Isherwood's Camera: Traces of Cinematic Narrative in Christopher

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Isherwood's Camera: Traces of Cinematic Narrative in Christopher Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Neofilologii Piotr Olański Isherwood’s Camera: Traces of Cinematic Narrative in Christopher Isherwood’s Oeuvre Praca doktorska Na kierunku filologia w zakresie filologia angielska Praca wykonana pod kierunkiem Dr hab. Prof. UW Dominiki Oramus Warszawa, Wrzesień 2019 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 ABSTRACT 4 ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES USED 7 PREFACE 8 CHAPTER ONE: HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 11 1.1 The development of cinema and film language: a historical account 11 1.2 The screenplay as a genre: definition and history 28 1.3 The relationship between cinema and the novel: a historical account 37 1.4 Theoretical approaches to the relation between cinema and literature 44 1.5 Cinematic narrative in practice 52 CHAPTER TWO: AN OVERVIEW OF ISHERWOOD’S WORK AND HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH CINEMA 59 2.1 Autobiographical and other biographical sources 59 2.2 Biography and oeuvre overview 64 2.3 Isherwood’s cinematic experiences inside and outside Hollywood 78 CHAPTER THREE: ISHERWOOD’S RECURRENT LITERARY FORMS AS THE KEY TO CINEMATIC AESTHETICS IN HIS WORKS 102 3 3.1 The copious self-chronicler 102 3.2 Autobiographical forms: diary vs memoir 105 3.3 Diaries 107 3.4 Editing 110 3.4.1 In memoirs 110 3.4.2 In novels 127 CHAPTER FOUR: THE STUDY OF ISHERWOOD’S ALIENATIONS THROUGH SELECTED THEMES IN HIS WORKS 138 4.1 Isherwood, the traveller 138 4.2 Isherwood, the flâneur 141 4.3 Isherwood, the queer 156 4.4 Isherwood, the Quaker and Vedantist 164 CHAPTER FIVE: FILM ADAPTATIONS OF ISHERWOOD’S TEXTS 168 CONCLUSION 190 WORKS CITED 195 Primary SourCes 195 SeCondary SourCes 196 4 ABSTRACT Praca analizuje twórczość Christophera Isherwooda w poszukiwaniu narracji obficie czerpiącej ze stylistyki filmowej. Ze względu na autobiograficzny charakter większości dzieł pisarza, jego życiorys stanowi jeden z kluczy, przy pomocy którego owe powieści są interpretowane. Isherwood jako podróżnik, brytyjski emigrant pracujący w Hollywood, gej oraz zwolennik hinduizmu jest postacią, o której zawsze można mówić jako o „obcym”. Skomplikowane więzi z otaczającym go środowiskiem (bądź ich brak) a zatem często i poczucie alienacji stanowi znakomity powód do ujęcia swoich obserwacji na temat rzeczywistości w zdystansowany sposób, typowy właśnie dla kamery rejestrującej rzeczywistość. Rozdział pierwszy przedstawia tło do analizy powieści Isherwooda. Przedstawione są kluczowe momenty w rozwoju technologicznym kina oraz ich odbiór przez publiczność, co wiąże się również ze zmianą wrażliwości, estetyki oraz postrzegania rzeczywistości zarówno u przeciętnego widza jak i pisarza oraz krytyka. W rozdziale zawarte są również definicje owych technik, w celu ułatwienia późniejszej ich identyfikacji ze strategiami narracyjnymi zaobserwowanymi w powieściach Isherwooda. Kolejnym ważnym aspektem omawianym w rozdziale jest kwestia scenariusza filmowego, będącego formą pośrednią pomiędzy literaturą a filmem. Autor przedstawia rys historyczny gatunku oraz opisuje sytuację pisarzy (między innymi Isherwooda) zwerbowanych do Hollywood w celu pisania scenariuszy. W rozdziale pojawia się również przegląd teorii opisujących wpływ filmu na literaturę oraz najważniejszych pisarzy uznanych jako zainspirowanych twórczością filmową. Rozdział drugi stanowi przegląd twórczości Isherwooda wsparty jego rysem biograficznym. Autor skupia się szczególnie na związkach pisarza z filmem, a więc jego pracy w Hollywood, analizując pamiętniki oraz wykłady Isherwooda, jak również jego doświadczenia filmowe opisane w powieści Prater Violet, która jest bodajże najbardziej treściwym zapisem 5 spotkań pisarza ze światem filmu. Analiza wyżej wymienionych tekstów pozwala ustalić jaki był stosunek Isherwooda do przemysłu filmowego jak i filmu jako sztuki. Pod uwagę wzięte również zostaną informacje z rozdziału pierwszego dotyczące pisarzy pracujących dla Hollywood, rozwoju scenariusza filmowego oraz tak zwanej powieści filmowej, czyli takiej, która jest zapisem doświadczeń pisarza zaangażowanego w tworzenie filmu. Rozdział trzeci spogląda na twórczość Isherwooda z perspektywy jego powieści na poły biograficznych, które opisują doświadczenia pisarza z jego podróży. Pierwszoosobowy narrator Isherwooda o tym samym imieniu jest dość nietypowym obserwatorem rzeczywistości, co zresztą powiedziane jest wprost w jednej z analizowanych w tym rozdziale powieści Goodbye to Berlin gdzie narrator porównany jest do kamery pasywnie rejestrującej rzeczywistość. W rozdziale postaram się prześledzić obecność kamery w powieściach Mr Norris Changes Trains, Down there on a Visit, Goodbye to Berlin oraz częściowo w Christopher and His Kind. Owo kluczowe porównanie do kamery zostanie zanalizowane w świetle teorii definiujących estetykę filmową w podobny sposób do sławnego cytatu z powieści Isherwooda a zatem chociażby Impresjonizmu (zarówno malarskiego jak i literackiego) jak i teorii montażu wypracowanych przez Siergieja Eisentsteina oraz współczesnych mu radzieckich twórców. Teorie te wspominają o natychmiastowej, bezpośredniej rejestracji rzeczywistości, która może się wydawać niedoskonała i wymagać „edycji”. Jako że znaczna część dzieł pisarza opisuje jego doświadczenia w nazistowskim Berlinie, a więc wielkim mieście ulegającym gwałtownym przemianom, jednym z filtrów interpretacyjnych będzie próba porównania narratora Isherwoodowskiego do postaci dziewiętnastowiecznego flaneura a co za tym idzie jego postrzegania przestrzeni miejskiej oraz stanu zawieszenia w swoistej próżni, będąc jednocześnie 6 częścią otaczającego środowiska oraz osobą spoza tegoż środowiska, co prowadzi do rozważań opisanych szerzej w rozdziale trzecim. Rozdział Czwarty skupia się na zjawisku alienacji bohaterów Isherwooda, która według autora rozprawy jest bardzo często powodem, dla którego pisarz korzysta w swoich powieściach z technik filmowych. Wyliczone i przeanalizowane zostaną przypadki, w których Isherwood pokazuje wyobcowanie swoich bohaterów przy pomocy języka filmu. Spojrzymy na bohaterów Isherwooda odzwierciedlających jego własne życie, a więc na bohaterów „obcych” na emigracji, bohaterów homoseksualnych, a więc tych odstających od normy w czasach opisywanych przez pisarza oraz bohaterów uciekających od kultury zachodu poszukujących własnej tożsamości w kręgu kulturowym hinduizmu tak bliskiego w pewnym momencie pisarzom pracującym w Hollywood. Rozdział piąty skupia się na analizie filmowych adaptacji powieści Isherwooda celem sprawdzenia, czy opisane w poprzednich rozdziałach narracyjne techniki naśladujące język filmu znalazły odzwierciedlenie w artystycznych i technicznych rozwiązaniach zastosowanych przez reżyserów owych adaptacji. Analizie zostają poddane dwie adaptacje powieści Goodbye to Berlin jak również takich tytułów jak Christopher and His Kind czy A Single Man. 7 ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES USED Film and Fiction: The Dynamics of Exchange = Film and Fiction… The World in the Evening = The World… Goodbye to Berlin = Goodbye… Mr Norris Changes Trains = Mr Norris… Down There on a Visit = Down There… Christopher and His Kind = Christopher… My Guru and His Disciple = My Guru… 8 PREFACE Since its emergence at the turn of the nineteenth century, cinema has firmly established itself as one of the most influential disciplines in the arts. Despite the fact that the twenty-first century has brought us digitisation and immersed humanity into the murky waters of social media, cinema’s ubiquity and popularity as a form of entertainment as well as artistic expression is still indisputable. The birth of film gave humanity a new means of telling stories and portraying reality, impacting the existing arts and modifying their methods of reflecting the world. Cinema was also able to combine a number of other methods of artistic expression, but this required adaptation and constant evolution. When simply recording reality proved to be insufficient for early filmmakers, they began drafting their first stories and telling them by the means of the moving image. Undoubtedly, theatre and literature served as very rich sources of inspiration and stories to be told. film adaptations of novels and plays became a significant part of cinematic history. This is why the relationship between cinema, literature, and theatre has been predominantly analysed from the perspective of said film adaptations, as there is an assumption that the written word feeds the image. fewer publications have been devoted to the reverse perspective. Ubiquitous as they are, films have changed the way we perceive reality. We very often think in cinematic terms, and that way of seeing and thinking is true for writers and critics as well. The former use film language in their work, whilst the latter very often notice traces of film languages in literary works created before the birth of the tenth muse. As a frequent moviegoer fascinated by cinema, yet professionally involved in literature studies, I found the phenomenon of cinematic imagination particularly intriguing. The fact that literature can and does intentionally imitate film for various purposes has led me to search for writers whose literary style reflects cinematic aesthetics. Christopher Isherwood’s work in 9 particular has proven to be interesting material for analysis, as it contains a number of references to film language, but also to the world of filmmakers. Since Isherwood’s work is heavily autobiographical, the cinematic character of his writing comes from his experiences as a screenwriter in Hollywood. In his texts, Isherwood is an observer who compares himself to a camera; he watches
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