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Protection of Human Rights

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Protection of Human Rights Chapter II Protection of human rights In 2008, the United Nations continued to protect hu- the right to food of the worsening world food crisis, man rights worldwide through several mechanisms. caused by soaring food prices, among other things. Its main organs—the Economic and Social Council, The rights of minorities continued to be a major the General Assembly and the Security Council— focus. The Forum on Minority Issues, created by the remained actively engaged in protecting those rights. Council in 2007, met for the first time in December The Assembly’s Human Rights Council carried out under the guidance of the independent expert on mi- its task as the central United Nations intergovern- nority issues. The Permanent Forum on Indigenous mental body responsible for promoting and protect- Issues addressed indigenous concerns relating to eco- ing all human rights and fundamental freedoms. nomic and social development, culture, education, the It addressed human rights violations, worked to prevent environment, health and human rights, and helped to abuses, provided overall policy guidance, monitored the coordinate related UN activities. The Expert Mecha- observance of human rights around the world and as- nism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, at its first sisted States in fulfilling their human rights obligations. session, discussed participation of indigenous peoples The special procedures mandate-holders—special in its work, as well as issues related to discrimination rapporteurs, working groups, independent experts and the rights of indigenous peoples to education. and special representatives—monitored, examined, Preparations continued for the Durban Review advised and publicly reported on human rights situ- Conference, scheduled for 2009, whose objectives in- ations in specific countries or on major human rights cluded a review of the progress made in implementing violations worldwide. In 2008, 30 thematic mandate- the 2001 Durban Programme of Action and an assess- holders reported on adequate housing, people of Afri- ment of the effectiveness of mechanisms and instru- can descent, arbitrary detention, children and armed ments for tackling racial discrimination. conflict, the sale of children, education, enforced or involuntary disappearances, extralegal executions, ef- fects of foreign debt on human rights, extreme pov- Racism and racial discrimination erty, the right to food, freedom of opinion and expres- sion, freedom of religion or belief, physical and mental Follow-up to 2001 World Conference health, human rights defenders, independence of the judiciary, indigenous peoples, internally displaced Intergovernmental Working Group. The persons, human rights and international solidarity, Intergovernmental Working Group on the effec- mercenaries, migrants, minority issues, racism and ra- tive implementation of the Durban Declaration and cial discrimination, slavery, human rights protection Programme of Action (ddpa), adopted by the 2001 while countering terrorism, torture, the illicit move- World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimi- ment and dumping of toxic and dangerous products nation, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance [YUN and wastes, trafficking in persons, transnational cor- 2001, p. 615], held its sixth session in two parts porations, and violence against women. During the (Geneva, 21 January–1 February and 18 December) year, mandate-holders sent 911 communications to [A/HRC/10/87]. 118 countries regarding 2,206 individuals; two thirds The Working Group discussed its contribution to were joint communications sent by two or more man- the work of the Preparatory Committee for the Dur- dates. They also conducted 53 fact-finding missions to ban Review Conference (see p. 762) and its future 48 countries, issued 177 statements and press releases, work. The Working Group adopted a compilation of and submitted 135 reports to the Human Rights conclusions and recommendations adopted at its five Council (120 by thematic mandate-holders), includ- previous sessions [A/CONF.211/PC.2/7], which was sub- ing 79 annual reports and 56 country visit reports, mitted to the Preparatory Committee as part of the and 19 reports to the General Assembly. In June, the Working Group’s contribution. The recommendations Council created the mandate of the independent ex- covered, among other issues, education, poverty, rac- pert on the issue of human rights obligations related ism and health, racism and the Internet, globalization to access to safe drinking water and sanitation. and racism and the migration dimension. A Secretariat In May, the Council held a special session to take note [A/HRC/10/WG.3/2] provided updated informa- action on the negative impact on the realization of tion on the Working Group’s sixth session. 761 762 Part Two: Human rights In September [A/HRC/9/5], the Office of the United duct for the media should be drawn up that, taking Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights into account such issues as the right to freedom of (ohchr) reported on actions it had taken to imple- expression, combated racial discrimination against ment the recommendations made by the Working people of African descent by elaborating compulsory Group at its fifth session[YUN 2007, p. 706]. standards. The aim would be to eliminate the projec- Report of Secretary-General. Pursuant to General tion and perpetuation, through the media and new Assembly resolution 62/220 , the Secretary- technologies, of negative images and stereotypes of [ibid., p. 708] Africa and people of African descent. The code should General, in October, submitted a report [A/63/366] on activities undertaken between August 2006 and also include provisions to address and combat incite- July 2007 by States, human rights mechanisms and ment to racial hatred. States and international and ohchr to implement ddpa. The report, which built regional organizations should establish independent on the Secretary-General’s 2006 report on the topic bodies, where they did not already exist, to receive [YUN 2007, p. 707], concluded that, since the adoption of complaints by people of African descent of discrimi- ddpa, many countries had demonstrated commitment nation in accessing housing, education, health, em- to combating racism and related phenomena. Nearly ployment and other fundamental rights. The Human all constitutions guaranteed the principle of equality, Rights Council should request ohchr to produce best and many countries had reformed their laws to elimi- practices in areas such as access to housing, educa- nate those that were discriminatory. At the regional tion, health, employment and institutional and legal level, harmonization of national laws with European frameworks pertaining to people of African descent, Union (eu) human rights principles, including the as well as in combating stereotyping against that prohibition of racism and discrimination, had indi- group in the media. rectly benefited the implementation of ddpa. The Working Group recommended that the issue Working Group on people of African descent. of reparations for people of African descent should be At its seventh session (Geneva, 14–18 January) considered at the Durban Review Conference. The [A/ United Nations should also create a UN fellowship , the Working Group of Experts on People HRC/7/36] programme for people of African descent. of African Descent, established by the defunct Com- Human Rights Council action. On 28 March mission on Human Rights in 2002 [YUN 2002, p. 661] to consider problems of racial discrimination affecting [A/63/53 (res. 7/33)], the Council, by a recorded vote people of African descent, in accordance with ddpa, of 34-0-13, saluted the positive developments in the reviewed the recommendations made at previous ses- fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia sions in order to distil its contribution to the Review and related intolerance, and urged all Governments to Conference. After reviewing those recommendations, summon the political will to take decisive steps to the Working Group, as part of its contribution to the combat racism in all its forms and manifestations. Preparatory Committee, called upon States that had It acknowledged the report of the Working Group of not yet elaborated national plans of action to combat Experts on People of African Descent on its seventh racism to do so, preferably before the Conference, and session (above) and decided to invite the Group to ad- those that had should implement them fully and re- dress the Council at its tenth (2010) session. port thereon at the Conference. States should identify On 24 September [A/63/53/Add.1 (res. 9/14)], the Coun- factors resulting in the over-representation in arrests, cil extended the mandate of the Working Group for sentencing and incarceration of people of African de- three years and requested it to report on progress in scent, particularly young men, and take measures to elaborating its mandate. It recommended that States eliminate those factors and adopt crime-prevention ensure adequate representation of people of African strategies and programmes that included alternatives descent in the judiciary and other areas of the jus- to incarceration. They should also address the dispro- tice system, identify factors that had resulted in their portionately low levels of representation of people of disproportionate arrest, sentencing and incarceration, African descent in the judiciary and other areas of the and take measures to eliminate those factors and justice system. States should implement mechanisms
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