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From the Diaries of Prince Maximilian of Wied

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Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: A Journey Through the Nebraska Region in 1833 and 1834: From the Diaries of Prince Maximilian of Wied Full Citation: William J Orr, trans, William J Orr and Joseph C Porter, eds, “A Journey Through the Nebraska Region in 1833 and 1834: From the Diaries of Prince Maximilian of Wied,” Nebraska History 64 (1983): 325-453 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1983Maximilian.pdf Date: 4/25/2014 Article Summary: Prince Maximilian was an explorer, naturalist, and ethnographer. His diaries constitute one of the earliest records of the flora and fauna of the Upper Missouri. Artist Karl Bodmer, another member of the expedition, created paintings and drawings that stand as definitive images of the Plains Indian frontier. Cataloging Information: Names: Prince Maximilian of Wied, Karl Bodmer, H Evans Clark, Reuben Gold Thwaites, John Dougherty, Joseph Roubidoux (Robidoux), John F A Sanford, Kenneth McKenzie (Mackenzie), Lucien Fontenelle, Wylie Martin, Joshua Pilcher, John (Jean) Cabanné Sr, Pierre Chouteau, Jonathan L Bean Place Names: Cantonment Leavenworth, Kansas; Blacksnake Hills, Missouri; Nodaway Slough, Missouri; Fort Clark, North Dakota Keywords: Prince Maximilian of Wied, Karl Bodmer, Travels in the Interior of North America, Yellow Stone, Assiniboine, Omahas, Mandan, Hidatsa Photographs / Images: No 1. Prince Maximilian of Wied No 2. Prince Maximilian and the Botocudo Quäck No 3. portrait of Karl Bodmer (Jean François Millet) No 4. Monument to Prince Maximilian erected in 1933 at Mount Vernon Gardens No 14. “Ong-Pa-Ton-Ga or The Big Elk, Chief of the Omahas” (Charles Bird King) Karl Bodmer Illustrations: “The Travellers Meeting with Minatarre Indians” No 5. “The Blacksnake Hills on the Missouri with Roubidoux’s House, April 24, 1833” Drawing A. April 24, 1833 No 6. “Snags in the Missouri River, April 25, 1883” No 7. “Missouri River—Nodaway Island, April 25, 1833” Drawings B & C. April 29, 1883 No 8. “Missouri River Below Mouth of the Platte, May 3, 1833” No 9. “Bellevue Agency Post of Major Dougherty, May 1833” No 10. “Two Omaha Indians” Drawings D & E. May 4, 1833 No 11. “Omaha Child at the Middle Missouri, Summer 1833” Drawing F. May 5, 1833 Drawings G & H. May 7, 1833 No 12. “View of the Missouri, with Blackbird’s Grave in the Distance” No 13. “Washinga Sahba’s Grave on Blackbird’s Hills” No 15. “Mouth of the Big Sioux River, May 8, 1833” Drawing I. May 9, 1833 Drawing J. May 10, 1833 Drawing K. May 11, 1833 No 16 “Schuh-de-ga-che (Smoker), Chief of the Ponca Indians, May 12, 1833” No 17. “Passitopa, Brother of the Chief of the Ponca Indians, May 12, 1833” No 18. “A Young Ponca Indian (Ho-Ta-Mek)” No 19. “Two Ponca Indians” Drawing L. May 12, 1833 Drawings M & N. May 13, 1833 No 20. “Village of the Ponca Indians” No 21. “Bivouac on the Missouri, 1834” No 22. “Omaha Indian at Pilcher’s Trading Post, May 12, 1834” No 23. “Oto Indian at Pilcher’s Trading Post, May 12, 1834” No 24. “Mahinkacha (Maker of Knives) a Missouri Indian, May 16, 1834” Karl Bodmer, The Travellers Meeting with Minatarre Indians, aquatint. Of the three white men, Maximilian is the shortest, and Karl Bodmer the tallest figure. David Dreidoppel is partially hidden between them. A Journey Through the Nebraska Region in 1833 and 1834: From the Diaries of Prince Maximilian of Wied Translated by William ]. Orr Edited by William]. Orr and Joseph C. Porter INTRODUCTION One hundred and fifty years ago a curious group of three Central Europeans, booked on the steamboat Yellowstone, made their way up the usually sluggish, but sometimes treacherous Missouri River, traversing the eastern boundary of what is now Nebraska. At their head was a short, bustling figure of fifty, attired in much the same green, distinctively German hunting garb worn during his ceaseless forays in the forests along the Rhine. This was Prince Maximilian of Wied who was traveling under the pseudonym, Baron Braunsberg, to avoid attracting unwanted attention to his august station. Already renowned as an explorer of Brazil, admired for his diligent collection of tropic fauna and penetratin~ observa­ tions of the region's tribes, the Prince now hoped to\duplicate his achievement on the far different, but no less challenging, terrain of the western prairie. Accompanying him was his re­ tainer, a' skillful huntsman and expert taxidermist, David Dreidoppel, whose deftness in stalking and luring game and whose deadly aim would soon gain this odd-soundi11g foreigner the respect of the most seasoned fur-trappers and hardened warriors. Undoubtedly, the most handsome figure of the three was a young Swiss artist, Karl Bodmer, who was attired in an elegant manner unfamiliar to these rough regions and who sometimes even sported a parasol. Already he had painted several delicately lovely watercolors of the lush landscapes of eastern America and was about to commence an equally stun- 326 Nebraska History ning series of Indian portraits, the marvel of his compatriots, both white and Indian, and a source of continual wonder and admiration many decades hence. ~I A meticulous observer, Maximilian chronicled the entire ex­ pedition in his voluminous diaries, which are one of the earliest records of the Upper Missouri region and of Nebraska. And though his travels are less well-known to scholars and to the general public than those of Lewis and Clark, Brackenridge, Long, Bradbury, and Catlin, Maximilian's findings are no less important. Prince Maximilian of Wied was born on September 23, 1782, at the ancestral palace of Neuwied, not far from Koblenz at the junction of the Rhine and Moselle Rivers.l At this time the prince of Wied was only one of over 300 rulers and independent aristocrats in a then disunited Germany. Later, during the wars of the French Revolution, the prin­ cipality was annexed by one of France's German satellites and then, after 1815, incorporated into Prussia. As the eighth child in a family of ten, with several elder brothers, young Max­ imilian had no prospect of ever heading the family estate. As a Protestant, the Prince likewise could not look forward to the kind of prestigious ecclesiastical career open to younger sons of the aristocracy in Catholic Europe. Very early his interests and education turned to the study of natural history, which aristocratic leisure and family wealth provided ample oppor­ tunity to pursue. Of his youth and education little is known. Apparently he briefly attended in 1800 and 1801 the University of G8ttingen, where he studied under the celebrated Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), a founder of physical anthropology, who, of all his teachers, exercised the most unmistakable in­ fluence. In 1802 the Prince entered the Prussian military, and in 1806 was captured by the French shortly after Prussia's catastrophic defeat at Auerstedt. Upon his release Maximilian resumed on his own initiative the study of natural history. Though surviving biographical documentation for this period is scanty, it is nonetheless clear that he had already become a passionate student of natural history and restless collector, whose specimens would eventually comprise thousands of birds, reptiles, and mammals from all over the world. In mid-1811 Maximilian resumed studies at Gbttingen. At No. 1. Prince Maximilian of Wied as an officer during the Napoleonic Wars. Photo from oil painting, Schloss Neuwied. 1 j 328 Nebraska History this time, too, he apparently first began to ponder seriously a voyage to distant lands, perhaps to North America.2 Napoleon's debacle in Russia and the ensuing outbreak of the "Wars of Liberation" in Germany interrupted his plans. In 1813 he re-enlisted in Prussian service, attaining the rank of major in the Third Brandenburg Hussar Regiment. During the allied invasion of France in 1814, he was involved in various battles and also earned an Iron Cross. Yet even in the midst of this exhausting campaign with its carnage, he found a few moments when he could desist from pursuing the retreating French and turn instead to reptiles which he pickled in brandy and transported on horseback. 3 Following a triumphal entry into Paris, he befriended Alexander von Humboldt, and evidently it was the example of this celebrated explorer of Spanish America that persuaded the young Prince of Wied to direct his sights to Brazil rather than North America, the goal of earlier plans for travel in the New World. In June, 1815, accompanied by Dreidoppel and his gardener Simonis, he set sail from England, arriving at Rio de Janeiro two months later. In Brazil, as during his later expedition to North America, the Prince showed little interest in the politics or the social institutions of the lands he visited; his primary purpose was to assemble as many plant and animal specimens as possible, both for study and to augment his growing collec­ tions, and then to observe the region's Indian tribes. Accom­ panied by his two countrymen, the ornithologist, Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss, and the botanist, Friedrich Sellow; his re­ tainers; and a retinue of Portuguese huntsmen, guides, inter­ preters, and pack carriers, Maximilian plunged into the par­ tially explored tropical hinterlands of eastern Brazil.
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