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(AM) Fungi Are Beneficial Fungi Associated with Plant Roots Via a Symbiotic Association Whereby Both the Host Plant and Fungus Benefit

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(AM) Fungi Are Beneficial Fungi Associated with Plant Roots Via a Symbiotic Association Whereby Both the Host Plant and Fungus Benefit CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial fungi associated with plant roots via a symbiotic association whereby both the host plant and fungus benefit. They have a very broad host range-members of more than 90% of all vascular plant families, including most of the important agricultural and horticultural crops. In the symbiosis, the fungus utilizes carbohydrates produced by the plants, while the plant benefits by increasing uptake of the plant mineral nutrients (P, N, S, Ca, Fe, Mn, Mg, Zn) and water absorption through the external hyphae extending from the root surface into the soil (Gianinazzi et al., 1996; Azcon-Aguilar and Barea, 1997; Johansson et al., 2004). The beneficial role of AM fungi regard to effect in improving plant growth by increasing mineral nutrients uptake, resistant to drought and soil-born disease. Other benefits include increased soil aggregation, improve resistance to environmental stress, reduction in phosphate and metal fertilizer requirements, improved transplant establishment and survival of agricultural plant (Asif, 1997). The potential of the AM fungi can be used as biofertilizers and bioprotectors to enhance plant productivity. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), one of the AM fungi host plant, is a fast growing crop requiring high water and nutrients demand for growth. There are six distinct types : leaf, cos or romaine, crisphead, butterhead celtuce and latin. It is not only popular for the fresh consumption but also useable for food dressing. The lettuce nutritive value varies with the variety. Lettuce in general provides small amounts of dietary fiber, some carbohydrates, a little protein and trace of fat. Its most essential nutrients are vitamin A and potassium which contain at 1,456 IU/cup and 162.4 mg/cup respectively (www.urbanect.uiucedu/veggies/ lettuce1.html). In Thailand, the lettuce cultivation is dramatically increase yearly (Department of agricultural extension, 2006). It can be harvested within 40-90 days after growing with a cost of 26.4-81.44 bath/kg depend on the variety. It was found that the AM fungi stimulated mineral nutrient absorption leading to the positive growth and productivity of lettuce. The AM fungi increased the lettuce 2 yield from 66% to 566% (Sidibe and Tesarova, 2003; Tabar et al., 1994; Jackson et al., 2002). Indeed, the AM fungi has a high potential for alternating chemical fertilizer leading to safety food or clean and green agriculture. The AM fungi application in agriculture could lead to a considerable decrease in the amount of chemical fertilizers. This clearly indicates the potential of the AM fungi for promoting a low chemical input agriculture (Atkinson et al., 2002 refer by Gianinazzi et al., 2003) which the AM fungi have been show to have considerable significance in the maintenance of soil health and fertility. A mycorrhizal technology is strategic to the sustainable agriculture (Johanson et al., 2004). Therefor, the indigenous AM fungi are collected and selected to be used as biofertilizer for lettuce cultivation. Objective The specific obfectives of the study were : 1. To collect indigenous AM fungal spore from lettuce cultivated soil and select for effectiveness on root colonization. 2. To investigate phylogeny of AMF correlated with lettuce variety by molecular biology characterization. 3. To develop AM fungal inoculum by hydroponic culture. 4. To evaluate the effectiveness of AMF on lettuce growth, yield and plant nutrient uptake..
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