The Waning of the Middle Ages in

Exhibition Library, 19 September 2016 Anton van der Lem & Robert Stein

2018

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CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 4 1. Burgundy and unity? ...... 6 2. Regional traditions ...... 16 3. Representing Burgundy ...... 30 4. Huizinga and the Waning of the Middle Ages ...... 38 Bibliography ...... 45 Colophon ...... 49

Introduction

At the end of his long reign, duke Philip the Good (r. 1419-1467) could look back with satisfaction at the previous century. From 1363 onwards, his grandfather Philip the Bold, his father John the Fearless and he himself had gathered together an impressive number of principalities out of next to nothing. The Burgundian union is often indicated as a state, ‘l’état Bourguignon’, and that is how the dukes themselves considered it, but on closer examination, it was more a composite monarchy. The Burgundian dynasty formed the only binding factor between duchies and counties with a completely different constitution, that expressed itself in political institutions, attitude, cultural heritage and especially historical traditions. This exhibition — which accompanies the 54th meeting of the Centre Européen d’Études Bourguignonnes, held in Leiden University Library on 19 and 20 September 2013 — aims at showing the field of tension between center and periphery: between the dukes and their court on the one hand, and the different principalities on the other, as it was laid down in manuscripts, in prints and in maps selected from Leiden’s Special Collections. The final section of this exhibition is devoted to Johan Huizinga, who wrote his famous Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (Waning of the Middle Ages) during his Leiden professorship (published 1919).

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Introduction

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Introduction 1. Burgundy and unity?

The historiography that developed at the Burgundian court was not characterized by the long genealogical lines that were typical for the regional historiography (see the second part of this exhibition). As younger branch of the French royal house, the dukes were newcomers to the world of the princes. Even if they treasured their descent from Saint Louis (see 1.1), they had to conquer their own place in history and historiography. They did so with conviction. The Chroniques of Jean Froissart (1.2) formed a basis that could be exploited and continued, stressing the magnificence, wealth and military power of the individual dukes. In this way a new type of historiography came into being, not so much a Vergangenheitsgeschichte, as the creation of a new myth. In 1455, Philip the Good appointed Georges Chastellain as his indiciaire. a professional historiographer, whose task was to emphasize the high deeds of the dukes. Aside from the historiography, closely related to the Burgundian dynasty, this part of the exposition shows us the Speculum historiale (1.4) – here in French translation – a work that would become the virtual goldmine of the regional historiography of the Low Countries. A last work, the Fasciculus temporum (1.5), is more or less an oddity, as it shows not the history of one dynasty, but of a series of genealogical lines of principalities in de Low Countries – and elsewhere. The work may be odd, but apparently the Utrecht printer Jan Veldener saw a market for it. It shows that around 1480, there existed an awareness of the mosaic character of the Low Countries.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity?

1.1 | The Psalter of Saint Louis. [BPL 76 A]

In his The Waning of the Middle Ages, Huizinga mentioned the Psalter from which Saint Louis learned as a child, being kept by the Burgundian princes as a curiosity, together with some swords of heroic warriors and the tooth of a sizeable boar. In a footnote he added that during the Austrian War of Succession it came into the hands of Jan van den Berg, who was also curator of Leiden University Library. He granted the manuscript to the library. A medieval annotation in the manuscript reads: Cist psaultiers fuit mon seigneur saint Looys qui fu Roys de France. Ou quel il aprist en senfance (= This psalter belonged to my lord Saint Louis, who was king of France. From which he learned in his youth).The manuscript was probably ordered by Geoffrey Plantagenet, archbishop of York (1191-1212). Soon it came into the hands of the French royal family, when Philip II August supported English barons to invade the kingdom of John Lackland.

Huizinga 1919, 109.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity?

1.2 | Froissart, Chroniques. [VGG F 9: 2]

Jean Froissart (c. 1337-1404), was born in Valenciennes in Hainault. He is considered the most important chronicler of the late Middle Ages. With his Chroniques he aimed to write an impartial account on things happening in his time, especially with regard to the Hundred Years’ War. The Chroniques covered the years 1327-1400. To quote Peter Ainsworth: ‘Froisart may not always have achieved his goal of impartial, comprehensive and accurate reporting of the conflict, but the Chronicles are a masterpiece of later medieval French prose’. In its own time, the Chroniques were a very popular account. Nearly 160 manuscripts are handed down. They were also well known at the Burgundian court: possessed no less than seven copies, and several Burgundian courtiers and noblemen possessed a copy as well. This manuscript dates from the early fifteenth century. Chapter 28 of the first book is on display.

Ainsworth 2010, 643-645; Croenen 2010a, 645-650; Gumbert 1994, 37; Small 2009, 15, 37.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity?

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.3 | Monstrelet, Chroniques. [VGG F 2]

Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1390-1453) served the high nobleman Jean de Luxembourg in the southern Low Countries. His Chroniques were meant as a continuation of Froissart’s chronicle. It treats the history of the years 1400-1444 and was, in its time, considered to be very reliable. Later, a continuation was made, that ends with the death of Philip the Good in 1467. It served as a model for later historians. Nowadays the clear pro-Burgundian bias is obvious. Probably Monstrelet wrote his Chroniques on his own initiative, but in 1447 he offered Philip the Good a copy. Some fifty manuscripts are known, that contain (parts of) the Chroniques, and various printed editions. The work was especially popular in the years 1470-1520. The Leiden manuscript was made in c. 1495 for Engelbert II of Nassau (1451-1504). The miniature on display shows the murder of John the Fearless on the bridge at Montereau (10 September 1419). It was painted by the Master of the Prayerbooks of around 1500.

Gumbert 1994, 36; Wijsman 2010; Wijsman 2011.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity?

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.4 | Speculum historiale. [VGG F 3 A]

The dominican Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190-1264) offered in his Speculum historiale a huge work of history, that turned out to be the content for many regional works of history in the Low Countries. He started to compose his book around 1235. In 1246 the French king Louis XI became involved as a patron. The Speculum major forms a tremendous compilation of all available knowledge in three volumes: the Speculum naturale, the Speculum doctrinale and the Speculum historiale. The last work deals with the history from the creation of the world to Vincentius’ own time in no less than 31 books and 3743 chapters. For later historians Vincentius’ work formed an inexhaustible goldmine. Its popularity is otherwise underlined by the fact that no less than 220 manuscripts are handed down. In the Jacob van Maerlant made a translation of the Speculum. Other chronicles, like the Rijmkroniek van Holland, the Brabantsche Yeesten, the Chronographia of Johannes de Beke, the Flandria generosa and the Annales Hannoniae are leaning heavily on Vincentius’ work. The text in this manuscript regards the translation made by Jean de Vignay around 1333 for queen Johanna of Burgundy. The Leiden manuscripts was made in Paris, shortly after 1332. It was probably ordered by John, duke of Normandy – later King John II of France – father of Philip the Bold. John’s signature is in the manuscript. Later it was owned by king Charles V and king Charles VI. The miniature on display shows how the Holy Virgin is calming a storm (f. 334r).

Brun 2010; Rech 2010; Taraye 1999, 10-11.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity?

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 1.5 | Fasciculus temporum. [1369 C 11]

The Fasciculus temporum is a beautifully illustrated chronicle of the history of the world, presenting both temporal and church history since the Creation. It is a translation of the Latin chronicle of the same title, written by the learned Carthusian Werner Rolevinck from Cologne (1425-1502). The Louvain printer Johan Veldener produced the earliest edition of the text in the Dutch vernacular. Translations into French and German followed later. Before 1500 over thirty editions were published all over Europe. When opening Veldener’s Fasciculus temporum, the remarkable design is striking. The main text contains the continuing story of the history of the world. The text is surrounded by two separate timetables (one from the Creation onwards – anno mundi – and one related to the birth of Christ). Above and beneath these timetables there are blocks with separate information. Names of popes, emperors and kings are meandering throughout the text in larger and smaller circles, some linked together. Equally striking is what happens on the textual level. For the new edition of the Fasciculus (f. 1r-193r), Veldener had a large series of short chronicles made and lists of names (f. 194r-329v) of the kings of France and England, the dukes of Brabant, de bishops of Utrecht, Cologne and Liege, the counts of Holland, Guelders, Cleves, Mark and Berg. In the presentation we recognize the hand of Veldener: it follows in close harmony the special lay-out of the Fasciculus. In many cases the added chronicles are illustrated with series of heraldic coats of arms. The end of the Holland Chronicle and the beginning of the Guelders Chronicle, for instance, is illustrated with the coats of arms of Charles the Bold, France and Holland on the upper image (f. 314v); on the image below (f. 315r) the town of ‘Ghelre’ (modern Germany Geldern) is depicted.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity?

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 1 Burgundy and unity? 2. Regional traditions

The second chapter is devoted to the historiography of the individual principalities. In nearly all duchies and counties of the Low Countries, a ‘national’ historiography came into existence, long before the Burgundian unification took place. In most cases the chronicles were based upon the genealogy of the ruling houses. Their origin was traced back to Carolingian, sometimes even to Trojan times. The genealogical lines were most often interwoven with stories of a mythical character, about dragons, giants and phenomenal heroes. In the beginning they served to show the eminent ancestry of the princely houses, sometimes to legitimate claims to one or another principality. But the historiography was not just based on myths and old traditions. When they approached their own times, historiographers added the things they had seen themselves, or that they had heard talking about. Thus the chronicles illustrated the continuity between the past and the present. Things started to change during the later Middle Ages – sometimes even before the Burgundian unification. The creation of historiography shifted more and more often to circles of townsmen. In this way, the genealogical traditions developed into ‘national’ historiographies, the princely houses becoming symbols of the nation. Of course, this development was strengthened in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, when the regional princely houses became extinct, and the Burgundian dynasty took over. This part of the exhibition shows the development of the Holland genealogical tradition and the historiographical developments in some detail, starting in the thirteenth century with the Chronicon Egmondanum and its vernacular counterpart the Rijmkroniek van Holland (2.1), ending with the so called Divisiekroniek of 1517 (2.5), that became a long-time standardwork. Examples of the historiographical traditions of some of the other principalities – Brabant, Flanders, and Hainaut – are shown here as well.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions 2.1 | Fragment Rijmkroniek van Holland. [LTK 183]

As the title indicates, the Rijmkroniek van Holland (rhymed chronicle of Holland) contains the history of the Holland dynasty, written in vernacular verse. It treats the history of the years 366-1305. Long time it has been attributed to the count’s clerk Melis Stoke. Recent research has shown, however, that this is only partly true. Around 1280-1282, the existing Chronicon Egmondanum was translated into Middle Dutch verse by an anonymous writer, who wanted to show the venerable status of the counts of Holland, reaching the year 1205. In 1301-1302, a clerk of the chancery of the counts of Holland, wrote a first continuation, and shortly after 1305 a second one. The focus now shifts to the dramatic history of the county of Holland (murder of Floris V) in the late thirteenth century. Even if there are, apart from this fragment, only three complete manuscripts of the Rijmkroniek, it was a very influential work, that popularized an existing tradition with regard to the descent of the counts of Holland. It had a strong influence on later authors, for instance on the Chronographia of Johannes de Beke (2.2). This fragment, written around 1400, was found in a book binding.

Burgers 1999, 356-359; Burgers 2010.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

2.2 | Johannes de Beke, Chronographia. [BPL 2429]

Around 1346, Johannes de Beke (or Beka), benedictine monk in Egmond wrote his immensely popular Chronographia, that was dedicated to the bishops of Utrecht and the counts of Holland – John of Arkel and William V respectively. In this chronicle he emphasized the common descent of the inhabitants of Utrecht and Holland and argued that they should live in peace. The Chronographia treats the history of both the bishops and the counts from Roman times onwards until 1345. De Beke made extensively use of the Rijmkroniek van Holland. In the next c. 150 years, the Chronographia proved to be very popular, and the text developed into something like the national historiography of the Northern Low Countries. Continuations were made by different authors and in 1395 a Middle Dutch translation was made, that was very influential as well. In 1455 a French translation was commissioned by the high nobleman (and later governor of Holland) Wolfert van Borselen, and was dedicated to Philip the Good. BPL 2429 is one of the oldest manuscripts of the Chronographia. It belonged to the famous jurist Philip of Leiden (c. 1328-1382), who served William V, , and wrote an important mirror of princes, De cura reipublicae et sorte principantis.

Bruch 1973; Janse 2006; Janse 2010a; Noomen 1954; Timmer 2008.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

2.3 | Herold Bavaria. [BPL 76 C]

Claes Heynenzoon (c. 1345-1414), better known as Herald Ghelre or Herald Bavaria, was one of the kings of arms of the Ruyers, from 1403 onwards in the service of count William VI of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland, to whom his work is dedicated. In his chronicles he elaborates the descent of the ruling houses of Western Europe from Trojan an Carolingian ancestors. Apart from two famous armorials (Wapenboek Gelre and Wapenboek Beieren) he wrote a World- chronicle and a Hollantsche cronike (in two versions). The Hollantsche cronike was an adaptation of the Middle-Dutch version of Beke’s Chronographia (see 2.2). Ms. BPL 76 C was copied by Scheen Wissenzoon van Kercwerff in 1476. It holds a series of small historiographical works, among which the World- chronicle and the Chronicle of Holland, both written by Herald Bavaria. On display: Two pages of a continuation to the Hollantsche cronike that treats the reigns of Jacqueline of Bavaria, John of Bavaria and Philip the Bold. In fact, the text stops abruptly on this page with the words ‘Philips gheboren van Burgengen hartoech Jans sone, die daer …’ (transl.: Philip, born as of Burgundy, the son of duke John, who …).

Verbij-Schillings 1995; Verbij-Schillings 2010.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

2.4 | Goutsch Cronijxcken. [BPL 136 D]

The Goutsch Cronijxcken (Little Gouda chronicle) was written in or shortly after 1436 by an anonymous author. It treats the history of the county of Holland in a new way. Instead of placing the Holland dynasty in a central position, the chronicle aims at the country, the county of Holland. Furthermore, history is enriched with a series of mythical anecdotes. The Goutsch Cronijxcken gives us an abridged version of Holland’s history. Its shortness was probably one of the reasons for its popularity. In 1478 it was printed for the first time, it was reprinted in 1482. Ms. BPL 136 D was finished on 17 December 1463 by the Haarlem patrician Stephanus Heynrici, several times member of the town government between 1473 and 1509. On display: first page of the Goutsch Cronijxcken, with the original title: ‘Hier beghinnen die Cronijken van Hollant in Duytsche’. Initial L contains pen work.

Janse 2007; Janse 2010b, 725.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions 2.5 | Divisiekroniek. [1368 B 19]

The so called Divisiekroniek – de formal title reads: Die Cronycke van Hollandt, Zeelandt ende Vrieslant – was printed in 1517 by the Leiden printer Jan Seversz. The name is derived from the 32 ‘divisies’ into which the work has been divided. To all probability the chronicle was written by the humanist Cornelius Aurelius (c. 1460-1531). In its content the Divisiekroniek is an obvious continuation of the historical tradition as expressed in the thirteenth-century Rijmkroniek van Holland and in the fourteenth-century work of Johannes de Beke. Within this historical context Aurelius has interwoven some classical motives, of which the myth of the Batavians would become the most famous and the most lasting one. To historians the Divisiekroniek is the most important historical source for the history of Holland in the Burgundian and Habsburg era (1433-1516). The Divisiekroniek contains 243 woodcuts. The opening on display shows the battle of Brouwershaven (1426), a key moment in the establishing of Burgundian power in the Northern Netherlands. In this battle the combined armies of Holland and Burgundy were victorious over the invasion army of the rightful countess of Holland, Jacqueline of Bavaria and her husband, the Englishman Humphrey of Gloucester. This was an important step towards the domination of the House of Burgundy in Holland and Zeeland.

Tilmans 1988.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

2.7 | Chronique dite de Baudouin d’Avesnes. [BPL 57]

Around 1280, the Chronicon Hannoniense was written, a chronicle that generally is known as the Chronique dite de Baudouin d’Avesnes. This Bauduin d’Avesnes, brother of count John I of Hainaut was probably not the writer of the text, but the patron. A first version of the text was written in French, but around 1300 a Latin translation was made. The Chronique holds world history from the Creation until the late thirteenth century, but in the later parts, the emphasize is more and more on the history of France and Hainaut-Flanders. The Chronique proved to be very popular. More than fifty manuscripts have survived, some of them with a continuation. Ms. BPL 57 was produced in the Southern Netherlands, c. 1450-1460. On display is a continuation of the Chronique dite de Baudouin d’Avesnes with an account of the Battle of Rozebeke (1382). In this battle, the Ghent rebels under Philip of Artevelde were defeated by a French army, recruited by Philip the Bold and under the command of the Flemish count Louis of Male.

Croenen 2010b; Gumbert 1994, 30.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

2.8 | Fragment Flanders-Holland-Zeeland. [LTK 675]

A ‘national’ historiography of Zeeland is lacking, at least until the middle of the fifteenth century, when Jan Reygersbergh wrote Dye Cronijcke van Zeelandt (Middelburg 1551). This fragment, dating from the second half of the fourteenth century contains data regarding Flemish history of the years 1327-1340, a numeration of some of the counts of Holland, 863-1359, and a series of annotations of a more personal character made by a Zeeland scribe in the fifteenth century. They are not directly related to the Flemish text, but have a more personal character. With its threefold approach, the fragment (probably used in a book binding) illustrates the position of Zeeland in between Flanders and Holland. The annotations on the right folium concern Zeeland.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

2.9 | Liber floridus. [VLF 31]

The Liber floridus is an encyclopedia, compiled between 1090 and 1120 by Lambert of Saint-Omer, that treats biblical, astronomical, geographical, biological questions etc. With regard to the historiography, it contains a world history up to the year 1119, but a genealogy of the counts of Flanders as well. This genealogy starts with the reign of count Lidric (772) and reaches the year 1120. This proved to be the beginning of a long tradition of Flemish genealogy, laid down in the Flandria generosa, that flourished until early modern times and was often made up to date and elaborated. Ms. VLF 31 was probably produced in the late 13th century, in Northern France or the Southern Netherlands. On display is the genealogy of the Counts of Flanders (f. 114v-115r).

Gumbert 1994, 38; Van Caenegem 1973.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions

2.10 | Abraham van den Burgh, Hoe en wanneer Hollant tot een graefschap is afgesondert (, Jac van Biesen, 1647). [1369 D 9]

So far known this is the only extant copy of the edition published by the Amsterdam bookseller Abraham van den Burgh (1621-1669): Hoe en wanneer Hollant tot een graefschap is afgesondert (How and when Holland has become a separate county) (Arnhem, Jac. van Biesen, 1647). Is it really a book, however? It seems as if the book is a compilation of a number of broadsheets, cut into pieces, glued on paper, and bound together. The book consist of two parts. First the images and biographies of the counts of Holland, from Dirk (Theoderic) I (863) until Philip II (1549). The second part offers the coats of arms and history of many towns in Holland and Zeeland.

Haitsma Mulier & Van der Lem 1990, 78-79.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 2 Regional traditions 3. Representing Burgundy

Maps representing the Low Countries of the sixteenth century in the form of a lion suggested the unity of the country. In reality it was a composite state, existing of many principalities. Even after the scission of the Low Countries between the Republic of the United Provinces and the Netherlands of the (Spanish) King, the representation of the country as still one, undivided lion, remained popular. Both under the Burgundians and under the Habsburgs one was tempted to count seventeen different countries, later becoming provinces, represented by their coats of arms.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 3 Representing Burgundy

3.1 | Leo Belgicus. [COLLBN Atlas 93]

The Austrian pamphleteer and chronicler Michael von Eytzing or Aitsinger (1530/5-1598) was the first who shaped the map of the Low Countries in the form of a lion. His representation became famous and was followed by many others and in different forms. The lion exerts its tongue to include the town of Lingen, one of the possessions of Charles V and later of the House of Orange.

Haitsma Mulier & Van der Lem 1990, 4-5; Stein 2004, 12.

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3.2 | Map of the Burgundian Netherlands. [coll. Robert Stein]

Wall map of the Burgundian lands for educational purposes. P.E. van Oirschot, P. Eibergen, Historische Wandkaarten (Ser. 1 – No. 1) Cart. Inst. J.B. Wolters’ Uitg. Mij., . In pink the territories of Philip the Bold and John the Fearless; in green the acquisitions of Philip the Good; in yellow the new acquisitions of Charles the Bold.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 3 Representing Burgundy

3.3 | Jan van der Noot, Lofsang van Brabant. [1367 C 28]

In 1580 the Antwerp calvinist rhetorician Jan van der Noot (1535-1590) published his bilingual poem Lofsang van Brabant - Hymne de Brabant, which was printed by Gilles van den Rade in Antwerp. The Lofsang was published in a period of great political turmoil. It was dedicated to the rebellious Brabant Estates – a clear political statement. The poem was illustrated with four woodcuts, of which the one shown here is the most impressive. It shows the coats of arms of the seventeen rebellious provinces of the Low Countries. It is clear that Brabant is considered the core-province of the Netherlands. The duchy is surrounded by the other provinces, thus forming as it were a territorial unity. The Leiden copy is colored finely.

Stein 2006, 234-235; Van der Noot 1958.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 3 Representing Burgundy 3.4 | Guicciardini dedicates his work to Philip II.

The Italian merchant Lodovico Guicciardini (1521-1589) came to Antwerp in 1541, where he spent the rest of his life. In 1567 he published his description of the Netherlands in his native language: Descrittione di tutti Paesi Bassi. It was translated into French (1567), German (1580), English (1593), Dutch (1612) and Latin (1613). On display are two copies of the Italian edition and one of the French edition.

3.4a — The first copy of the Italian edition [1013 A 3] is bound in leather, with the coat of arms of Philip II in a rather disordered way. Did the artist who guilded the binding not know the coat of arms of the King? Who helps us to explain the rather unusual composition of the coat of arms? The regular one in 3.4b.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 3 Representing Burgundy

3.4b — Title prints of the same edition [1368 C 15]. On the right the portrait of Philip II with above his personal devise. On the left his normal coat of arms: I Castile and León ; II Sicily ; III Old and New Burgundy, Austria and Brabant ; IV In the middle: Tirol and Flanders.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 3 Representing Burgundy

3.4c — The Low Countries without reference to the lion. The map in this French edition [32 A 1] contains text in Italian, referring to the boundaries of the Low Countries, without showing them. The text in the upper right corner refers to the number of towns and villages in the urbanized Netherlands.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 3 Representing Burgundy

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 3 Representing Burgundy 4. Huizinga and the Waning of the Middle Ages

In 1919 the Leiden professor of general history, Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) published his Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen. In 1924 the book appeared in an abridged edition in English, The Waning of the Middle Ages, and in a full text translation in German, Herbst des Mittelalters. It took some more years before the translation in French appeared, Le déclin du Moyen-Âge (1932). From then onwards the book brought him world fame and many other translations followed. As a young professor at Groningen University he had started his investigations by teaching on the rich culture of Burgundy. In later years he claimed that the great exhibition of Flemish Primitives in Bruges in 1902 had been of the utmost importance for his appreciation of the culture of the Low Countries. Huizinga's papers were donated to Leiden University Library shortly after his death.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 4 Huizinga and The Waning of the Middle Ages

4.1 | Notes regarding the culture of Burgundy. [HUI 50]

Nowadays we have computers. In the 1910s Huizinga wrote his notes on little paper slips with pencil, to be used for the work in progress. All remarks regarding the same theme or subject were put together in an envelope. The examples on display are taken from the letters K and L. 95 envelopes filled with Huizinga's notes on the culture of Burgundy have been preserved.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 4 Huizinga and The Waning of the Middle Ages

4.2 | Course on the culture of Burgundy. [HUI 27 I: 1]

In 1906, as a professor at Groningen University, Huizinga taught Burgundian culture. All his courses were written in extenso, on the right side of the paper, to be reused when he repeated his course several years later. In Berlin he ordered dia positives of Burgundian works of art. He has not repeated his course in Leiden.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 4 Huizinga and The Waning of the Middle Ages

4.3 | The only remaining page of the manuscript of The Waning of the Middle Ages. [HUI 45: 1.3]

Alas, there is no manuscript of Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen. Huizinga used to write on only one side of the paper. Presumably, once the manuscript had been returned to him after publication, he cut it into pieces, to use the backside. Only by coincidence three parts of one page have survived.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 4 Huizinga and The Waning of the Middle Ages

4.4 | The first edition of Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen. [HUIZIN 74 ned 1]

In 1919 the book was put on the press in Haarlem, by Huizinga’s lifetime publisher, H.D. Tjeenk Willink. Because of the scarcity of materials, after WW I, there was not enough linen to bind the entire book: only the back has been done. The first edition contains on one of the first pages a woodcut to commemorate his first wife, who died in 1914.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 4 Huizinga and The Waning of the Middle Ages

4.6 | Poster of the exhibition The Golden Fleece (Bruges 1907). [20055 25: 9]

Five years later another exhibition was organized in Bruges, highlighting the Order of the Golden Fleece. Huizinga was more enthusiastic about the bike trip to Bruges with his wife than about the exhibition itself.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) 4 Huizinga and The Waning of the Middle Ages Bibliography

Ainsworth 2010 = P. Ainsworth, ‘Froissart’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 643-645.

Bruch 1973 = H. Bruch (ed.), Chronographia Joannis de Beke (‘s-Gravenhage 1973).

Brun 2010 = L. Brun, ‘Jean de Vignay’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 912-913.

Burgers 1999 = J.W.J. Burgers, De Rijmkroniek van Holland en zijn auteurs. Historiografie in Holland door de Anonymus (1280-1282) en de grafelijk klerk Melis Soke (begin veertiende eeuw) (Hilversum 1999).

Burgers 2010 = J.W.J. Burgers, ‘Rijmkroniek van Holland’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 1280.

Croenen 2010a = G. Croenen, ‘Froissart illustration cycles’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 645-650.

Croenen 2010b = G. Croenen, ‘Chronique dite de Baudouin d’Avesnes’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 304-305.

Gumbert 1994 = J.P. Gumbert, 'Medieval Manuscripts in French in the Leiden University Library: A Handlist', in: P.R. Monks & D.D.R. Owen (ed.), Medieval Codicology, Iconography, Literature, and Translation. Studies for Keith Val Sinclair (Leiden 1994) 28-47.

Haitsma Mulier & Van der Lem 1990 = E.O.G. Haitsma Mulier, G.A.C. van der Lem, Repertorium van geschiedschrijvers in Nederland 1500-1800 (’s- Gravenhage 1990).

Huizinga 1919 = J. Huizinga, Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (Haarlem 1919); the same work in: Verzamelde Werken (9 vol., Haarlem 1948-1953), vol. III (1949), 1-435; idem, illustrated edition by Anton van der Lem (Amsterdam 1997); idem, The Autumn of the Middle Ages (Chicago 1996) 78.

Janse 2006 = A. Janse, ‘De Nederlandse Beke opnieuw bekeken’, Jaarboek voor middeleeuwse geschiedenis 9 (2006) 116-149.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Bibliography Janse 2007 = A. Janse, ‘De historie van Hollant. Een nieuw begin in de Hollandse geschiedschrijving in de 15e eeuw’, Millennium 21 (2007) 19-38.

Janse 2010a = A. Janse, ‘Beke, Johannes de’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 163.

Janse 2010b = A. Janse, ‘Goutsch Cronijxcken’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 725.

Noomen 1954 = W. Noomen (ed.), La traduction française de la Chronographia Johannis de Beka (Amsterdam 1954).

Rech 2010 = R. Rech, ‘Vincent of Beauvais’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 1481-1482.

Small 2009 = G. Small, ‘Clio à la cour de Bourgogne’, in: B. Bousmanne (ed.), La librairie des ducs de Bourgogne (Turnhout 2009) 11-23, 37.

Stein 1991 = R. Stein, ‘Wanneer schreef Jan van Boendale zijn Brabantsche Yeesten?’, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde 106 (1991) 185- 197.

Stein 1994 = R. Stein, Politiek en historiografie. Het ontstaansmilieu van Brabantse kronieken in de eerste helft van de vijftiende eeuw ( 1994).

Stein 2004 = R. Stein, ‘Michael von Aitzing en de Leo Belgicus’, Omslag 2/2 (2004) 12.

Stein 2006 = R. Stein, ‘Seventeen. The multiplicity of a unity in the Low Countries’, in: J. Dacre Boulton, J. Veenstra (ed.), The ideology of Burgundy. The promotion of national consciousness, 1364-1565 (Leiden 2006) 223-285.

Stein 2010 = R. Stein, ‘Jan van Boendale’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 902-903.

Taraye 1999 = M. Taraye, La vierge et le miracle. Le Speculum historiale de Vincent de Beauvais (Paris 1999).

Tilmans 1988 = K. Tilmans, Aurelius en de Divisiekroniek van 1517. Historiografie en humanisme in Holland in de tijd van (Hollandse studiën 21) (Hilversum 1988).

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Bibliography Timmer 2008 = R. Timmer, Profeet in eigen land. Philips van Leiden en het publiek belang (Hilversum 2008).

Van Caenegem 1973 = R.C. van Caenegem, ‘The sources of Flemish history in the Liber Floridus’, in: A. Derolez (ed.), Liber Floridus colloquium (Ghent 1973) 71-85.

Van der Noot 1958 = Jan van der Noot, Lofsang van Braband. Hymne de Braband (facsimile-edition by C.A. Zaalberg) (Zwolle 1958).

Verbij-Schillings 1995 = J. Verbij-Schillings, Beeldvorming in Holland. Heraut Beyeren en de historiografie omstreeks 1400 (Amsterdam 1995).

Verbij-Schillings 2010 = J. Verbij-Schillings, ‘Heraut Beieren’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 775- 776.

Wijsman 2010 = H. Wijsman, ‘Enguerrand de Monstrelet’, in: G. Dunphy (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the medieval chronicle (Leiden, Boston 2010) 578.

Wijsman 2011 = H. Wijsman, ‘History in transition. Enguerrand de Monstrelet’s Chronique in manuscript and print (c. 1450-c. 1600)’, in: M. Walsby, G. Kemp (ed.), The book triumphant. Print in transition in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Leiden, Boston 2011) 199-252.

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Bibliography

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Bibliography Colophon

‘The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden’ was published as an online exhibition (.xml) in the image database of Leiden University Libraries in 2016.

In 2018 the texts and images have been converted from the XML structure and (after some minor adjustments) saved as a PDF document in the new image database.

The original online exhibition is not available anymore.

André Bouwman Universitaire Bibliotheken Leiden

LEIDEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ONLINE EXHIBITIONS, exhubl029

The Waning of the Middle Ages in Leiden (2016) Colophon