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The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden Exhibition Leiden University Library, 19 September 2016 Anton van der Lem & Robert Stein 2018 ________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................... 4 1. Burgundy and unity? ..................................................................................... 6 2. Regional traditions ...................................................................................... 16 3. Representing Burgundy ............................................................................... 30 4. Huizinga and the Waning of the Middle Ages ............................................. 38 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 45 Colophon ......................................................................................................... 49 Introduction At the end of his long reign, duke Philip the Good (r. 1419-1467) could look back with satisfaction at the previous century. From 1363 onwards, his grandfather Philip the Bold, his father John the Fearless and he himself had gathered together an impressive number of principalities out of next to nothing. The Burgundian union is often indicated as a state, ‘l’état Bourguignon’, and that is how the dukes themselves considered it, but on closer examination, it was more a composite monarchy. The Burgundian dynasty formed the only binding factor between duchies and counties with a completely different constitution, that expressed itself in political institutions, attitude, cultural heritage and especially historical traditions. This exhibition — which accompanies the 54th meeting of the Centre Européen d’Études Bourguignonnes, held in Leiden University Library on 19 and 20 September 2013 — aims at showing the field of tension between center and periphery: between the dukes and their court on the one hand, and the different principalities on the other, as it was laid down in manuscripts, in prints and in maps selected from Leiden’s Special Collections. The final section of this exhibition is devoted to Johan Huizinga, who wrote his famous Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (Waning of the Middle Ages) during his Leiden professorship (published 1919). The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Introduction The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Introduction 1. Burgundy and unity? The historiography that developed at the Burgundian court was not characterized by the long genealogical lines that were typical for the regional historiography (see the second part of this exhibition). As younger branch of the French royal house, the dukes were newcomers to the world of the princes. Even if they treasured their descent from Saint Louis (see 1.1), they had to conquer their own place in history and historiography. They did so with conviction. The Chroniques of Jean Froissart (1.2) formed a basis that could be exploited and continued, stressing the magnificence, wealth and military power of the individual dukes. In this way a new type of historiography came into being, not so much a Vergangenheitsgeschichte, as the creation of a new myth. In 1455, Philip the Good appointed Georges Chastellain as his indiciaire. a professional historiographer, whose task was to emphasize the high deeds of the dukes. Aside from the historiography, closely related to the Burgundian dynasty, this part of the exposition shows us the Speculum historiale (1.4) – here in French translation – a work that would become the virtual goldmine of the regional historiography of the Low Countries. A last work, the Fasciculus temporum (1.5), is more or less an oddity, as it shows not the history of one dynasty, but of a series of genealogical lines of principalities in de Low Countries – and elsewhere. The work may be odd, but apparently the Utrecht printer Jan Veldener saw a market for it. It shows that around 1480, there existed an awareness of the mosaic character of the Low Countries. The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.1 | The Psalter of Saint Louis. [BPL 76 A] In his The Waning of the Middle Ages, Huizinga mentioned the Psalter from which Saint Louis learned as a child, being kept by the Burgundian princes as a curiosity, together with some swords of heroic warriors and the tooth of a sizeable boar. In a footnote he added that during the Austrian War of Succession it came into the hands of Jan van den Berg, who was also curator of Leiden University Library. He granted the manuscript to the library. A medieval annotation in the manuscript reads: Cist psaultiers fuit mon seigneur saint Looys qui fu Roys de France. Ou quel il aprist en senfance (= This psalter belonged to my lord Saint Louis, who was king of France. From which he learned in his youth).The manuscript was probably ordered by Geoffrey Plantagenet, archbishop of York (1191-1212). Soon it came into the hands of the French royal family, when Philip II August supported English barons to invade the kingdom of John Lackland. Huizinga 1919, 109. The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.2 | Froissart, Chroniques. [VGG F 9: 2] Jean Froissart (c. 1337-1404), was born in Valenciennes in Hainault. He is considered the most important chronicler of the late Middle Ages. With his Chroniques he aimed to write an impartial account on things happening in his time, especially with regard to the Hundred Years’ War. The Chroniques covered the years 1327-1400. To quote Peter Ainsworth: ‘Froisart may not always have achieved his goal of impartial, comprehensive and accurate reporting of the conflict, but the Chronicles are a masterpiece of later medieval French prose’. In its own time, the Chroniques were a very popular account. Nearly 160 manuscripts are handed down. They were also well known at the Burgundian court: Charles the Bold possessed no less than seven copies, and several Burgundian courtiers and noblemen possessed a copy as well. This manuscript dates from the early fifteenth century. Chapter 28 of the first book is on display. Ainsworth 2010, 643-645; Croenen 2010a, 645-650; Gumbert 1994, 37; Small 2009, 15, 37. The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.3 | Monstrelet, Chroniques. [VGG F 2] Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1390-1453) served the high nobleman Jean de Luxembourg in the southern Low Countries. His Chroniques were meant as a continuation of Froissart’s chronicle. It treats the history of the years 1400-1444 and was, in its time, considered to be very reliable. Later, a continuation was made, that ends with the death of Philip the Good in 1467. It served as a model for later historians. Nowadays the clear pro-Burgundian bias is obvious. Probably Monstrelet wrote his Chroniques on his own initiative, but in 1447 he offered Philip the Good a copy. Some fifty manuscripts are known, that contain (parts of) the Chroniques, and various printed editions. The work was especially popular in the years 1470-1520. The Leiden manuscript was made in c. 1495 for Engelbert II of Nassau (1451-1504). The miniature on display shows the murder of John the Fearless on the bridge at Montereau (10 September 1419). It was painted by the Master of the Prayerbooks of around 1500. Gumbert 1994, 36; Wijsman 2010; Wijsman 2011. The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.4 | Speculum historiale. [VGG F 3 A] The dominican Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190-1264) offered in his Speculum historiale a huge work of history, that turned out to be the content for many regional works of history in the Low Countries. He started to compose his book around 1235. In 1246 the French king Louis XI became involved as a patron. The Speculum major forms a tremendous compilation of all available knowledge in three volumes: the Speculum naturale, the Speculum doctrinale and the Speculum historiale. The last work deals with the history from the creation of the world to Vincentius’ own time in no less than 31 books and 3743 chapters. For later historians Vincentius’ work formed an inexhaustible goldmine. Its popularity is otherwise underlined by the fact that no less than 220 manuscripts are handed down. In the Netherlands Jacob van Maerlant made a translation of the Speculum. Other chronicles, like the Rijmkroniek van Holland, the Brabantsche Yeesten, the Chronographia of Johannes de Beke, the Flandria generosa and the Annales Hannoniae are leaning heavily on Vincentius’ work. The text in this manuscript regards the translation made by Jean de Vignay around 1333 for queen Johanna of Burgundy. The Leiden manuscripts was made in Paris, shortly after 1332. It was probably ordered by John, duke of Normandy – later King John II of France – father of Philip the Bold. John’s signature is in the manuscript. Later it was owned by king Charles V and king Charles VI. The miniature on display shows how the Holy Virgin is calming a storm (f. 334r). Brun 2010; Rech 2010; Taraye 1999, 10-11. The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.5 | Fasciculus temporum. [1369 C 11] The Fasciculus temporum is a beautifully illustrated chronicle of the history of the world, presenting both temporal and church history since the Creation. It is a translation of the Latin chronicle of the same title, written by the learned Carthusian Werner Rolevinck from Cologne (1425-1502). The Louvain printer Johan Veldener produced the earliest edition of the text in the Dutch vernacular. Translations into French and German followed later. Before 1500 over thirty editions were published all over Europe. When opening Veldener’s Fasciculus temporum, the remarkable design is striking. The main text contains the continuing story of the history of the world. The text is surrounded by two separate timetables (one from the Creation onwards – anno mundi – and one related to the birth of Christ). Above and beneath these timetables there are blocks with separate information.
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