Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis

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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Subversion und Identitätskrise im Noir Melodrama“ Eine historisch konzeptualisierte Filmanalyse von Melodrama und Film noir verfasst von / submitted by Mag. Elisabeth Kuntner, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien 2016, Vienna 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: A 066 689 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Masterstudium Zeitgeschichte UG2002 Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Frank Stern It has always been easier to recognize a film noir than to define the term1 Vielen Dank an... Univ.-Prof. Dr. Frank Stern. meine Eltern und meine Schwestern, Barbara und Katharina. Konrad. Anna und alle meine FreundInnen. 1 James Naremore, American Film Noir. The History of an Idea, In: Film Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Winter, 1995-1996), S. 12. 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ........................................................................................................................... 5 1. Fragestellung und Methodik .................................................................................... 7 2. Melodrama und Film noir ....................................................................................... 10 2.1. Genre: Melodrama .............................................................................................. 10 2.1.1. Filmhistorischer und kulturwissenschaftlicher Kontext ................................... 11 2.1.2. Narrative und visuelle Elemente ...................................................................... 15 2.2. Filmstil: Film noir ................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1. Filmhistorischer und kulturwissenschaftlicher Kontext ................................... 18 2.2.2. Narrative und visuelle Elemente ...................................................................... 21 2.3. Zeithistorische Ereignisse .................................................................................... 24 2.4. Produktionsbedingungen .................................................................................... 25 2.5. Production Code .................................................................................................. 27 2.6. Hollywood - Filmexil ............................................................................................ 28 2.7. Filmmusik ............................................................................................................. 31 3. Noir Melodrama ..................................................................................................... 32 3.1. Melodrama vor 1950 ........................................................................................... 33 3.2. Subgenre: Noir Melodrama ................................................................................. 37 4. Filmanalysen: Visualisierung und Kontextualisierung ausgewählter Filmbeispiele 43 4.1. Mildred Pierce (1945) .......................................................................................... 45 4.1.1. Regisseur: Michael Curtiz ................................................................................. 46 4.1.2. Kontextualisierung ............................................................................................ 46 4.1.3. Narrative und ästhetische Gestaltung .............................................................. 48 4.2. The Strange Woman (1946) ................................................................................. 57 4.2.1. Regisseur: Edgar G. Ulmer ................................................................................ 57 4.2.2. Kontextualisierung ............................................................................................ 59 4.2.3. Narrative und ästhetische Gestaltung .............................................................. 60 4.3. The Woman on the Beach (1947) ........................................................................ 67 4.3.1. Regisseur: Jean Renoir ...................................................................................... 68 4.3.2. Kontextualisierung ............................................................................................ 69 4.3.3. Narrative und ästhetische Gestaltung .............................................................. 71 5. Subversive Motive und deren psychoanalytische Betrachtung .............................. 80 5.1. Natur im Noir Melodrama ................................................................................... 81 3 5.2. Wasser im Noir Melodrama ................................................................................. 83 5.3. Rauchen im Noir Melodrama ............................................................................... 85 6. Conclusio ................................................................................................................. 88 7. Abstract (Englisch) .................................................................................................. 91 8. Abstract (Deutsch) .................................................................................................. 92 9. Bibliographie ........................................................................................................... 93 10. Anhang ................................................................................................................ 100 10.1. Filmliste ............................................................................................................ 100 10.2. Filmauswahl – Credits ...................................................................................... 101 10.3. Abbildungsverzeichnis ..................................................................................... 102 10.4. Helmut Korte – Systematische Filmanalyse ..................................................... 103 4 Vorwort In den letzten Semestern meines Studiums habe ich wiederholt die Filmreihe „Film Noir zwischen Kulturgeschichte und Psychoanalyse“ im Sigmund Freud Museum in Wien besucht. Einige der Filme haben mich auf eine besondere Art und Weise inspiriert und mich dazu gebracht, eine Masterarbeit zum Thema „Subversion und Identitätskrise im Noir Melodrama“ im Zeitraum von 1945 bis 1950 zu verfassen. Film noir ist ein vielfach interpretierbares Konstrukt, dessen zeithistorische und kulturelle Ereignisse genauso wichtig erscheinen, wie seine künstlerischen Aspekte. Geradezu scheint das Melodrama als spannendes Gegenüber zum Film noir. Der Begriff Film noir wurde in Frankreich geprägt. Junge Filmemacher der Nouvelle Vague, wie François Truffaut und Jean-Luc Godard, ließen sich in ihren Anfängen von der Filmästhetik des amerikanischen Kriminalfilms – dem Film noir – inspirieren. Für mich als angehende Kulturhistorikerin war es während meiner Recherche wichtig, die filmhistorischen Zusammenhänge des amerikanischen Films der 1940er Jahre und dem französischen Film der späten 1950er Jahre zu erkennen, um den Kreis der Recherchearbeit meiner ersten Diplomarbeit mit dieser Masterarbeit gleichzeitig schließen zu können. Ein weiteres Anliegen war es, anhand der Filmauswahl die Verbindung zwischen Amerika und Europa, insbesondere zu Österreich, sichtbar zu machen. Viele österreichische Filmschaffende, darunter ProduzentInnen, RegisseurInnen, SchauspielerInnen, FilmmusikerInnen und TechnikerInnen suchten angesichts des Krieges nach einem ruhigen und weniger turbulenten Leben und neuen Herausforderungen im Hollywood-Exil und dem American Way of Life. Für eine historisch konzeptualisierte Filmanalyse ist es demnach notwendig den Bogen sehr weit zu spannen. Das bedeutet sich eingehend mit den historischen Ereignissen und den gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedingungen jener zeitlichen Eingrenzung auseinanderzusetzen, sich mit dem komplexen Genrebegriff und dessen wissenschaftlichen Filmdiskursen zu beschäftigen und sich demnach ein Wissen über die Filmgeschichte Hollywoods und den prekären Produktionsbedingungen in den 1940er und 1950er Jahren anzueignen. In dieser Arbeit geht es auch um die thematische Reflexion von Subversion und Identitätskrise im visuellen als auch im kulturwissenschaftlichen Kontext. Diese Thematiken, die meiner Meinung nach das Subgenre Noir Melodrama charakterisieren, zeigen sich durch eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit kulturwissenschaftlichen und filmästhetischen Aspekten der ausgewählten Filme. Subversion und Identitätskrise finden im ästhetischen Diskurs von Noir Melodrama ihre Bedeutung und können bezugnehmend auf die filmische Realität sowie auf die realen gesellschaftlichen und politischen Verhältnisse der Nachkriegsjahre wirken. Die Identitätskrise traf nicht nur die amerikanische Gesellschaft, sondern auch die zahlreichen Exil-Europäer, die sich den gegebenen Umständen anpassen mussten. In dieser Arbeit treffen sich Hollywoodkassenschlager und B-Movies2, Subversion, Identität und Entfremdung und nicht zuletzt Österreich und Hollywood. 2 Vgl. Helmut Merschmann, Theo Bender, B-Film. Online unter: http://filmlexikon.uni- kiel.de/index.php?action=lexikon&tag=det&id=1040 (10.08.2015): Bei B-Filmen handelt es sich um zweitklassige Low- Budgetproduktionen mit einer Länge von 55-75 min., die mit geringem Budget und wenig Drehaufwand realisiert wurden. Gerade aus diesem Grund entstanden viele ästhetisch wertvolle Filme. 6
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