Saul Perlmutter
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Is the Universe Expanding?: an Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1996 Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew David A. Vlosak Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Cosmology, Relativity, and Gravity Commons Recommended Citation Vlosak, David A., "Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew" (1996). Master's Theses. 3474. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3474 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IS THEUN IVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STAR TING ANEW by David A Vlasak A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Philosophy Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1996 IS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STARTING ANEW David A Vlasak, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1996 This study addresses the problem of how scientists ought to go about resolving the current crisis in big bang cosmology. Although this problem can be addressed by scientists themselves at the level of their own practice, this study addresses it at the meta level by using the resources offered by philosophy of science. There are two ways to resolve the current crisis. -
Saul Perlmutter Receives Nobel Prize in Physics 27 October 2011
Saul Perlmutter receives Nobel Prize in physics 27 October 2011 wonderful that the Nobel Prize is being awarded for results which reflect humanity's long quest to understand our world and how we got here. The ideas and discoveries that led to our ability to measure the expansion history of the universe have a truly international heritage, with key contributions from almost every continent and culture. And quite appropriately, our result - the acceleration of the universe - was the product of two teams of scientists from around the world. These are the kinds of discoveries that the whole world can feel a part of and celebrate, as humanity advances its knowledge of our universe." Saul Perlmutter addresses reporters and Berkeley Lab "I offer my congratulations to Dr. Perlmutter and the staff at a press conference on the morning of October 4 entire Berkeley Lab team for their extraordinary following the announcement of his Nobel Prize in contributions to science, which are being Physics. Credit: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley recognized with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics," National Laboratory said Energy Secretary Steven Chu, former director of Berkeley Lab and himself a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997. "His groundbreaking work showed us that the expansion of the universe is Saul Perlmutter, an astrophysicist at the U.S. actually speeding up rather than slowing down. Dr. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley Perlmutter's award is another reminder of the National Laboratory and a professor of physics at incredible talent and world-leading expertise the University of California at Berkeley, has won America has at our National Laboratories. -
Nobel Laureates Endorse Joe Biden
Nobel Laureates endorse Joe Biden 81 American Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine have signed this letter to express their support for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 election for President of the United States. At no time in our nation’s history has there been a greater need for our leaders to appreciate the value of science in formulating public policy. During his long record of public service, Joe Biden has consistently demonstrated his willingness to listen to experts, his understanding of the value of international collaboration in research, and his respect for the contribution that immigrants make to the intellectual life of our country. As American citizens and as scientists, we wholeheartedly endorse Joe Biden for President. Name Category Prize Year Peter Agre Chemistry 2003 Sidney Altman Chemistry 1989 Frances H. Arnold Chemistry 2018 Paul Berg Chemistry 1980 Thomas R. Cech Chemistry 1989 Martin Chalfie Chemistry 2008 Elias James Corey Chemistry 1990 Joachim Frank Chemistry 2017 Walter Gilbert Chemistry 1980 John B. Goodenough Chemistry 2019 Alan Heeger Chemistry 2000 Dudley R. Herschbach Chemistry 1986 Roald Hoffmann Chemistry 1981 Brian K. Kobilka Chemistry 2012 Roger D. Kornberg Chemistry 2006 Robert J. Lefkowitz Chemistry 2012 Roderick MacKinnon Chemistry 2003 Paul L. Modrich Chemistry 2015 William E. Moerner Chemistry 2014 Mario J. Molina Chemistry 1995 Richard R. Schrock Chemistry 2005 K. Barry Sharpless Chemistry 2001 Sir James Fraser Stoddart Chemistry 2016 M. Stanley Whittingham Chemistry 2019 James P. Allison Medicine 2018 Richard Axel Medicine 2004 David Baltimore Medicine 1975 J. Michael Bishop Medicine 1989 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Medicine 2009 Michael S. -
Luis Alvarez: the Ideas Man
CERN Courier March 2012 Commemoration Luis Alvarez: the ideas man The years from the early 1950s to the late 1980s came alive again during a symposium to commemorate the birth of one of the great scientists and inventors of the 20th century. Luis Alvarez – one of the greatest experimental physicists of the 20th century – combined the interests of a scientist, an inventor, a detective and an explorer. He left his mark on areas that ranged from radar through to cosmic rays, nuclear physics, particle accel- erators, detectors and large-scale data analysis, as well as particles and astrophysics. On 19 November, some 200 people gathered at Berkeley to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth. Alumni of the Alvarez group – among them physicists, engineers, programmers and bubble-chamber film scanners – were joined by his collaborators, family, present-day students and admirers, as well as scientists whose professional lineage traces back to him. Hosted by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and the University of California at Berkeley, the symposium reviewed his long career and lasting legacy. A recurring theme of the symposium was, as one speaker put it, a “Shakespeare-type dilemma”: how could one person have accom- plished all of that in one lifetime? Beyond his own initiatives, Alvarez created a culture around him that inspired others to, as George Smoot put it, “think big,” as well as to “think broadly and then deep” and to take risks. Combined with Alvarez’s strong scientific standards and great care in execut- ing them, these principles led directly to the awarding of two Nobel Luis Alvarez celebrating the announcement of his 1968 Nobel prizes in physics to scientists at Berkeley – George Smoot in 2006 prize. -
The Ring on the Parking Lot
The ring on the parking lot Thirty years ago, a handful of tenacious physicists put up a $5 million storage ring on a parking lot at SLAC. Shawna Williams reflects on its glorious past and its promising future. Progress in the construction of SPEAR on the parking lot in 1971 is shown in these views from 8 October (left) and 12 December. In 1972, only 20 months after its construction had finally been could be built out of SLAC's normal operating budget. agreed, the SPEAR electron-positron collider went into service on a Richter's team had hoped to build the collider in two years; they parking lot at SLAC, and by spring 1973 had started to deliver its finished four months ahead of schedule. "It certainly was the most first physics data. From its humble beginnings, the machine went on fun I'd ever had building a machine," says John Rees, one of the to revolutionize particle physics, with two of the physicists who used accelerator physicists involved. Moreover, the funding delay had it receiving Novel prizes. It also pioneered the use of synchrotron actually worked to SLAC's advantage in some ways, since they now radiation in a variety of fields in scientific research. In March this had other colliding-beam storage rings to look to. "By that time, year, technicians began upgrading SPEAR, and now only the hous we'd learned enough from other people to be able to build the best ing and control room remain of the original machine. Burt Richter, machine," explains Perl. -
The Wigglez Dark Energy Survey: Probing the Epoch of Radiation Domination Using Large-Scale Structure
MNRAS 429, 1902–1912 (2013) doi:10.1093/mnras/sts431 The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: probing the epoch of radiation domination using large-scale structure Gregory B. Poole,1,2‹ Chris Blake,1 David Parkinson,3 Sarah Brough,4 Matthew Colless,4 Carlos Contreras,1 Warrick Couch,1 Darren J. Croton,1 Scott Croom,5 Tamara Davis,3 Michael J. Drinkwater,3 Karl Forster,6 David Gilbank,7 Mike Gladders,8 Karl Glazebrook,1 Ben Jelliffe,5 Russell J. Jurek,9 I-hui Li,10 Barry Madore,11 D. Christopher Martin,6 Kevin Pimbblet,12 Michael Pracy,1,13 4,13 1,14 15 Rob Sharp, Emily Wisnioski, David Woods, Downloaded from Ted K. Wyder6 and H. K. C. Yee10 1Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia 2School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parksville, VIC 3010, Australia 3School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 4Australian Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 915, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/ 5Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 6California Institute of Technology, MC 278-17, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 7South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa 8Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 9Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia 10Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, -
Gerson Goldhaber 1924–2010
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GERSON GOLDHABER 1 9 2 4 – 2 0 1 0 A Biographical Memoir by G EOR G E H. TRILLING Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 2010 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON, D.C. GERSON GOLDHABER February 20, 1924–July 19, 2010 BY GEOR G E H . TRILLING ERSON GOLDHABER, WHOSE “NOSE FOR DISCOVERY” led to Gremarkable research achievements that included leader- ship roles in the first observations of antiproton annihilation, and the discoveries of charm hadrons and the acceleration of the universe’s expansion, died at his Berkeley home on July 19, 2010, after a long bout with pneumonia. He was 86. His father, originally Chaim Shaia Goldhaber but later known as Charles Goldhaber, was born in 1884 in what is now Ukraine. He left school at age 14, and was entirely self- educated after that. He traveled (mostly on foot) through Europe and in 1900 ended up on a ship bound for East Africa. Getting off in Egypt, he developed an interest in archeology, and eventually became a tour guide at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. He returned from Egypt to his parents’ home in Ukraine every Passover, and, in 1909, married there. His wife, Ethel Goldhaber, bore three children (Leo, Maurice, and Fredrika, always known as Friedl) in 1910, 1911, and 1912, respectively. After the end of World War I, the family moved to Chemnitz, Germany, where they operated a silk factory business, and where Gerson was born on February 20, 1924. -
Einstein's Wrong
Einstein’s wrong way: from STR to GTR Adrian Ferent I discovered a new Gravitation theory which breaks the wall of Planck scale! Abstract My Nobel Prize - Discoveries “Starting from STR, it is not possible to find a Quantum Gravity theory” Adrian Ferent “Einstein was on the wrong way: from STR to GTR” Adrian Ferent “Starting from STR, Einstein was not able to explain Gravitation” Adrian Ferent “Starting from STR, Einstein was not able to explain Gravitation, he calculated Gravitation” Adrian Ferent “Einstein's equivalence principle is wrong because the gravitational force experienced locally is caused by a negative energy, gravitons energy and the force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (accelerated) frame of reference is caused by a positive energy.” Adrian Ferent “Because Einstein's equivalence principle is wrong, Einstein’s gravitation theory is wrong.” Adrian Ferent “Because Einstein’s gravitation theory is wrong, LQG, String theory… are wrong theories” Adrian Ferent “Einstein bent the space, Ferent unbent the space” Adrian Ferent 1 “Einstein bent the time, Ferent unbent the time” Adrian Ferent “I am the first who Quantized the Gravitational Field!” Adrian Ferent “I quantized the gravitational field with gravitons” Adrian Ferent “Gravitational field is a discrete function” Adrian Ferent “Gravitational waves are carried by gravitons” Adrian Ferent In STR and GTR there are continuous functions. This is another proof that LIGO is a fraud. The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded for a project, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) not for a scientific discovery; they did not detect anything because Einstein’s gravitational waves do not exist. -
Part I Officers in Institutions Placed Under the Supervision of the General Board
2 OFFICERS NUMBER–MICHAELMAS TERM 2009 [SPECIAL NO.7 PART I Chancellor: H.R.H. The Prince PHILIP, Duke of Edinburgh, T Vice-Chancellor: 2003, Prof. ALISON FETTES RICHARD, N, 2010 Deputy Vice-Chancellors for 2009–2010: Dame SANDRA DAWSON, SID,ATHENE DONALD, R,GORDON JOHNSON, W,STUART LAING, CC,DAVID DUNCAN ROBINSON, M,JEREMY KEITH MORRIS SANDERS, SE, SARAH LAETITIA SQUIRE, HH, the Pro-Vice-Chancellors Pro-Vice-Chancellors: 2004, ANDREW DAVID CLIFF, CHR, 31 Dec. 2009 2004, IAN MALCOLM LESLIE, CHR, 31 Dec. 2009 2008, JOHN MARTIN RALLISON, T, 30 Sept. 2011 2004, KATHARINE BRIDGET PRETTY, HO, 31 Dec. 2009 2009, STEPHEN JOHN YOUNG, EM, 31 July 2012 High Steward: 2001, Dame BRIDGET OGILVIE, G Deputy High Steward: 2009, ANNE MARY LONSDALE, NH Commissary: 2002, The Rt Hon. Lord MACKAY OF CLASHFERN, T Proctors for 2009–2010: JEREMY LLOYD CADDICK, EM LINDSAY ANNE YATES, JN Deputy Proctors for MARGARET ANN GUITE, G 2009–2010: PAUL DUNCAN BEATTIE, CC Orator: 2008, RUPERT THOMPSON, SE Registrary: 2007, JONATHAN WILLIAM NICHOLLS, EM Librarian: 2009, ANNE JARVIS, W Acting Deputy Librarian: 2009, SUSANNE MEHRER Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum and Marlay Curator: 2008, TIMOTHY FAULKNER POTTS, CL Director of Development and Alumni Relations: 2002, PETER LAWSON AGAR, SE Esquire Bedells: 2003, NICOLA HARDY, JE 2009, ROGER DERRICK GREEVES, CL University Advocate: 2004, PHILIPPA JANE ROGERSON, CAI, 2010 Deputy University Advocates: 2007, ROSAMUND ELLEN THORNTON, EM, 2010 2006, CHRISTOPHER FORBES FORSYTH, R, 2010 OFFICERS IN INSTITUTIONS PLACED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE GENERAL BOARD PROFESSORS Accounting 2003 GEOFFREY MEEKS, DAR Active Tectonics 2002 JAMES ANTHONY JACKSON, Q Aeronautical Engineering, Francis Mond 1996 WILLIAM NICHOLAS DAWES, CHU Aerothermal Technology 2000 HOWARD PETER HODSON, G Algebra 2003 JAN SAXL, CAI Algebraic Geometry (2000) 2000 NICHOLAS IAN SHEPHERD-BARRON, T Algebraic Geometry (2001) 2001 PELHAM MARK HEDLEY WILSON, T American History, Paul Mellon 1992 ANTHONY JOHN BADGER, CL American History and Institutions, Pitt 2009 NANCY A. -
The Wigglez Dark Energy Survey
The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey Chris Blake (Swinburne University) Sarah Brough, Warrick Couch, Karl Glazebrook, Greg Poole (Swinburne University); Tamara Davis, Michael Drinkwater, Russell Jurek, Kevin Pimbblet (Uni. of Queensland); Matthew Colless, Rob Sharp (Anglo-Australian Observatory); Scott Croom (University of Sydney); Michael Pracy (Australian National University); David Woods (University of New South Wales); Barry Madore (OCIW); Chris Martin, Ted Wyder (Caltech) Abstract: The accelerating expansion rate of the Universe, attributed to “dark energy”, has no accepted theoretical explanation. The origin of this phenomenon unambiguously implicates new physics via a novel form of matter exerting neg- ative pressure or an alteration to Einstein’s General Relativity. These profound consequences have inspired a new generation of cosmological surveys which will measure the influence of dark energy using various techniques. One of the forerun- ners is the WiggleZ Survey at the Anglo-Australian Telescope, a new large-scale high-redshift galaxy survey which is now 50% complete and scheduled to finish in 2010. The WiggleZ project is aiming to map the cosmic expansion history using delicate features in the galaxy clustering pattern imprinted 13.7 billion years ago. In this article we outline the survey design and context, and predict the likely science highlights. Figure 1: Caption: The distribution of galaxies currently observed in the three WiggleZ Survey fields located near the Northern Galactic Pole. The observer is situated at the origin of the co-ordinate system. The radial distance of each galaxy from the origin indicates the observed redshift, and the polar angle indicates the galaxy right ascension. The faint patterns of galaxy clustering are visible in each field. -
Neutrino Cosmology and Large Scale Structure
Neutrino cosmology and large scale structure Christiane Stefanie Lorenz Pembroke College and Sub-Department of Astrophysics University of Oxford A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Trinity 2019 Neutrino cosmology and large scale structure Christiane Stefanie Lorenz Pembroke College and Sub-Department of Astrophysics University of Oxford A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Trinity 2019 The topic of this thesis is neutrino cosmology and large scale structure. First, we introduce the concepts needed for the presentation in the following chapters. We describe the role that neutrinos play in particle physics and cosmology, and the current status of the field. We also explain the cosmological observations that are commonly used to measure properties of neutrino particles. Next, we present studies of the model-dependence of cosmological neutrino mass constraints. In particular, we focus on two phenomenological parameterisations of time-varying dark energy (early dark energy and barotropic dark energy) that can exhibit degeneracies with the cosmic neutrino background over extended periods of cosmic time. We show how the combination of multiple probes across cosmic time can help to distinguish between the two components. Moreover, we discuss how neutrino mass constraints can change when neutrino masses are generated late in the Universe, and how current tensions between low- and high-redshift cosmological data might be affected from this. Then we discuss whether lensing magnification and other relativistic effects that affect the galaxy distribution contain additional information about dark energy and neutrino parameters, and how much parameter constraints can be biased when these effects are neglected. -
Nobel Lecture: Accelerating Expansion of the Universe Through Observations of Distant Supernovae*
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 84, JULY–SEPTEMBER 2012 Nobel Lecture: Accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae* Brian P. Schmidt (published 13 August 2012) DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1151 This is not just a narrative of my own scientific journey, but constant, and suggested that Hubble’s data and Slipher’s also my view of the journey made by cosmology over the data supported this conclusion (Lemaˆitre, 1927). His work, course of the 20th century that has lead to the discovery of the published in a Belgium journal, was not initially widely read, accelerating Universe. It is complete from the perspective of but it did not escape the attention of Einstein who saw the the activities and history that affected me, but I have not tried work at a conference in 1927, and commented to Lemaˆitre, to make it an unbiased account of activities that occurred ‘‘Your calculations are correct, but your grasp of physics is around the world. abominable.’’ (Gaither and Cavazos-Gaither, 2008). 20th Century Cosmological Models: In 1907 Einstein had In 1928, Robertson, at Caltech (just down the road from what he called the ‘‘wonderful thought’’ that inertial accel- Edwin Hubble’s office at the Carnegie Observatories), pre- eration and gravitational acceleration were equivalent. It took dicted the Hubble law, and claimed to see it when he com- Einstein more than 8 years to bring this thought to its fruition, pared Slipher’s redshift versus Hubble’s galaxy brightness his theory of general Relativity (Norton and Norton, 1984)in measurements, but this observation was not substantiated November, 1915.