w.re have a special name for the trees that come from our famis—^ArcticMistJ" When yon order

ArcticMist,TM yon are not just buying a tree, but all of the time, attention, and care—from seedling to shipping— that goes into creating a safe, healthy, and

beautiful Christmas tree.

We plant from seed to achieve maximum quality

control. All ArcticMist™ trees are heavily needled and

have dense conical shapes. Their lovely blue color, rich

fragrance, and good needle retention make them ideal

Christmas trees. Fraser, balsam, white spnice, and pine

(white, scotch, and red) are available. In addition, we

are introducing fralsam, a fraser-balsam cross. Wreaths are

also available.

Since our famis are in New Hampshire and

Vemiont, we harvest our trees later in the season than

many other growers. We also do everything we can to

minimize moisture loss after harvest and during shipping.

You can order the number of trees that is right for you— from 25 to a trailer load. We can anange shipping or you may pick up the trees yourself We respect your schedule and guarantee on time delivery. Our trees arrive

individually wrapped and ready for sale. All you need to

do is remove the wrappers and set the trees out—no

liroken branches, no last minute trimming.

T.0 place an order, or to receive specific information about this year's trees:

Call us at 800/694-8722 or 603/237-5702.

Send us a fax at 603/237-8439.

Or write to us at 38 Bridge St., Colebrook, NH 03576.

Our internet address is http://www.sibgotree.com

SibgoTree Company We know wfmt you want for Christmasl

ArcticMist TM Remember, you can only buy ArcticMkP^ at SWgo Tree Company. I CALENDAR CONTENTS

January 18 VAPH Annual V/inter Departments Meeting, Holiday Inn, Rutland, VT; 8-9 New England Ckhstmas Tree Pest 3 From the Board Connie Gardner at 802-253-8565. Tim Wo/fe Management Conference, Keene State College, Keene, NH; Marshall 19-22 The Rhode \sland Spring Flower 5 Forum Patmos at 603-352-4550. and Garden Show ("Century in 8 New Hampshire News Bloom"), Rhode Island Convention 9-11 ERNA Expo, Meadowlands 13 Elsewhere In the News Center, Providence, Rl; Nancy Syme Exposition Center, Secaucus, Nj; 23 Member Profile: at 1-800-766-1670. registration: i -800-376-2463. The or Speedway 19-22 The Seventeenth Annual Connecticut 12-13 Connecticut Nurserymen's 31 Diagnostic Update Flower and Garden Show ("Watch Us Association VJinter Meeting, Acqua Turf, Dr. Cheryl Smith Grow"), Connecticut Expo Center, Southington, CT; 860-872-2095. 32 How About Herbs Hartford, CT; 860-529-2123. Tanya ]ackson 12-13 Rhode Island Nursery and 27 Ecological Landscaping Association's Landscape Association (RINLA) Educa- Widlpr Conference, Holiday Inn, Features tional Day and Trade Show, Doubletree Boxborough, MA; Nancy Askin at Inn, Newport, Rl; Ken Lagerquist at 15 Golden Gardeners 978-897-7490. Margaret Hagen 1 -800-758-9260. 17 England's Oldest 13 Maine Landscape and Nursery March New Living Tree Association (MeLNA) Annual Trade 3-5 New England Regional Turf David VanLuven Show, Sheraton Tara Hotel, South Conference, Providence, Rl; Contact 19 Diagnosing Plant Problems Portland, ME; Edith Ellis at NERTCS at 401-848-0004. Dr. Cheryl Smith 207-225-3998. 7-15 New England Flower Show ("Gar- 27 Greenhouse Integrated Pest WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 14 dening Lifestyles"), Bayside Exposi- Management New Hampshire Plant Growers' Associa- tion Center, Boston, MA; 617-536-9280. ]ames Boone, Michael Brow«- tion |NHPGA|/New Hampshire Landscape bridge, ]ames F Dill, Alan T 11-15 Portland Flower Show ("Poetry Association (NHLA) ]oint VJinter Meeting, Eaton, Bruce L. Parker and in the Garden"), Portland Company Restaurant, Epsom, NH; Margaret Skinner Old Mill Complex, Portland, ME; 207-225-3998. Tim Wolfe at 603-893-5858. 13-15 Verwonf Flower Show, Sheraton Columns 18 FTDA Two-part Meeting-. "Competi- Burlington Conference Center, 10 Kiwi Corner tive Pricing" with Gaylon Pyle/Design Burlington, VT; 802-253-8565. Paul R. Fisher Competition; Comfort Inn, Manchester, 16 Workshop: "Computer Applications 16 Z-Notes NH; Betty Covey at 603-893-4578. |i»! Zablocki and WWW for Ornamentals Firms", 21-22 England Fruit Meeting New (sponsored by UNH Cooperative 20 The Griffin Guru and Trade Show, Sturbridge Host Extension), Cole Hall, UNH, 22 The Green Spot Conference Center, Stur- Hotel and Durham, NH; Nancy Adams at 603- Mike Cherim 603-863-3203. bridge, MA; Bill Lord at 679-5616. 26 Pioneer Pointers 22-24 New England Grows!, Hynes 17 "Workshop: "Computer Applications Convention Center, Boston, MA; and WWW for Ornamentals Firms," 508-653-3009. College of Lifelong Learning, Winter: Greal Bay, photograph by February Lebanon, NH; 603-679-5616. Rick Raymond 5 Lawn Care Seminar, Auburn, MA; 20-23 "The breath of Spring" Flower Mary Owen at 508-892-0382. Show ("Flowers in Wonderland"), The Pluntsmjui Is published In eariy Februaiy, Cheshire Ice Arena, Keene, NH; 6 Maine Landscape and Nursery Associa- April, |une, August, October, and December Curtin at 603-355-6335, ext. 161. Steve the flret of each prior tion (MeLNA) Recertification "Workshop, with copy deadlines being month. While camera-ready ads are preferred, set- Falmouth Country Club, Falmouth, 22 FTDA "Wedding Design Show and up assistance Is available at a nominal fee. Free 207-225-3998. Hands-on "Workshop with Ned Davis, ME; classified advertising Is offered as a member Carbones, Bedford, NH; Betty will cany a short message (no artwork 6-7 Farm and Forest Exposition, service. We Covey at 603-893-4578. or logos) for one or two Issues of Tfie Plantsnuui. Center of New Hampshire Holiday AD SIZE 6x Inn and Convention Center, 23 "Workshop: "Computer Applications 3 3/8-w X 2 l/4-h $120 $30 and WWW for Ornamentals Firws," Manchester, NH; 603-271-3788. 3 3/8-w X 4 3/4-h $160 $40 Plymouth State College, Plymouth, 7-w X 1 l/4"h SI60 $40 10 Agricultural \ndustry ]ob Fair, NH; 603-679-5616. 7"w X 4 5/8"h S250 $50 Student Union Ballroom, University 7-w X 9 l/2-h $400 $100 of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; 25 UNH Greenhouse Facility Tour, For further Information, please contact the edno 413-545-2222. Durham, NH, sponsored by NH Elizabeth Wiernasz at Robert Parker at the UNH Research Greer Chapter, New England Wild Flower houses, Durham, NH 03824, 603-862-2061; or P Society; Anne Moore at 603-964-1982. Box S, Newflelds, NH 03856. 603-778-8353.

DLCEMBER 1997 «. JANUARY 1998 7

Insurance Problems?

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to galvanized gutters • Quonsets have a truss with every Unique structural design of the gutter gives bow. providing superior strength over other types ofgreenhouse structures. I-beam type support for extra strength Deadmen bracing provide extra wind & • Unique system of cross connectors maintains 100% of structured integri- snow load ty. Most other areenhouse companies Kwic-Klip'" polyethylene film fastening bolt their purlins to the bows resulting system is extruded as an integral pan into in a 25% loss of strength where the connection occurs gutters providing watertight seal and efficient installation of poly coverings • Free-standing greenhouses include 2x4 enduiall brackets, a tremendously helpful feature in framing out your endwalls Qallied

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Distributors of: • PennMllch • Nature Safe • Hydroseeding Mulch

• Lofts TiiRF Seed • OlyOla Edging • Concrete Pavers • AllGro Compost

• Anderson Turf Fertilizer • Permaloc Edging • Wallstone • Bulk Mulch

• Lebanon Turf Fertilizer • Spreaders & Sprayers • Bluestone • Par Aide Golf Accessories • DeWitt Landscape Fabric • Gelscape • Bulk Stone • AND MUCH MORE!

T\yo Locations For Your Convenience: 1 6 PiNKHAM Rd West U.S. Route 5 Barrington, NH White River Jct., VT (603) 868-71 72 (802)295-21 1

Grow your business to new heights with Your Source structures, products, and accessories from Rimol Greenhouse Systems, Inc.

FOR THE Greenhouse Structures • Drip Irrigation & Fittings

GH Film and Polycarbonate • Fertilizer Injectors & Timers

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"Helping You to Grow" B.E. Supply GREENHOUSE SUPPLIES & EQUIPMENT

Hemlock Road, Langdon Mailing Address: P.O. Box 0, Charlestown, New Hampshire 03603

Nu'Form Products • Restricted Pesticides Landmark Products • Kord Products Pre-filled Flats & Pots • Fertilizers Klerks Films • Distributors for Hyde Park & Sunshine Soils

Work: 603/835-6930 Home: 603/835-2523 Fax: 603/835-2180

THE PLANTSMAN — FORUM

Recertification

ENDOWMENT UPDATE On October 29, the NHPGA held its biennial pesticide applicators' the 70% $70,000!!! We've reached mark— recertification meeting at the Inn at Amoskege Falls in Manchester Peter van Berkum A free service to members, this offers a large group of credits in a concentrated amount of time those of you unfamiliar with the New Hampshire Horti- For a useful thing for many people. this is a fund that will be used to pay cultural Endowment, This year, there was a morning for practical research projects in New Hampshire projects — session (for three credits) only, serve our specific Green Industry needs. are plan- that can We but attendance was solid and re- to raise by the end of the year. ning $100,000 action fairly favorable. after the phone-a-thon, took time to In the month we some We would like to thank the rethink our plans. some calls on larger regroup and We made three speakers — Robert Kapinus, companies, seeing if they UnlRoyal Chemical; Bill Romp, would be interested in sup- Horticulture Mycotech; Samuel Wells, Olym- porting our fund. We would Endowment pic— for their time and the use- particularly like to thank W.H. ful information. We also thank Minkowski, Gold Star Nurs- Robert Demers for organizing the ery, Bailey Nurseries in and event and Chris Robarge for han- Goal: $100,000 for their generous Minnesota dling the publicity and registration. the seed ofa great 90,000 contributions. will continue We In 1998, a major opportunity calls this month as idea is growing into 80,000 making we to obtain credits will be at the work our way closer to the a reality! JH '60,000 New England Greenhouse Con- $100,000 goal. To put things 50,000 ference; the NHPGA will organize on a more tangible note, we 40,000 its next recertification meeting in now have over $25,000 in- the fall of 1999. 30,000 vested in the New Hampshire 20,000 Charitable Trust (which will 10,000 be managing our money). Plant ^1 pledge Since most people are donat- NOTICE—Bedding r ing a three-year IPM Training money over period, this shows that people are not only pledging, but shell- ing out the money as well. Extension and research IPM staff We've also started talking about setting up guidelines for in Maine, New Hampshire, and planning more grant proposals. We plan to spell out very specifically who can Vermont are two training apply, what procedures must be followed, and how the grant in- bedding plant IPM ses- this winter. Details were formation will be disseminated. Anyone with ideas on these sub- sions not finalized at press time, but jects is encouraged to call or write Nancy Carlisle or myself. If we expect to offer one session in things keep going as they have been, it's possible that we could the White River Junction area. A make our first grant next yearl Know of any good research projects nearly identical, program that could help you grow your crops? Know of anyone who would second, will offered a few days later, like to contribute to the New Hampshire Horticultural Endowment? be in Portland, Maine. Peter can be reached at 603-463-7663; Nancy Carlisle at 603- probably 225-7218. Both will run roughly from 9:30 to 3:30 and we will seek PAT. recertification credits. Watch for For those of you wishing to contribute, send checks made out space will be to "New Hampshire Horticultural Endowment" to New Hampshire announcements — limited. Horticultural Endowment, c\o Henry Huntington, Pleasant View — Gardens, 73 lb Pleasant Street, Loudon, NH 03301. Man Eaton, 1PM Specialist UNH Cooperative Extension (603-862-1734)

DECEMBER 1997 8. JANUARY 1998 FORUM

Legislative Update: HB-ITO-Property Tax Classified Exemptions for Certain Greenliouses

In the last two months, a great deal of work has been done on the bill to is expanding its exempt temporary greenhouses from property taxes. After several meetings, KING FARM staff. We are lool

II. For purposes of this section, the term "demountable, plastic-covered Suncook, NH 03275 greenhouse" consists of: (a| frame work; (b| coverings; (c) portable electric appliances, the installation of which involves only the insertion of an at- KELLEHER GREENHOUSES tachment plug into a fixed receptacle outlet The word "portable" does Rte. 63, PO Box 118 not include or apply to any type of fixed electrically operated or driven Chesterfield, NH 03443 equipment; |d| benches; (e| a portable source of heat not fixed to the

greenhouse or underlying real estate; (f| a portable source of ventilation MINUTEMAN PEST CONTROL not fixed to the greenhouse or underlying real estate; (g) a portable irriga- 3 Union Street tion system. Salem, NH 03079

III. Nothing in this section shall in any way change or affect the current MELISSA SIM-HOLLISTER use laws under RSA Chapter 79-A and the rules adopted furtherance 163 Lee Hook Road thereof. Lee, NH 03824

This act shall take effect April 1, 1998. BRANDON SMITH 43 North Main Street The main area of concern is the definition of "portable". When the word Newmarket, NH 03857 "portable" is used such as in the case of plugging in appliances, this is in direct conflict with building codes since equipment cannot be plugged into TOWN OF WATERVILLE outlets. This entire section needs an overhaul and would be most clear if Tim Kingston the components are listed as: (a) framework; (b) coverings; (c| heaters; (d) 2 Tripoli Road Waterville Valley, NH 03215 ventilation or cooling equipment; (e) benches; (f) irrigation systems. There are some other minor changes that can improve the bill, but as of WENTWORTH GREENHOUSES today, this is the status of HB-170. 141 Rollins Road —Bob Rimbol Rollinsford, NH 03869 For information and further updates, Bob can be reached at 603-629-9004.

THE PLANTSMAN YOUR SOURCE OF CUTTINGS FOR SPRING PLANT PRODUCTION Red Maple

1 .5-3" caliper Varieties Red Sunset"", Autumn Flame " •^ (P.P 2377), and Armstrong

specimen quality, own root (no incompatibility problems), high limbed for street and commercial use f 604 Main Street, Cromwell, CT 06416 Phone (203) 635-5500 FAX (203) 635-3685 D.SCOT^ j^^k. Trees Since 1929 riTrT->'<^>^^ Growers ^illane 9lursenes,^nc. 271 North Village Road, Loudon, NH 03301 Growing 500 Acres of New England s Fi Trees 6. Shr Phone 603-783-9561 Fax 603-783-9562

75 Chestnut Hill, Route 190 Perennial plants Stafford Springs, CT 06076 & Herbs 31/2" (4- DEEP) POT W.H. MILIKOWSKI, INC. 18 per tray Greenhouse Supplies & Equipment Plants Bulbs All Your Greenhouse Needs

'Our Goal Is Your Success'

David E. Goudreault Greenhouses NH & Maine Representative 171, GRAND RANG • ST-THOMAS-D'AQUIN ST-HYACINTHE, P.Q. CANADA HIGHWAY #20. EXIT 123 CT 800-243-7170 Phone: 1 800 565-PION Fax: 860-684-3022 Phone: (514) 796-3193 • Fax: (514) 796-2121

DECEMBER 1997 & JANUARY 1998 NEW HAMPSHIRE NEWS

Courses and Workshops Horticulture Courses at the Thompson School A course on Christmas tree pest management is being offered by This a partial listing of courses offered this winter at the Thomp- son School. The winter/spring semester runs from January 20 UNH Cooperative Extension at Keene State College on )anuary 8-9. through May II, 1998. Half-term 1 is from January 20 through The two days include talks on in- March 13; Half-term II, March 23 through May II. sects and diseases affecting all HT204 Planf Propagation T Th 8-9:30am and Th 2-4 3 cr parts of the tree: foliage, twigs, roots; discussions HT227 Horticultural Facilities Management M 8-9am, lab arranged 2 cr stems, and on weeds: their identification and their HT234 Pest Management: Diseases (Half-term I) T Th 5:30-7pm and control; and hands-on lab sessions. T 7-9pm or Th 7-9pm 2 cr It looks like a great deal of informa-

HT236 Pest Management: Insects (Half-term II) T TH 5:30-7pm and tion will be offered. T 7-9pm or Th 7-9pm 2 cr The fee is $115; advanced regis- tration is required by December 19. HT244 Floral Design: Weddings (Half-term II) T Th 5:30-8:30pm 2 cr For further information, contact HT246 New Directions in Floral Design (Half-term I) MW 5:30-8:30pm Marshall Patmos at 603-352-4550. 2 cr

HT256 Horticultural Pruning F 2-5 2 cr UNH Cooperative Extension, sup- HT258 Herbaceous Ornamental Plants Th 10-12 2 cr ported by a grant from New En-

HT266 Garden Design & Culture (Half-term II) W 10-12, 1-4 2 cr gland Grows, is offering a one-day workshop entitled "Computer Appli- HT268 Sustainable Planting Design T 2-5 2 cr cations and WWW Workshop for Or- HT272 Landscape Design Studio F 12-5 4 cr namentals Firms" on three dates,

each at a different location, in March. HT276 Bedding Plant Production (Half-term I) W 10-12, 1-4 2 cr The program is designed for HT280 Garden Center Management (Half-term I) M 10-12, 1-4 2 cr people with minimal computer skills. Growers will be introduced to HT284 Nursery Production & Management (Half-term II) M 10-12, 1-4 2 cr the basics of computer use and learn how to apply Windows-based HT288 Horticuitural Business Management MW 6-8pm 4 cr general application software to You can enroll by phoning the Division of Continuing Education at business operations and marketing 603-862-2015. For information on course content, the part-time tasks. The fundamentals of search- associate's degree program, or the diploma in landscape horticul- ing the Web, using E-mail, and de- ture, call 603-862-1035. Additional courses are offered at UNH veloping a homepage will also be through the Plant Biology Department. explored. There will be both dem- onstrations and hands-on experi-

THE PLANTSMAN NEW HAMPSHIRE NEWS

ence, with "free" computer time al- etable production, building a sheep In Keene, the Breath of Spring lotted at the end of the day barn, marketing goat milk, game Flower Show will again be at the Dates and locations are: IVlarch 16, farming, and aquaculture. Cheshire Ice Arena. This year's UNH, Durham; March 17, College of Herbs are covered: "Experiencing dates are March 20-23; the theme is Lifelong Learning, Lebanon; and the Heart of Herbalism" (Carolyn "Flowers in Wonderland:" 10,000 IVlarch 23, Plymouth State College, Kelly and Susan Miller) is divided bulbs have already been planted. Plymouth. into three one-hour sessions: "Me- There will be displays and work- You will receive a flier/registra- dicinal Herbs," "Herbs for First shops; a special event (for which tion form in the mail There is a Aid," and "Herbs for a Healthy Life- there is a $5.00 charge) is a talk by fee; preregistration is required. For style;" a mini-workshop on Friday Roger Swain, "Victory Garden" host, more information, call Nancy Adams night by Master Gardener Mary on Sunday, the 22nd, at 4:30 pm. at 603-679-5616. Riffle is on "Growing and Using Ba- sic Culinary Herbs." The Census Showtime 98 By February, the agenda will in- of Agriculture clude much more: food, awards, The 1998 Farm and Forest Exposition displays, demonstrations; the Plant In 1992, there were 1,925,300 farms will be at the Center of New Hamp- Growers Association will have a in the United States, 22,921 of them shire Holiday Inn and Convention Cen- booth full, hopefully, of knowledge- being in New England, and 2,445 of ter in Manchester on February 6-7. able members ready to answer visi- these being in New Hampshire.

Plans are still evolving. Commod- tors' questions. The event should, The census of agriculture is taken ity groups meeting there have cho- as usual, be well worth attending every five years, in years ending in sen speakers and topics Subject For more information, contact Su- either "2" or "7." So this is the year. matter is various and includes veg- san Rice at 603-271-3788. Near the end of December, a 1997 WEBBER'S DUBLIN Nursery

"The Geranium Specialists" PERENNIAL SIX-PACKS Wholesale Qrowers WHOLESALE PRICE LIST

2 1/2" Geraniums (year round) PERENNIALS HERBS * WILDFLOWERS 4" Pre-finished Geraniums 150 Varieties in 6-cell packs 2 1/2" Ivy Geraniums & Fuchsia Martha Washington Geraniums Spring Hanging Baskets, Lihes/Bulbs UPS Shipping Available Azaleas, Cyclamen, Poinsettias, Foliage WEBBER'S DUBim NURSERY J.B. CARPENTER & SON, INC. P.O. Box 266 603/659-3391 Dublin, NH 03444 SOUTH MAIN STREET 220 603-563-8180 603-563-8272 NEWMARKET, NH 03857

DECEMBLR 1997 «. JANUARY 1998 NEW HAMPSHIRE NEWS

Census of Agriculture questionnaire Kiwi Corner will be mailed to all farmers in New England (a farm is defined as "a place which produced and sold, or normally would have produced and sold, $1,000 or more of agricultural Take on a UNH intern in 1998! products during 1997") Christmas trees and maple sap are included With all the changes going on at the UNH greenhouses, we are for the first time. setting up our program to give students more hands-on expe- The only source of agricultural rience with a range of technologies. However, we recognize that

data for many specialty commodi- there is no substitute for students going out into the real world' in England, this informa- ties New and getting their hands dirty. We have therefore added a new tion will show how agriculture has requirement for our Environmental Horticulture students at changed—how the Green Industry UNH—an internship in a nursery, public garden, or similar envi- has grown—over the last five years. ronment. So complete the forms—let's see An internship is a supervised, on-the-job training experience. where we stand. All information is This is paid position, compensation varies depending on confidential. a where the business and responsibilities. An opportunity is provided for If you want more information or haven't received a form by lanuary the student to learn more about career opportunities in the agri-

first, contact Aubrey Davis, New En- cultural sector that interests him or her. During an internship, gland Agricultural Statistics Service, students: 22 Bridge Street, Concord, NH • Integrate classroom theory with practical experience 03302-1444 at 603-224-9639 • Understand how businesses work in practice Bob Kennedy • Enhance future career prospects 1915-1997 • Partially meet education expenses through the salary received Robert Charles Kennedy, 82, for- • Improve human relations skills and gain independence merly of 18 Faculty Road, Durham,

died Sunday, November 9, 1997, at You as an employer will also benefit from taking on an in- the Edgewood in Center Portsmouth tern. Specific advantages include: after a period of failing health. • He was born July 1, 1915, in Mil- Intern students generally prove to be well-motivated and ford, Massachusetts, the son of Ed- productive employees

ward and Mary (Preston) Kennedy. • It gives you the opportunity to identify, train, and evaluate He received a master's degree students who upon graduation may become career from the University of New Hamp- employees shire and taught there for 41 years as • Intern students often free higher-paid professionals for a professor of plant science at the other work Thompson School. He was a mem- • It offers an opportunity to positively affect education in our ber of the New Hampshire Plant state, enhance recruiting efforts, and develop a closer Growers' Association. relationship with UNH A veteran, he served in Africa as an air traffic controller with the US Internships can run at any time of the year. I am currently Army Air Force during World War 11. The widower of Dorothy Grace setting up a file of businesses and organizations willing to em- (Franz) Kennedy (who died in 1986), ploy UNH interns. If you are interested, photocopy or cut out the

he is survived by two sons, Roger C. form on the opposite page, fill it in, and return it to me: Paul Kennedy of Durham and Neal R. Fisher, Dept. of Plant Biology, Spaulding Hall G-44, University of Kennedy of Dover, four brothers, New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824; Tel. 603-862-4525; Fax 603- three sisters, two grandchildren, and 862-4757; e-mail [email protected] several nieces, nephews, and cousins.

THE PLANTSMAN UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Department of Plant Biology Internship Program Employer Information Survey

Spring: January I -May 31

Summer: |une 1 -August 31

Fall: September 1 -December 31

Person to contact

Organization Addr Street City Zip Code

Telephone Number

Intern |ob Title

Intern job Description

Any courses or major required of student:

Any special skills required of student:

Date Intern lob Begins Rate of Pay

Date Intern job Ends

Work Hours

Do you have information/informational brochure about your company or internship?

Yes No (If you have information, please send).

Please return a copy to: Paul Fisher, Department of Plant Biology, Spaulding Hall G-44, University of New Hamp- shire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.

DECEMBER 1997 & JANUARY 1998 > 1 * A

Newton Greenhouse 32 Amesbury Road, Newton, NH 03858 603-382-5289 This Is What Wfc Grow Al MiUican Nuistries.

/ .r ' .f Quality Plants green & flowering

from 3" to 10" pots Holiday, bedding plants &. dish gardens Year-round cut Snaps, Gloxinias &. African Violets

Liscensed propagator of Mikkelsen New Guinea Impatiens

Let Rough Brothers' PrndumhaMnerkams, expertise turn your greenhouse into a gwdem,1mscmdimijs powerhouse—for profits. wmAllGrd"cmposL

Call the experts at Rough Brothers for information and Increase nutrient and water retention technical assistance on these quality products. Prmnde natural fertilization for long term growth. Manufacturers of: • WhiteHouse Increase organic matter to reduce compaction and erosion • Tfie International • Harvest House m Provide dcnv release of • The "2100" gutter-connected house nitrogen and trace minerals • Free-standing poly arch houses m Pret'ent turf diseases from • Techlite glazing forming. • Ro-Flo benches Improve soil aeration and consistent root development. • Ebb & Flo benches m Be assured that it is a weedfree product. Distributors of m Save money over using topsails, peatmoss and manures. • Alcoa Aluminum Fin Heating • Heating and ventilating equipment • Maintenance supplies, glass, parts Bulk deliv ...and more For price and Rough Brothers 5513 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45217 rmn All^. ROUGH .The Compost Company BROTHERS 03842 I I AUGro lac, Liberty Lane, Hampton, NH 1-800/543-7351 800.662.2440

THE PLANTSMAN ELSEWHERE IN THE NEWS

Speakers Announced New England Grows Grants Adrian Bloom, president of Blooms Nancy Adams of Bressingham Nursery, Norfolk, England, and Roger swain, host of year, New England Grows awards six $4,000 educational PBS-TV's The Victory Garden, will be Each grant awards to the New England Cooperative Extension sys- keynote speakers at New England tems. The requirement of this grant is that the funds must be used Grows, held at the Hynes Conven- for services to benefit commercial horticulture within each state. tion Center in Boston on January 22-24 UNH Cooperative Extension used the New England Grows grant award in 1997 to support a one-day educational program Mr. Bloom will speak on the entitled Cultivating Your Best Assets: Personnel Management Or- topic of "New and Unusual Perenni- for namental Businesses which was attended by 33 people represent- als." As president of one of the ing 22 New Hampshire ornamental businesses, speakers covered larger nurseries in Britain, he has such topics as: writing an employee handbook, health and retire- traveled widely looking for new ment benefits, and motivating employees. plants and has been instrumental Additional uses of the 1997 grant included the purchase of in setting up a worldwide plant in- a turf pest diagnostic CD-ROM for the UNH Plant Diagnostic troduction network. He is the au- Clinic, purchase of the computer software Adobe Photoshop to as- thor of several horticultural books sist with digital imagery, and support for an upcoming series of and has led his company to 21 suc- computer workshops developed for New Hampshire ornamentals cessive gold medals at the Chelsea Flower Show. firms. Plans are now underway for utilizing the 1998 England Mr. Swain, biologist, gardener, New Grows grant award. The UNH Cooperative Extension proposal in- writer, and storyteller, will join mem- cludes developing a network of temperature-recording sensors bers of the Green Industry for a dis- located throughout New Hampshire to monitor growing degree cussion of "Sound in the Garden." days (GDD). GDD are used to monitor insect emergence which For more, call 508-653-3009. allows those in the landscape/nursery/ornamental businesses to A New Location more accurately time pest management strategies. This informa- tion will be compiled and presented weekly on a telephone an- swering system. The New England Greenhouse Con- The grant will also enable UNH Cooperative Extension to ference, sponsored by New England develop and print a garden center evaluation handbook a tool Floriculture, Inc., is going through — for those businesses interested in improving their marketing and exciting changes. Its 1998 location, customer relation efforts. Additional projects include purchasing Worcester's Centrum Center in turf and ornamental references for county staff, developing ap- Worcester, Ma, is one of them. plied mycorrhizal research for the nursery trade, and supple- The scale and convenience of menting speaker reimbursement for grower educational programs. the new location will make the con- Nancy Adams, Extension liaison to the NHPGA, can be ference larger than ever. The three- reached at 603-679-5616. day (Oct 19-21) event promises educational seminars, well-known speakers, and a major trade show. gia in Athens might also do well here. Coleus 'Red Ruffles' (the Sun- The New Hampshire growers' Zinnia 'Crystal White' (American flower series, available though most representative on conference board Takii) had clean white flowers show- brokers) is an excellent plant for is Henry Huntington. He can be ing above light green leaves. The full sun, keeping its deep red color reached at 603-435-8361. foliage remained clean throughout and ruffled chartreuse margins the season, starting to discolor only throughout the season Winners in mid-September. Scaveola Outback Purple Fan' [Greenhouse Grower, November, 1997) Ornamental Pepper 'Pretty in (Roger Elliott of Outback Nursery Purple' (lohnny's Selected Seed), and Paul Ecke), a tough plant that

Although Georgia's climate is very dif- more branched, not as compact as "simply flowered and flowered and ferent from that of New Hampshire, others, "looks good in the ground, flowered," was "without doubt the the four winners of the 1997 bedding but is outstanding in a container best scaveola we've trialed." plant trials at the University of Geor- complimenting whites and pinks."

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Container-Grown ohrubs, Roses MICHAUD 'Z^iylilles Nurseries & Greenhouses, Inc. George M. Timm Route 85, PO Box 334, Exeter, NH 03833 Owner (603) 772-3698 Wholesale & Retail Davis Brook Farm Annuals, Perennials, Nursery Stock, io6 Bonds Corner Road, P.O. Box 476 Hancock, New Hampshire 03449-0476 Phone/Fax 603-525-4728

THE PLANTSMAN GOLDEN GARDENERS An Increasingly Big Share Of Your Market

Margaret Hagen

of the indisputable facts of life deners). An informal survey of 15 garden centers in

is that we're all getting older. In southern New Hampshire found that no one is advertis- Onefact, by the year 2000, the number ing or promoting specifically to seniors. Three offer a of older people living in this coun- 10% discount on Tuesdays and two offer a 10% discount all

try is expected to reach at least 32 the time. Five carry some equipment or tools to aid those

million And although gardeners gardeners with physical limitations. I think there's tremen- over the age of 65 may not drive garden sales the way dous marketing potential here, but it's necessary to know a

baby boomers do, they control up to 75% (by some es- little bit more about the consumer you're trying to serve. timates) of our nation's wealth. And since this popula- As we age, our vision declines. The lens within the tion segment will only continue to grow for many years eye thickens, yellows, and tends to absorb shorter to come, it makes sense to begin learning now how to wavelengths of light. Color sensitivity diminishes. Depth cater to its needs and wants. perception is poor. The most easily perceived colors In the next 10 years, the number of Americans in are the brightest: yellows, oranges and reds. their 50s will grow over 40 percent. Demographic stud- There are a number of small things that can be done

ies show that spending power is also becoming more to make it easier for those with poor vision to have a concentrated among those aged 50 and older. positive shopping experience. The first thing you can

Household income is highest for those aged 45 to 54. do is make sure the lighting in your store is good. In Households headed by people aged 55 to 64 have fact, the more light the better. On signage, use a font slightly lower incomes, but also fewer mouths to feed. size of at least 14 and make sure there is good contrast

After everyone is fed, clothed, and housed, those in the (black on white, black on yellow). Use printed type and 45-to-64 age bracket have a household discretionary in- keep in mind that blue and green backgrounds are the come of $16,200 (calculated in 1994). Those in the 55- most difficult to see. to-64 age group have the highest per-household-mem- For people wearing bifocals or trifocals, depth per- ber discretionary income, averaging $6500 in 1994 ception can be difficult. Changes in grade need to be (American Demographies, lanuary '97). very clear (fluorescent strips on stair treads, etc). It's Figures from the National Gardening Association also best to use ramps wherever possible to avoid potential show that the 50-and-older age group accounts for 37% problems. Flooring should be smooth to walk on, but

of lawn and garden sales. And those currently retiring not so smooth that it causes a slip. Consider adding

aren't quietly retreating from life. Thanks to today's handicapped access. knowledge about nutrition and exercise, most older Because lifting can be a problem, IC Penny has put Americans are working hard to delay the physical aging the larger sizes of its garden products on the middle process. Many older gardeners are healthy, alert, and instead of the bottom shelves. Because the print on strong and they intend to stay that way. bigger packaging tends to be larger, it's also easier to Also keep in mind that Baby Boomers are moving read. And think about posting signs instructing custom- into their 50s. They're ready to reward themselves for ers to ask for help with heavy plant materials or gar- the long years they spent wiping up the apple juice dening supplies. spilled by their kids and paying extra car insurance Keep your aisles at least three to five feet wide while putting teenagers through college. Many will be (older people like to walk side by side) and free of looking for sophisticated furniture, food, travel, and hob- display material. Keep your hoses coiled and think bies. Why not begin to take them into account when about retiring those cute red wagons (the handles are

evaluating your sales program? It really is no longer true a tripping hazard). that seniors never buy anything because they don't need Remember the old adage that customers buy in di-

much nor because they all have to scrimp and save. rect correlation to the amount of time they spend in Over the last five to ten years, many garden centers your store? Using garden furniture for function (a place have started to carry products, run programs, and fea- to sit down and rest) as well as display could pay off in ture gimmicks that appeal to children (tomorrow's gar- sales. Other amenities are restrooms, bubblers and

DECEMBER 1997 & JANUARY 1998 some shade that saves people as well as plants. If you find it difficult to view your store through impartial eyes, ask an older friend or relative to come in and cri- tique it for you. There are a number of garden tools and equipment designed for physically limited gardeners The most popular seem to be various styles of carts on wheels with seats twelve to sixteen inches off the ground. You use these to scoot from one gardening task to another. Tool storage under the seat is an added convenience. Perennials have become all the rage In the Tools with crooks in the handles (to save on back la- last few years. It seems every grower of bor) or foam rubber handles (easier to grip) are also nursery stock or with greenhouse space has popular. Kneelers, long-handled grass sheers and bulb jumped Into the fray. At this point In time, most planters, self-watering planters with rolling casters, in- varieties have been seeded or plugs will be terlocking edging that pounds easily into the ground, shipped shortly for potting. An Interesting ob- and indoor growing units at waist level all save on servation Is that most nursery growers tend to physical wear and tear Although these types of equip- raise perennials as nursery stock and green- ment and tools are generally higher-priced, it may be house growers, as an annual. worthwhile to keep some in stock. Though perennials can be raised In a small Of the older people I surveyed (both gardeners and cell—like a flat, they will perform much better nongardenersi, the most often expressed thought was for If given some room—such as a quart or gallon "anything to make it easier." The most common desire was container. In most cases, you can get a higher for planting beds at waist height. Low maintenance shrub- return for plants raised In the larger container. bery, perennials that don't have to be divided and knowl- If you are growing from plugs (which seems edgeable sales people were also high on the list. Bird the most common avenue for perennial pro- baths and feeders, garden statuary, gardening books in duction), minimal heat at the time of trans- large print, and sprinklers with easy-to-see settings were planting Is required. products people wanted to buy. Most said that senior dis- Unless you plan on forcing your plants for counts would bring them in, but knowledgeable sales early blooming (not necessarily a good thing people would bring them back. A few said they would for the consumer or for your late spring and cruise the aisles and price everything, but leave if the summer business), a simple overwintering store didn't meet the prices of large discounters. Most structure will suffice. Because these plants wanted some kind of plant guarantee. will eventually be shifted outside to grow on, One thing to remember is that, by and large, this cus- a well-drained bark mix will give you proper tomer has time, it's best to use a soft style of selling and drainage and weight. A controlled release fer- let the customer control the sales process. Seniors also ap- tilizer (CRF) either top dressed or Incorporated preciate being treated with courtesy and respect Into your mix works exceptionally well. Be When marketing to older people, positive visuals of se- sure to use a CRF that will release for you In niors (gardening by themselves, with others or with chil- the cool conditions In which you are actually dren) are effective. Advertising that features people in growing this crop. Many greenhouse growers one's own age group is always welcome in this youth- ori- will use a liquid feed program—as In their an- ented society. Also appreciated are stores that carry old- nual production. If these plants go outdoors, fashioned varieties which evoke childhood memories and liquid feed (unless on a drip system) can be feelings of security. And don't forget the possibilities of very expensive and wasteful. intergenerational gardening classes or projects. The garden Whatever the case, most varieties require a center is an ideal spot for an outing with grandchildren. very light feed program. Use only the low rate Lastly, older consumers are interested in giving back of a CRF; on a liquid feed program, 100-150 to their community and their family. This group will ppm of nitrogen every week or two is sufficient. make financial decisions in order to "give back." Involv- By shifting plant material outdoors, you ing your business in community projects could be a harden off growth and, generally, get a better win-win situation for you and the local community. bud set, more lateral breaks, and a plant much And always remember: the current, more affluent, re- more tolerant of adverse conditions. tirement generation is better able to enjoy life than re-

tirees of the past. I certainly plan to do so. I'm sure |im Zablocki is Technical Manager, Northern you do, too. And I bet we'll both shop wherever some- Horticultural Croup, Scotts Company. He can be one caters to our needs. reached at 603-224-5583.

Margaret Hagen is Extension Educator, \grkultural Resources, in

Hillsborough County. She can be reached at 603-673-2510.

THE PLANTSMAN New England sOIdest Living Tree

David VanLuven

1434, when people still thought the sun re- mate variations over the last 550 years and give in- volved around the earth and Columbus hadn't sights into the changing environmental conditions New Inyet been born, a tree took root in an isolated Hampshire's forests have endured. corner of what is now Rockingham County in the Good luck and biology have allowed the trees to sur- state of New Hampshire. This black gum (Nyssfl vive for so long. Black gum trees are naturally long- sylvatica, also called black tupelo or pepperage) lived and are very resistant to disease. Their twisting flourished through the centuries and last fall, scientists grain and brittle nature limit the utility of their wood, assisted by the NH Natural Heritage Inventory (NHNHI) so their commercial value is low. They also tend to discovered that, at the venerable age of 562, it is the grow in small, boggy basins perched high in watersheds oldest living tree in New England. where beavers are unlikely to flood or fell them. This black gum tops all of the previous oldest-tree Yet black gum trees are not invulnerable. Five years contenders by 130 years or more. New Hampshire's pre- ago, beavers flooded a large black gum swamp in vious champion is a 412-year-old red spruce growing in Rockingham County and killed over one hundred trees, the White Mountain National Forest. Old trees in other some of which had survived for more than 500 years. New England states were also significantly outdated. Fortunately, hundreds of other trees in surrounding Massachusetts' oldest known tree is 433 years old, swamps survived. These trees are safe from beavers

Maine's is 428, and Vermont's, 419. The oldest tree in because their swamps lack the stream outlets that bea- New York has yet to reach 400 years. vers might dam. Several hundred other black gum trees, the oldest of Black gum trees are common in the southeastern which are 300 to 500 years old, share the ancient tree's United States, but less so in New Hampshire, where swampy habitat. Identification of the old trees began they reach their northern limit. They typically occur as a several years ago when Dan Sperduto, ecologist with few trees growing scattered in red maple swamps. Of NHNHI, discovered that some of the trees had grown particular interest to the NHNHI are swamps in which for nearly five centuries. It was not until late 1996, how- black gums are the dominant species, or at least grow ever, that the tiny rings of a pencil-thin core removed in larger stands of twenty or more trees. The Natural from the oldest tree were carefully counted. Heritage Inventory is conducting a broad study, funded The core from the oldest black gum tree was ana- by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, of these lyzed during the 1996 North American Dendroecological New Hampshire swamps to identify these trees and Field Week which was held at the USDA Forest Service help interested landowners protect them voluntarily. Experimental Forest in Bartlett, New Hampshire. Re- searchers first mounted the core and smoothed it with The New Hampshire Natural Heritage

300-grit sandpaper They then placed the core under a \nventory (NHNHI) is a small state microscope which was attached to a computer. By mag- program in the Division of Forests and nifying the core between seven and ten times, the re- Lands. Our mission is to find, track, and searchers were able to measure the width of each ring facilitate the protection of New Hampshire's to within a fraction of a millimeter. rare plants and exemplary natural These tree rings are valuable for more than simply communities. We are not a regulatory dating New England's oldest tree. They also provide a agency; instead, we work with landowners

chronology that scientists can interpret to learn about and land managers to help them protect

historical climate trends and environmental conditions. New Hampshire's natural heritage and meet their land-use needs.

Paul Krusic of Columbia University is working with the For more information or lists of the rare plants, animals, and

NHNHI and others to establish a link between climate natural communities in New Hampshire, contact us at. Natural change and the growth response of the trees. They Heritage I«ve«(ory/DRED, P.O. Box 1856, Concord, NH

hope the tree rings will yield new information on cli- 03302-1856. Or call 603-271-3623.

DECEMBER 1997 «. JANUARY 1998 17 Xke -Hlorticul+ural Web .koi*+icultu>*e.co»w

1 .800. WWW.6WeB

A l^yryctnyld Jnfet'Mel ^loKiMAMnify to: Diagnosing Plant Problems

Cheryl A. Smith

diagnosis of plant problems can be a challeng- tive to chemical problems (micro-nutrient levels, Theing task, requiring a basic knowledge of plant cui soluble salts, pesticides). Symptoms appearing only on ture and physiology and environmental influences one side of a plant or planting or in a repeated pattern on plant health, as well as the ability to identify the such as every two plants or every other row, are most possible causes Developing a solution or remedy to likely caused by abiotic agents. Symptoms caused by the problem depends upon a proper diagnosis. The biotic agents are more likely to be random in occur- process of diagnosing plant problems generally consists rence or pattern.

of (1) recognition or perception of a problem, and |2| Are signs visible? determination of the cause (or causes). Signs are the actual visible evidence of pathogens and/ Symptom recognition or insect pests. A I5x or 20x hand lens is helpful for viewing fungal structures and insects or mites Examine The first step in diagnosing a plant health problem is the symptomatic plants for fungal fruiting bodies (black the recognition of symptoms A symptom is any visible, 'abnormal' condition of a plant caused by biotic agents or brown pinpoint-size structures) or fungal growth (living organisms such as diseases and insects) or abi- (molds or strand-like growth). Signs of insects include itself all its life stages), otic agents (non-living or environmental factors). Before the insect (and cast exoskel- symptoms can be recognized however, the horticulturist etons (skins), webbing, or droppings (frass or honey- dew). Finding of or insect not must be familiar with the characteristics of the 'normal' evidence a pathogen may of plant. What may appear to be a symptom may actually lead directly to the cause the problem, however. plant be 'normal' for a particular variety. Common symptoms Sometimes abiotic factors can weaken a and pre- it to and/or insects. For of plant diseases and disorders include leaf spots and dispose attack by pathogens blotches, yellowing (chlorosis), marginal browning (ne- example, high soluble salts can predispose plants to crosis) of leaves, stunting, dieback, distorted growth, root rot fungi and drought often predisposes trees to fungal tip blights or insect attacks. galls, leaf drop, stem cankers, wilt, and root rot. How quickly did the symptoms appear? Is there a pattern to the symptoms? Another aspect to consider is the time frame during Once symptoms are noted, a general assessment which symptoms appeared. A record of the environmen- should be made of the affected plant(s) and nearby tal conditions during that time period may also be use- healthy plants. A series of questions may be helpful in ful in determining the causes of the problem. Once assessing the problem. Is more than one plant affected again, a series of questions may be helpful. How long and is more than one plant genera or species affected? has the problem existed (when did the symptoms first Where on the plant(s) did the symptoms first appear? occur)? This is often a difficult question, as many prob- Is the problem limited to the interior or exterior por- lems seem to appear overnight. Symptoms caused by tions of the plant (or planting)? Are the symptoms very most biotic agents take several days or longer to de- localized or are they widespread? Are several types of velop. As always, there are a few exceptions: bacterial symptoms present? After making a general assessment, diseases can develop and spread rapidly and pythium take a closer look at the symptoms. It is often helpful blight of turfgrasses can spread significantly in 24 hours. to determine the shape and pattern of leaf spots. Do The sudden appearance (one to two days) of symp- the spots have concentric rings or a zonate appearance? toms, however, is usually caused by abiotic agents. Are the spots round or angular? Do the spots/lesions appear to be limited by the veins? Be sure to check Record-keeping the roots whenever possible. Symptoms of nutrient de- Detailed record-keeping of general plant health at regu- ficiency, marginal necrosis of leaves, and wilting are of- lar intervals (daily, weekly, etc.) will help trace the ap- ten symptoms associated with root rots. pearance of symptoms. Records are also helpful when

If more than one plant genera is affected, the cause is trying to determine if particular management or cultural

usually due to an abiotic agent. If the symptoms are practices may have caused the symptoms. It is impor-

limited to a single species, the problem is more likely tant to keep records of fertilizer and pesticide applica- caused by a living agent. Keep in mind however, that a tions (date and rate), and watering practices, as well as particular species of plant may be more or less sensi- the introduction of new plant material (they may be the

DECEMBER 1997 & fANUARY 1998 source of pathogens or insects) Any changes in the sur- rounding environment should also be noted. Have heat- V^si^ ing or cooling systems recently been activated? Do the vents from those systems blow on the planting? Is an The Griffin Guru outdoor planting located in a windy or frost-prone site? Has any construction or painting taken place nearby? Have there been extremes of moisture (drought/flood) or changes in light intensity? Questions such as these will help determine if the problem is environmentally- here and It's time to crank up the caused. Winter's heat. If you haven't done so already, It's Diagnostic testing time to make those routine checks necessary to Once a problem has been recognized and potential ensure that your heating equipment will function causes identified, it may still be necessary to submit well when you need It most. plants to a diagnostic laboratory for confirmation or fur- Here's a check list that will make the task ther identification. When plants are submitted for diag- easier. nostic testing, there are a few steps to follow to ensure an accurate and timely diagnosis. Include as much infor- 1. Check equipment for any physical damage mation as possible about the history of the problem that may have occurred over the summer. (when symptoms were first noted, rate of progression, This should include damage to sheet metal, any visible pattern to the symptoms, percentage of fans and air movers, wiring, gas piping, and crop or plants affected). It is also important to provide vent systems. information on pesticide and fertilizer applications, and 2. Check for cleanliness of heat exchanger and any changes in the growing environment. And, last but burners. certainly not least, be sure to include the name and va- riety of the plant. Be sure to include a healthy sample 3. Check to make sure vent system is clear. for comparison purposes. If samples are submitted by 4. Check to make sure no obstructions block mail, package the sample well to avoid shifting during the air Inlet or air discharge of equipment. shipment and mail the package early in the week or by overnight delivery. 5. Ensure unit supports are secure and unit

There are several diagnostic kits available for in- hangs level. house or on-site testing. For bedding plants and other All this should ensure a warm, problem-free winter. greenhouse crops, Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN: www.agdi.com) produces the QTA-Tospo test kit for viruses. This kit tests for both impatiens necrotic spot (INSV) and to- infected with pathogenic microorganisms can serve as a mato spotted wilt (TSWV), but does not distinguish be- source of infection for nearby plants. Infected leaves or tween the two viruses. NEOGEN Corp. (Lansing, MI) stems should be removed and destroyed. If a large por- produces the Reveal test kits for turfgrass diseases. The tion of the plant is infected, it may be better to re- brown patch and pythium test kits are particularly use- move the entire plant. When pruning infected trees and ful since both diseases occur in hot, humid weather and shrubs, sanitize the cutting tools between each cut and produce symptoms that are easily confused. It is impor- destroy the prunings. When watering, avoid wetting the tant to keep in mind that the results obtained from the foliage as this splashes and spreads fungal spores and test kits depends upon the sample tested. Be sure to bacteria to adjacent plants. sample symptomatic areas of the plant. Otherwise, the Proper horticultural practices can help reduce plant pathogen may not be present in detectable levels, re- stress. Match the plant to the site: shade-loving plants sulting in a false negative. in shady areas, winter-hardy plants in exposed areas, Solutions to the problems etc Remember, plants under stress are usually more The best approach is to prevent problems in the first susceptible to attack by both pathogens and insects. place. This may seem to be a rather obvious statement, The diagnosis of plant problems can be both frustrating but in reality, many simple practices that can prevent and rewarding. It is helpful and at times necessary to have plant health problems are overlooked. a collection of reference sources including plant, disease,

Sanitation techniques are the best prevention and and insect identification guides to aid in the diagnosis. As control measures for problems caused by pathogenic with any other skill, the more you practice, the more re- microorganisms and many insects. Inspect all plant ma- fined your skills will become Remember, you can always terial when it is received. Don't hesitate to refuse any send samples to a diagnostic lab for confirmation prior to plants that exhibit symptoms of any kind. Start clean! selecting a management practice, so don't be afraid to

Use clean, sanitized pots and sterile potting mix. Sani- hone your own diagnostic skills. tize potting benches before each use. Sanitize cutting, planting and pruning tools before each use. Any tissues Cfteryl Smith can be reaacked at 603-862-3841.

THE PLANTSMAN Our beneficials can be downright mean SINCE 1192 to your New England's Leading Full Line Seed House pests. • Packet Seeds • Lawn Seed

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WHOLESALE SUPPLffiR OF NURSERY & WETLAND STOCK TO THE TRADE. Northem Grown Trees Evergreens Shrubs NURSERIES. INC ^^^^ Mon-SaL 7:00 - 5:30 Sun: 9:00 - 5:00 O'DONAL'S HERBACEOUS & WOODY WETLAND PLANTS -ORNAMENTALS -PERENNIALS -GROUNDCOVERS -VINES DEALER FOR BON TERRA WETLAND FABRICS CONTRACT GROWING AVAILABLE NURSERIES 24 BUZZELL RD, BIDDEFORD, MAINE 04005 Located at juncDon of routes 22 & 114 (207) 499-2994 (207)282-7235 Gorham, Maine 04038 FAX: (207) 499-2912 Phone (207) 839-4262 or 839-6364 CALL FOR A QUOTATION OR A Fax 207-839-2290 We specialize in growing specimen plant matenals COPY OF OUR CATALOG. -WE DELIVER- lECLMBER 1997 & |ANUARY 1998 —

,a*^ THE GREEN SPOT

Resistance and Residues

that something that cannot be seen Bob's In trouble. He decides to release Insect It's amazing or detected can kill. But It can—and swiftly. I'm not predators. But these all die—killed by the residues talking about pesticides, but their residue. from the first two sprays. The manufacturer says that Pesticide residue can be lethal. Not necessarily to the re-entry time is 24 hours, but that doesn't mean humans or animals (no proof, right?) and not to the it's gone entirely. Even two months later. Bob released pests for which the substance was used, but to the some ladybugs to combat an aphid flare-up. Within 24

little guys that surround us—the good bugs. hours, the ladybugs have died. The probable cause Resistance Is a very real problem. Grower Bob says pesticide residues. To avoid Bob's plight: the spray he's using Is supposed to be deadly, but the 1. follow the instructions on the chemical's label little (expletives) seem to get high on the stuff and to a tee; come around asking for more. Bob's not been doing 2. alternate chemical classes to avoid resistance; anything wrong—unless he's been using the same 3. release good bugs only If you're using biorational compound over and over without breaking up the regi- products or If you've waited a period of time long men with different chemical classes, or not following enough to let the chemical break down fully. the product's Instructions. If so, he's giving the pests For Information abut the exact residual periods of a chance to develop resistance. specific chemicals for use with beneflcials, you're Invited Grower Bob's first spray was pretty effective: most to call us at the number listed. Have ready the chemical

of the bugs died. The second spray was supposed to name as well as the trade name, if possible, also provide be done five days later, but Bob held off for ten—the the names of the good bugs you'd like to use. situation looked fine. The bugs that didn't get hit the

first time did get their feet wet, but they survived. The Mike Cfierim of The Green Spot, 93 Priest Road, Nottingham, second spray was a lot less effective. NH 03290-6204, can be reached at 603-942-8925.

Laughton's Garden Center Inc. Cal Laughton, Florist

Distributors ofNursery Overwintering Blankets WHOLESALE AND RETAIL NURSERY NURSERY STOCK • ANNUALS • PERENNIALS • FERTILIZERS • INSECTICIDES

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Specializing In Heath... Heather... Bearberry... Perennials... Seashore Plants... also, a full line of quality nursery stock 1028 Horseneck Road. Westport, MA. 02790 508-636-4573 508-636-5615 "Uiir Senicc Keeps Groiiing and (ironing." 508-636-3397 FAX

HE PLANTSMAN — MEMBER PROFILE

The OP Speedway A GOOD DEAL AND FUN

"The old Speedway. Just down the road from hand in January, start it on the sunny side of the greenhouse; cut- tings (without rooting hormone) are Wal-Mart. Tou can't miss us.'^ on the shady. Seedlings are trans-

Unintimidated by its larger neigh- today, plants account for 90% of planted into 48-plug flats. bor, the foursquare wooden struc- sales. Most of the remaining col- In winter and early spring, the ture built fifty years ago is now a lectibles are tools and farm imple- 6'x64' outside display tables be- garden center. Surrounded by activ- ments people like to use as garden come cold frames. Short pieces of ity and color, it has adjusted well ornaments. PVC pipe set into the ground to its new situation. Immediately to the right of the alongside the tables hold ribs onto

Tim Lanphear started the business old gas station, the land dropped which a ridge pole is fastened. This

four years ago. He'd bought the old steeply, down twenty-five feet to PVC pipe frame is then covered gas station On Route 9 in 1985 (he marsh. There was room to set up a with plastic. These cold frames hold used his savings; there is no mort- 12'x42' wood-and-plastic display the flats of new seedlings as well gage) and had rented it out while shelter (in October, it was filled as bare-root stock potted in one- he himself worked selling recondi- with pottery and wicker items on gallon containers—stacked two- tioned cars in various dealerships. sale), but little more. Raising the high. On warm days, the plastic on

Then the City of Concord decided level of the land to that of the road one side is folded back. In summer, that it didn't want a gas station became a major objective. Tim put the plastic's removed completely. situated above an easily contami- out a call for clean (no cement or In May, the seedlings are planted nated city-owned wetland. Tim said, plastic) fill. This spring, a stone re- in one-gallon containers for sale "Okay." The gas tanks, as well as taining wall was put up at the back later that season. ("1 don't grow two 10,000-gallon fuel oil tanks, of the property, solidly stabilizing anything that doesn't bloom the

were removed. What was left was the newly created ground. first year")

an empty building on a 2.2 acre tri- Enough land has been created to In late fall, any perennials left are angular lot. put up a 17'x64' greenhouse and pruned back, set on weedmat, and Tim decided to go into business create a perennial display area, a covered with microfoam. Next selling plants—he'd never done it place for bagged goods, and addi- spring they will be repotted into before, but he liked plants—he'd tional parking. two-gallon containers. worked at landscaping once. He de- The land slopes to a lower area Although they grow as much as

cided "to just do it totally," learn- where perennials (until |uly first) they can themselves, space is lim- ing as he went along. He kept the and then mums are grown on weed ited. Most material is bought in. name, "The Ol' Speedway" ("People mat and with drip irrigation. Here They buy in all bedding plants; know where we are"), removed the also, landscapers are allowed to they grow only 150 hangers and hydraulic lift, cleaned up the place, dump leaves and brush —this will buy in the rest; many of their pe- and opened for business on IVlemo- someday be compost; there's also a rennials come from Ledgeview rial Day weekend, 1994. It's a family pile of topsoil removed when the Greenhouse in Loudon. business— his father, Dennis, and gas tanks were taken out. Tim uses Vegetables— "just the basics: his step-father, )oe, are there full- this mixed with Pro-lV\ix in flower corn, tomatoes, peppers, cukes, time. beds by the road. And a well —only squash —summer and zucchini"

Antiques and collectibles were 28 feet deep, gives "all the water I come from McQuestin Farm in originally a large part of the busi- need " Litchfield Winter squash, pump- ness (something to sustain it in the kins, Indian corn, and gourds are

off-season), but it was the plants "ANNUALS AND perennials will be available in the fall. that sold—and held Tim's interest; our specialty." They sow seed by Herbs are big year-round —the

DECEMBER 1997 & JANUARY 1998 23 — — EMBER PROFILE

in practical display shelter is filled with 2500 in And once people uses found objects spring. In October, "people are ways: nothing's fancy — benches are buy once, buying things they can take in- made of old pallets, snow fencing, doors," and the greenhouse con- he works hard cement blocks. As long as the qual- tains a fairly comprehensive collec- ity of the material on them is high, to keep them coming back. tion of culinary herbs. Many are in no one seems to mind. The front clay pots; some, like curry, are in "If a family buys gardens function as production hanging baskets. No chemical pesti- beds—rows of coneflower and shasta a big pumpkin, cides are used on these— instead, daisies can be dug and sold or di- such things as vegetable oil, a red I'll give a little one vided and grown as next year's pepper mix, baking soda, or a garlic crop. Cut flowers that don't sell are to the kids solution keep the plants pest-free. hung from the shop ceiling to dry. -no charge. Some are used in arrangements; IN CONTRAST to the wide-open others are sold by the bunch. If the bill comes to $20.95, open-air market atmosphere out- Tim advertises heavily—once a side, the shop interior, with its dark $20 will do. week throughout the year— in the furniture and glass cases of tiny ob- Concord Monitor and less often in They'll be back.' jects, seems introspective, almost some of the smaller local papers. In museum-like. A few antiques re- spring and at Christmas, he adver- main, but the emphasis is on silk tises on radio as well. Radio? He's flowers, dried arrangements, minia- not sure if it's worth it. .."now that tures, collectibles (Boyd's Bears), out to make money." And the unex- people have found us, the best ad- crafts, Maine Candle Company pected is what makes the place in- vertising is word of mouth..." products... Walls are white; light is teresting. ...and color. "Pansies don't sell softer; there's lots of wood; dried This summer, Dennis went to a this time of year," Dennis says as roses hang from the high ceiling bankruptcy auction in Holden and he points out a display of fall dish

I these for (we're lucky—the drop ceiling is ended up buying an entire lot— 120 gardens, "but bought only a foot-and-a-half from the pieces —of concrete statuary. The color. We need color to attract cus- original garage ceiling. You wouldn't deal was good; the mix, eclectic tomers. If we sell them, that's fine, have this height in an ordinary nymphs and madonnas, gargoyles but that's not why I bought them." shop"); there's a scent of potpourri. and fishermen The price was right There's color and texture every- The choice is deliberate: "We're and it's selling He'll have more where: banners, pumpkins, mums, aiming toward a more elegant, Vic- next year. statuary, old farm equipment. ..one torian look." Finances are computerized, in- side of the shop is covered with ventories are not— "things happen wagon wheels, oxen yokes, cross- DENNIS HAS always worked for too fast." cut saws. Out front are the gardens: himself: for the last 16 years, also Open seven days a week through- a rail fence along the front, a vibur- in reconditioned car sales. He and out the year, they count on unusual num hedge behind part of it; flower Tim buy through the major whole- items, specials, and heavy trade on gardens—lamb's ear, delphinium, sale producers in the area (Pleasant winter holidays to get them through verbena, coneflower, coreopsis View Gardens, D.S. Cole Growers, the off-season. Last Valentine's along the rest; a flagstone walk is Lavoie Farms, Boucher's Green- Day, they sold 7000 roses. This planted with white creeping thyme house). They want quality, but also Christmas, along with wreaths and ("you can step on it without hurting .") a good price, and their background 1200 trees, there are "kissing it .. Dennis plans to add pictures makes them comfortable working balls" —five-inch styrofoam balls of the plants in bloom so people out a deal on overproduction, a covered with sprigs of balsam and will be more inclined to buy them canceled order, a line that's not decorated with ribbon and orna- when they're not in flower. display areas are selling—then buying in bulk to give ments. Four women are creating The houses and their own customers the benefit of 600 of them on a piecework basis. built perpendicular to the highway, the low price per unit. Although "Keep your costs down:" this ad- so there's lots of visible activity people will always want geraniums age is acted upon in many ways. people want to stop. and mums, many look for the un- Tim points out a cooler: "I got it Dennis stresses the importance usual, "so this works out well. And used. It works fine. New, it would of attitude: "If you want to sell fifty

fifty; if you want to sell if I buy in bulk, I don't have to sell have cost ten times as much." He mums, buy

24 THE PLANTSMAN Wholesale

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W-,'ve been in this business a long time. We know our (fr^^ortheast Nursery, Inc. customer's needs and demands. It dosen't make a difference of the time of year or the size of the project. Northeast Nursery covers i Supplying Fine Plant Material & Laiutscape Supplies all. Willi the widest selection in wholesale plant maienals and Street, Rt. 1 South landscape supplies in all of New England it's no wonder many 234 Newbury consider Northeast Nursery the best One-Slop shopping for all Peabody, MA 01960 your landscape and green supplies. (508) 535-6550 Fax (508) 535-5247

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Wnte for catalog Member MNA. NENA tewart^ Millers Falls Road. Turners Falls. MA 01376 NURSERY, Inc. Telephone 413 863-2510 s

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We cater to the small and medium size nursery in any quantity desired:

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DECEMBER 1997 8. |ANUARY 1998 500; buy 500." And once people buy once, he works hard to keep Pioneer Pointers them coming back. "If a family buys a big pumpkin, I'll give a little one to the kids— no charge They'll be back. If the bill comes to $20.95, Tax Planning $20 will do. They'll be back." Don't be surprised by an unexpected liability next spring! THERE'S BEEN a lot of changes in Income tax planning Is the i(ey to avoiding the unpleasant news the first few years More are next March or April that you have a large tax liability which could planned. Tim will continue filling in have been reduced had you linown about It before year's end. the land (Steeplegate Mall which — Everyone can benefit from tax -planning. There have been ma|or includes a Home Depot— is being changes to the tax laws, which will affect your 1997 returns. This built down the road — "once they is the time to see how some of these changes affect you. break ground, I'll get all the fill I need"); gardens will be extended INCOME AVERAGING in 1998, 1999, and 2000 provides farm pro- along the entire frontage and he ducers a choice to move all or part of their farm income from the sees other gardens— lilies, hosta, a current tax year and spread it evenly over the three previous years. shade garden — in back. Inside the All Income—except gains from sale of land— is eligible; this applies shop, a new full-time florist and a to both Individuals and partnerships. Planning Is required for the Telaflora delivery service are al- 1997 tax year. ready changing the tone LOWER CAPITOL GAIN RATES are in effect for transactions after But plans include more than May 6, 1997. flowers. He hopes to build a 1500 Generally, the Income tax rate on capitol gains is reduced to square-foot addition onto the 20% for gains that would otherwise be in a tax bracket greater present shop and, connected to than 15%. The Income tax rate on capital gains that would be in that, one large greenhouse space, the 15% bracltet is reduced by 10%. However, assets must be held to be used for retail sales. With for more than 18 months to qualify for these new rates. this wall of structures fronting the For most assets held for more than five years, there is a 2% reduc- road, it will be important to find tion In rates. ways to retain the visual excitement currently there. SELF-EMPLOYED BUSINESSES are allowed to deduct 40% of their

"Correct taste" is fine, but it can family's health insurance costs In 1997. The deduction eventually also be dull Hopefully, all this new Increases to 100% by the year 2007. energy and willingness to try any- Other tax law changes affect student loan interest, new IRA ac- thing once won't dilute into the counts, and more. If you are not happy with the size of your tax predictable. May the unexpected liability or refund, now Is the time to do something about It. survive— it has a good chance to do so right here. (BP) First Pioneer farm credit has an experienced staff knowledgeable in farm tax law and financial planning, for information, call the Bedford office at The OC Speedway is at 347 Loudon 1-800-825-3252. (MR) Road, Concord, NH 03301. Tfte phone

number there is 603-226-0977.

.^^^"-^ WHOLESALE GROWERS and SUPPLIERS of QUALITY PLANTS

Spring Annuals • Geraniums • Hanging Baskerts Perennials and Foliage Plants 3" to 10"

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THE PLANTSMAN GREENHOUSE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND

So Much to Do... So Little Time!

]ames Boone, Michael Brownbridge, ]ames F. Dill, Alan T. Eaton. Bruce L. Parker, and Margaret Skinner

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a multi-faceted plants daily for pests, and 30% scout weekly. About half approach for managing pests to maximize suppres use yellow sticky cards, and 31% check them daily; 19% sion wfiile reducing growers' reliance on cfiemical weekly. Though traps were commonly inspected, most pesticides. The Northern New England Greenhouse IPM growers only checked for pest presence or absence. implementation Program, a tri-state research/education Though many growers scout their crops, only about 10% initiative between Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, maintain records of what was found. About 60% use in- was started in 1995 with support from the U.S. Dept. of formation from scouting or sticky cards all or most of

Agriculture. The long-term goal of this program is to en- the time when making management decisions; 10% courage growers to use 1PM for production of green- never use such information. house ornamentals, helping them to improve pest man- USE OF IPM. The table below lists IPM practices cur- agement efficiency and reduce chemical pesticide use. rently used by growers. The most commonly used prac- A Research Advisory Group was established, made up tices (by over 50% of growers) include: scouting, sticky of researchers, extension specialists and growers from cards, inspecting plant shipments, chemical pesticides, the three states to guide grower outreach activities. The spot pesticide treatments, disinfection of growing area, group's first accomplishment was a survey of current using new or clean containers, and weed control About IPM practices and pesticide use. 14% felt the greatest factor limiting adoption of 1PM was a lack of knowledge on the subject and 8% couldn't risk Summary of Survey Results the economic loss. When asked why implementing IPM

PEST PROBLEMS. Growers were asked to rank the se- was important, about 23% listed that it was cost-effec- verity of their pest problems over the past three years tive in the long run and reduced the risk of environ- Among the insects, fungus gnats and aphids were rated mental pollution. highest—as extreme or major pests by 15-17% of the PESTICIDES AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. Most growers growers. Seven percent considered thrips to be a major (76%) use hand-operated pump sprayers; a few use mo- or extreme problem and 4% ranked whiteflies in these torized hydraulic or electrostatic sprayers. When decid- categories. All of the insects listed were rated at least ing what pesticides to use, most growers (74%) rely on as minor pests by 17% of the growers. In contrast, less past experience Less commonly, they use recommen- than 3% of the growers considered diseases to be ex- dations by Extension or state specialists or other grow- treme problems. Botrytis, damping off, and powdery ers, the New England Greenhouse Pest Management mildew were rated as moderate problems by about 15% Guide, grower magazines, or advice of a company rep. of the growers and about 19% considered virus a minor Many growers (51%) evaluate the effectiveness of pesti- problem. cide applications based on routine scouting; 13% in- SCOUTING. Most growers (96%) indicated that they try spect flagged plants before and after application. Forty- to identify their pest problems. About half use a hand seven percent of the growers noted that in the past lens and obtain assistance with identification from Ex- three years, chemical pesticides failed to achieve satis- tension or state experts. When asked which pests their factory control sometimes; 17% said chemical pesticides scouts could identify, over 60% could identify the adult had never failed them. Low consumer tolerance for stages of all major pests on the plant, but less than damage or insect infestation was the most important 50% could recognize the immatures. Less than 50% factor limiting the reduction in chemical pesticide use. could identify the pests on a sticky card. Between 60- Fourteen percent cited a lack of knowledge about alter-

70% of the growers could not identify bacterial diseases, natives as the most important factor and 1 1% felt the virus, nutrient deficiencies, or salt toxicity. risk of economic loss as the most important. Almost 50% of the growers said they scout their About 72% of the growers have never used any form

DECEMBER 1997 & JANUARY 1998 27 of biological control; 20% have used it sometimes Of edge about IPM limits their implementation of this ap- those who have used biological control, 8% indicated proach Thus education and training must be the pri- that this method failed about half the time to achieve mary focus of our program. Based on grower responses, satisfactory control. About 3% of the growers felt that hands-on training given to small groups in half- or full- biological control failed most of the time; which was the day sessions is the best educational method. Planning same percentage of growers who felt chemical pesti- is underway now for Greenhouse IPM workshops for cides failed them most of the time. Seventeen percent growers in the three states to be held in February. of the growers cited a lack of knowledge on how to use These hands-on workshops will cover basic IPM tech- biologicals as the major factor limiting their use of this niques, including scouting, identification of pest (dis- management approach. eases and insects) and beneficial organisms, how to USE biological control, and what's hot for new chemical GROWER NEEDS. When asked how Extension or state pesticides In addition, production of a practical guide departments of agriculture could best help growers to 1PM for growers of greenhouse ornamentals and bed- implement IPM, 26% listed the preparation of pest fact ding plants is also planned. sheets as the most important, 14% cited organizing edu- cational programs, and 13% selected establishment of a What Can Growers Do? professional IPM advising service. Biological control was Participate in the upcoming workshops! The goal of this listed as the most important area of research needed to Greenhouse 1PM Program is to meet the needs of grow- help growers implement IPM by 15% of the growers. Re- ers in their efforts to produce plants more efficiently search on development of local guidelines for IPM and with less chemical pesticides. Suggestions to help us resistant cultivars were considered the most important achieve this is most appreciated. Growers are encour- research needed by about 12% of the growers. The aged to communicate ideas to the authors. compatibility of pesticides and biological control agents was listed as the second most important area of re- \ames Boone, Michael Brownbridge, Bruce Parker, and Marga- search by 16% of the growers. ret Stunner are at the University of Vermont, Burlington;

]ames Dill is at the University of Maine in Orono, Alan Eaton

What Does the Future Hold? is at the University of New Hampshire, Durham. He can be A high proportion of the growers said a lack of knowl- reached at 603-862-1734.

IPM ACTIVITIES USED REGULARLY BY GROWERS IN 1995

IPM Activities No (% of growers) Yes (% of growers)

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THE PLANTSMAN DIAGNOSTIC UPDATE

Well, we certainly lucked out caused by botrytis. Strict sanitation, this autumn in regards to The dormant season particularly removing senescent warm temperatures and Indian is the time plant tissues can also help to re- summer. It was nice not to go duce botrytis blight. from 70 degrees to snow in to checi< one I wish all of you have a happy week (although anything is pos- woody ornamentals and plant-healthy holiday season! sible in New England, so perhaps

I should keep fingers for evidence of my crossed). If you wish to submit plant material to Things have been relatively TIP BLIGHTS and CANKERS. the UNH-PDL for diagnosis, send quiet during the last two months samples {with a check for $12.00) to-. and there have been only a few The UNH Plant Diagnostic Lab, C/O problems worthy of note from Dr. Cheryl Smith, Plant Biology De- samples submitted to the Plant new growth. Prune dead branches partment, 241 Spaulding Ha//—UNH, Diagnostic Lab. Phyllosticta needle and twigs on other trees and Durham, NH 03824. Samples should

BLIGHT was diagnosed on concolor shrubs to remove potential sources be accompanied by an identification fir. The current year's needles of infection for next spring. Wind form (available from your county Coop- breaks should also were yellowing. The infected be erected dur- erative Extension office). Cheryl Smith ing the next to needles will turn brown and cast month protect ever- is the UNH Cooperative Extension Spe-

by the time new growth begins in greens from WINTER desiccation. cialist in Plant Health, and can be

the spring. The extended cool, For turfgrasses, SNOW MOLD fun- reached at 603-862-3841. wet weather this past spring fa- gicides should have already been vored the development of this applied to those infection-prone disease. A New Guinea impatiens areas. It is still possible to get an HOW ABOUT HERBS sample tested positive for impa- application on before the ground tiens NECROTIC SPOT VIRUS (INSV). freezes and/or the first snowfall. continued from page 32 Although black ringspots and There are a few potential prob- wave-like patterns were visible on lems on greenhouse crops that we These problems, he states, rarely the leaves, the most notable should watch for during the next occur with normal dosages and one

symptom was the black, zonate several months. Root rots are a would simply stop taking it if symp- discolorations on the stem. Spring common problem occurring on a toms appeared. There seem to be infections by rhizosphaera are wide range of plant material that no other dangers associated with still causing needles to discolor includes poinsettias, geraniums, St. John's wort and, as always, care on spruces. The affected trees and bedding plants. Plants showing and moderation of use are good should be marked for fungicide symptoms of nutrient deficiency, ideas. Herbal medications can be applications in the spring. Several marginal browning of leaves, stunt- just as potent as any other. arborvitae samples were received ing, or wilt should be considered It is possible to transplant this with browned needles at the tips suspect. Remove the plants from herb to one's perennial garden, al- of the branches caused by arbor- the containers and check the roots though other hypericums are more vitae needle miner. These plants for brown or black lesions or water- suited to such a location. It can be should be targeted for insecticide soaked, mushy roots. Severely in- started from seed, cuttings, or divi-

applications next spring. fected plants should be discarded. sion done in the fall. It spreads by

The dormant season is the time The remaining plants should be runners, but is seldom invasive on to check woody ornamentals for treated with a fungicide drench. a large scale and can be controlled evidence of tip blights and can- BoTRYTis blight is another disease by pulling. The flat panicles of kers. Check junipers for tip that is prevalent on greenhouse bright yellow blossoms are attrac- blights (the base of the discol- crops during the winter months. tive throughout midsummer and the ored twig should have a slightly High relative humidity favors the dark reddish brown seed heads sunken, gray canker) and prune disease, thus techniques aimed at provide winter interest—especially out the infected twigs below the lowering humidity levels (e.g., vent- if you're growing a medicinal gar- canker. Heavily infected plants ing) and improving air circulation den. may require a fungicide applica- (e.g., plant spacing) are usually ef- Tanya ]ackson, a well-known area herb-

tion next spring to protect the fective in reducing the damage alist, can be reached at 603-431-801 1.

DECEMBER 1997 & JANUARY 1998 HOW ABOUT HERBS

St John's Wort

Tanya ]acfison

Everybody gets the blues Most Seventeenth-century herbalist |ohn alternative treatments and choose of us bounce right back, but for Coles wrote that St. John's wort fell St. John's wort as an herbal answer some, the blues become depression into a list of plants included in The to their problems. The method of and medication becomes necessary Doctrine of Signatures. According to taking the herb has also become

St. John's wort is the cure of the this doctrine, a plant's appearance easier. No time to make a tea and moment for depression, weight loss, gives clues to its medical value. sit quietly sipping it? A display at and a number of other problems. Coles, pointing out that the "little the Concord Wal-lVlart recently fea-

It's the herbal answer to Prozac and holes" (glands) of the leaves re- tured a brand name called Sun-

Fen Phen and is literally flying off sembled pores, recommended the down Herbals with a "standardized the shelves of health food stores, herb for skin problems of all sorts, extract of 0.3% Hypericin" in gelatin drug stores, and even Wal-lVlart. It's including "hurts and wounds and capsule form to "assist in mood en- the discovery of the decade— or inward bruises" It was used as hancement by promoting a calming more accurately, the rediscovery. early as the time of the Crusades and soothing sense of well-being."

What is this St |ohn's wort? Sci- to treat battle wounds, probably Two capsules taken two or three entifically known as Hypericum because of its antibacterial and as- times daily was the recommended perferatum, the plant is a hardy, but tringent properties. Other useful dose and a quality B-complex was short-lived, perennial native to Eu- products from the plant are a vola- suggested in combination with St. rope, Western Asia, and Northern tile oil, a resin, tannin and flave- lohn's wort "to promote further Africa that has become naturalized noids, and a dye. The plant has well-being." in much of North America. It grows been used to treat bedwetting and On October 18, The Portsmouth in meadows and woodlands and urinary troubles, nervous coughs, Herald carried a short item from the along roadsides. You'll find it de- gastric problems, anemia, and Associated Press telling of St. John's scribed in any wildflower book or worms. It has served as a pain wort's use as a weight loss supple- weed list. killer, sedative, and analgesic It ment. This has also caused sales Its common name honors the has even been said to help repair of the herb to soar, especially since Christian saint, St. John the Baptist damaged nerve tissues. And a num- two popular weight loss drugs were

It is said to bloom most profusely ber of herbalists have long credited recently pulled from the market. on his birthday, |une 24, although it it with inducing and increasing a The new "Herbal Phen Fuel, Diet actually blooms throughout most of sense of well-being [Rodale's I/Ims- Phen, and other Saint John's wort mid-summer. The legend goes on trated Encyclopaedia of Herbs, 1987). blends are designed to replace the to explain that the leaves bleed This ability to sooth, relax, com- now unavailable Diet Cocktail Fen- red on August 29, the day St. |ohn fort, and uplift is what brings St. Phen " According to this article, was beheaded. In maturity, the John's wort its present popularity. A many doctors are now enthusiasti- leaves do develop red spots, the tea or tisane prepared from St. cally prescribing this herbal rem- flower petals turn red when John's wort and taken in small edy. crushed, and red oil does seem to doses throughout the day is de- Is this herb as safe as it seems? ooze from the crushed plant. An ol- scribed as an effective "nerve Pharmacognosist Varro F. Tyler, PhD, ive oil extract using leaves and tonic," useful in times of anxiety, [The Honest Herbal, 1993) warns that flowers of St. John's wort soaked for depression, and unrest. It's listed people who take the herb for ex- several weeks is red in color. This as a help for insomnia in several tended periods of time should be oil, found in any health food store, references and on a number of la- aware that there is a possibility of is used to help reduce the inflam- bels. But its most popular use to- inducing photosensitivity—a condi- mation of arthritis and to induce day is as an aid to combat depres- tion in which exposure to direct healing in wounds It's also highly sion. About one person in five in sunlight could cause dermatitis, in- valued in the treatment of hemor- America suffers from depression of flammation of the mucus mem- reactions rhoids ( Varro F. Tyler, The Honest some sort and many would rather branes, and more toxic Herbal, quoting from his studies of not depend on a drug such as herbal usage in Germany). Prozac. IVlore people are looking at continued on page 31

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1619 Mam Street 20 Grandview Court 50 West Gray Road 4 Airport Parl< Boutevarc 1 Ellis Drive 2 Corporate Drive 5612 Pride Road Tewksbury. MA 01876 Chestlire, CT 06410 Gray, ME 04039 Latfiam. NY 121 10 Auburn. NY 13021 Cranbury, NJ 08512 Richmond. VA 23224 Phone 978-851-4346 Phone 203-699-0919 Phone 207-657-5442 Phone:518-786-350C Phone:315-255-1450 Phone 609-409-9399 Phone 804-233-3454 FAX 978-851-0012 FAX: 203-699-9615 FAX 207-657-5439 FAX 51B-786-3586 FAX 315-255-0580 FAX 609-409-9360 FAX 804-233-8855 Association Officers

President ROBERT DEMERS Demers Nursery and Garden Center 656 South Mammoth Road Manchester, NH 03103 437-6336 Register for the Secretafy / Treasurer CHRISTOPHER ROBARGE NHPGA/NHLA Joint Winter Meeting UNH/TSAS Horticultural Facilities Manager Durham, NH 03824 and Tliinl< Spring! 862-1074 Directors TAMMY HATHAWAY The meeting is being held on Wednesday, January 14, 61 Squamscott Road at the Old Mill Restaurant in Epsom. Stratham, NH 03885 778-3912

MID-NOVEMBER, THE PROGRAM LOOKS LIKE THIS; EIGHT O'CLOCK— ANN HILTON IN 4 Karacull Lane registration, coffee, juice, Danish, muffins; at 8:30, tfie annual business Pittsfleid, NH 03263 meeting. The first speaker, a representative from Blooms of Bressing- 435-6425.

ham, is at nine; IVIary Reynolds, NH Division of Forest and Land, will HENRY HUNTINGTON / Pleasant View Gardens 7316 Pleasant Street speak on tree-planting standards at 10; after a short break, Bill Lord, Loudon, NH 03301 fruit specialist, UNH Cooperative Extension, will discuss the use of fruits 435-8361

in the landscape. ROBERT C. RIMOL After a buffet lunch (pasta or tossed salad, sliced roast beef with 670 N. Commercial Street Manchester, NH 03 101 -1 149 sauce bordelaise, vegetable lasagna, oven-roasted potatoes, green Telephone: 603-629-9004 beans with almonds, rolls, drinks, and for dessert—cookies and brown- fax: 603-629-9023 ies) there will be brief updates on the Horticultural Endowment and GEORGE TIMM / Davis Brook Farm PO Box 476, Rte. 137 South some of Extension's activities; Stan Swier, entomology specialist, UNH Hancock, NH 03449 Cooperative Extension, will speak on biological pest controls and some 525-4728 of the new "softer" pesticides; the final speaker of the day will be land- PETER VAN BERKUM scape designer Chris Fenderson discussing the use of woody plants in 4 lames Road Deerfield, NH 03037 northern landscapes 463-7663 It sounds like a full day with some familiar faces presenting ideas TIM WOLFE / Uke Street Garden Center that can be put to practical use. (And the windows will be covered, so 37 Lake Street Salem, the slides will be seen! NH 03079 893-5858 Cost is $35 for non-members, $30 for members, $24 for each addi- Extension Liaison tional person with a member Checks (made payable to New Hampshire NANCY ADAMS Landscape Association! should be sent to Guy Hodgdon, 18 Debbie I 13 North Road Brentwood, NH 03833 Lane, Eliot, Maine 03Q03. 603-679-5616

NH PLANT GROWERS ASSOCIATION NON-PROFIT The Plantsman Editor ORGANIZATION UNH Research Greenhouses US POSTAGE PAID Durham, NH 03824 PERMIT NO. 43