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Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Development

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Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Development COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN PLANNING IN SOUTH KOREA By TAE BYUNG KIM A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Urban and Regional Studies Birmingham Business School The University of Birmingham June 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Over the past few decades, world population growth, economic development and rapid urbanisation have caused environmental degradation and social problems. The concept of ‘sustainable development’ has emerged as an approach to dealing with these issues. ‘Collaborative governance’ is seen by many scholars as a means of implementing the goals of sustainable development and of integrating diverse interests and perspectives in contemporary society. This thesis examines the relationship between sustainable development and collaborative governance in urban planning in South Korea. There are four main research questions: What are the key elements of collaborative governance in urban planning? How does collaborative governance contribute to sustainable development? What role is played by government in working towards sustainable development in a collaborative governance era? What is needed for enhancing the quality of future collaborative governance? The questions are examined through two case studies of urban planning in South Korea: in the Si-hwa case study, the emphasis is on the topic of conflict mediation; and in the Buk-Gu case study, it is on the topic of collaborative policy-making. Through a review of the literature and two case studies, the thesis shows that the characteristics of urban planning in South Korea correspond to the general features of collaborative governance identified in the literature, and that collaborative governance is an effective system for implementing the principles of sustainable development. It concludes that a collaborative governance system will evolve towards sustainable development, compensating for any initial weakness in the process, provided that all stakeholders, particularly residents and government, continue to develop their institutional capacity over time. i DEDICATION I DEDICATE THIS THESIS TO MY BELOVED FAMILY MY WIFE, SO-YOUNG PARK, WHO GAVE ME HER LOVING SUPPORT AND PUT HER LIFE ON HOLD FOR THREE YEARS MY SON, JUN-BEOM KIM AND DAUGHTER, YE-JU KIM, WHO REPRESENT A GOOD FAMILY AND A BETTER LIFE MY PARENTS, YOUNG-HO KIM AND SOON-DEOK HWANG, WHO GAVE ME LIFE AND ENDURING LOVE MY PARENTS-IN-LAW, JEONG-RYUL PARK AND SHIN-IM LEE, WHO GAVE ME THE MOST SPECIAL PERSON IN MY LIFE AND THIS THESIS IS ALSO DEDICATED IN LOVING MEMORY TO MY SISTER-IN-LAW, DR JI-YOUNG PARK ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have completed my PhD thesis successfully without the support of many people and organisations in England and South Korea. Along with my family, I would like to dedicate this thesis to Chris Watson, my supervisor. Without his outstanding support, I would still be trying to obtain my PhD degree. His invaluable comments and kind remarks on my research have always helped me overcome obstacles. Beside my family and supervisor, I would like to thank four special people: Dr Young- jin Ham, Dr In-cheol Cho, Dr Hyoung-seok Kang, Prof Soon-chang So, who were with me during my studies and contributed greatly to enabling me to complete this thesis. I also thank all my friends and colleagues who were with me in England. I especially want to show my gratitude to Kyung-wook Kim, Heung-jin Kim, Hong-mok Kim, Dr Yong-wook Lee, Dr Byung-woo Gil, Dr Myung-sup Lee and Dr Cheol-eon Lim. I would like to thank staff and colleagues at CURS for helping the research go well: Dr Michael Beazley, Dr Austin Barber, Dr Caroline Chapain, Dr Ricky Joseph, Prof David Mullins, Ms. Pat Niner and others. In addition, I won’t forget Helen Hancock, who gave me plenty of suggestions on the language in my thesis. I would also like to thank the interviewees and organisations who gave me their cooperation in Si-hwa and Buk-Gu. Finally, I would like to thank the Korean government which supported my research. In particular, I am thankful to all people of the MLTM who encouraged me to complete this thesis. I also give thanks to all the Korean families at Saint Columban Church and Father Joseph Flanagan who celebrated my family in their prayers on Sunday. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Research Questions ....................................................... 3 1.3 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 7 1.4 The Layout of the Thesis ....................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .............................................. 11 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 11 2.2 The Concept of Sustainable Development ........................................................... 14 2.2.1 The Evolution of the Concept of Sustainable Development ................................... 14 2.2.2 The Definition of Sustainable Development ........................................................... 17 2.2.3 Three Perspectives of Sustainable Development .................................................... 20 2.3 National Strategies and Global Partnership ......................................................... 25 2.3.1 National Sustainable Development Strategies ........................................................ 25 iv 2.3.2 Differences and Limitations in National Sustainable Development Strategies ...... 32 2.3.3 Global Partnership for Sustainable Development ................................................... 33 2.4 The Principles of Sustainable Development ........................................................ 34 2.4.1 The Conservation of the Environment .................................................................... 36 2.4.2 The Pursuit of Sustainable Economic Growth ........................................................ 37 2.4.3 The Achievement of Equity .................................................................................... 38 2.4.4 Improving the Quality of Life ................................................................................. 39 2.4.5 The Enhancement of Participatory Democracy ...................................................... 40 2.4.6 A Long-term Vision based on a Holistic Outlook .................................................. 41 2.5 How to Implement the Principles of Sustainable Development .......................... 42 2.5.1 Governance for Sustainable Development .............................................................. 42 2.5.2 Planning for Sustainable Development ................................................................... 44 2.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3 COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE .......................................... 47 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Governance .......................................................................................................... 48 3.2.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 48 3.2.2 The Definition and Uses of Governance ................................................................. 50 3.2.3 Core Factors: Legitimacy, Efficiency, Democracy and Accountability ................. 53 3.2.4 Negative Influences of Governance ........................................................................ 57 3.3 Collaborative Governance ................................................................................... 59 3.3.1 The Concept of Collaborative Governance
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