IN CT 64 BIJU V G DEMON IN MECH 65 VENUGOPALAN K LECT COMP H/W 66 SURESHKUMAR B LECT EL GPT KORATTY 67 ASHHAR A LECT INST TECH 68 ANAND V DEMON CIVIL 69 TGPT ALAGAPPANAGAR JUSTIN PACHEN M J LECT IN MECH IES COLLEGE OF ENGG, GOPAKUMAR R HOD MECH 70 THRISSUR 71 Sri.Babu K K Lecturer in Electronics 72 Sri.Unnikrishnan C S Lecturer in civil 73 MTI THRISSUR Sri.Muraleedharan M T Lecturer in Ele&Electronics 74 Sri.Manikandan K B Lecturer in Mechanical 75 Smt.Sreeja M K Lecturer in Computer 76 THOMAS M R HOS T&D 77 GPT KUNNAMKULAM BIJOY GEORGE HOS CT 78 ANOOP K B T/M EC INCREST - 2016 Page 154

79 SHIJU VARGHESE IEDC COORDINATOR 80 IPT&GPT SHORANUR PRAKASH P LECTURER IN EL 81 THS KRISHNAPURAM ABOOBACKERKUNJU M SUPERTDT. 82 ABDUL NASAR KOKKODI LECT IN CIVIL 83 MAROOF N E LECT IN MECH SSMPTC TIRUR 84 BASHEER P I LECT IN EL 85 MUMTAZ M DEMON CT 86 DEEPAK V S LECTURER IN EL 87 SHEFY YOOSAF LECTURER IN EL WPT KOTTAKKAL 88 MOHAMMED ASHRAF LECTURER IN EC 89 PRAKASH T JOHN LECTURER IN CABM 90 GPT MEPPADI SARATH S LECT EL 91 JOHNSON JOSEPH HOS CT 92 MUHAMMED P C LECT COMP H/W 93 GPT TRIKKARIPUR SANTHOSH K M LECT CT 94 K P RAJEEVAN PRINCIPAL 95 VINOD K IEDC NODAL OFFICER RWPT PAYYANNUR 96 SREEJITH K B LECT CT 97 SHYJU S Or EL 98 SEBASTIAN THOMAS HOS AUTOMOBILE 99 P M MAHESAN PRINCIPAL SNPTC KANHANGAD 100 JYAKRISHNAN NAIR M LECTURER IN AUTOMOBILE 101 M P SATHEESAN LECT IN MECHANICAL 102 GPT MATTANNUR RAVINDRAN NAIR K N LECT IN MECH 103 VENUGOPALAN K LECT C H/W 104 SURESHKUMAR B LECT EL GPT PALAKKAD 105 ASHHAR A LECT INST TECH 106 ANAND V DEMON CIVIL 107 SANDEEPKRISHNA K LECT EL 108 SN PTC KOTTIYAM AKASH KUMAR K S LECT EE 109 ANEESH S LECT MECH 110 GPT KADUTHURUTHY ASHA M J LE CT 111 WPT KAYAMKULAM BINDU RAJ HOS CT 112 GPT KASARGOD SREEJI M V LECT EL 113 GPT MUTTOM MARY MURPHY LECT CT 114 ABDUL KADER K T HOD CT AKNMPTC TIRURANGADI 115 JAYAPRAKASH P G LECT EL

INCREST - 2016 Page 155

INCREST - 2016 Page 156