DOCSLIB.ORG

Timing and Carrier Synchronization in Wireless Communication Systems: a Survey and Classification of Research in the Last 5 Years Ali A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Timing and Carrier Synchronization in Wireless Communication Systems: a Survey and Classification of Research in the Last 5 Years Ali A Nasir et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2016) 2016:180 DOI 10.1186/s13638-016-0670-9 REVIEW Open Access Timing and carrier synchronization in wireless communication systems: a survey and classification of research in the last 5 years Ali A. Nasir1, Salman Durrani2*, Hani Mehrpouyan3,StevenD.Blostein4 and Rodney A. Kennedy2 Abstract Timing and carrier synchronization is a fundamental requirement for any wireless communication system to work properly. Timing synchronization is the process by which a receiver node determines the correct instants of time at which to sample the incoming signal. Carrier synchronization is the process by which a receiver adapts the frequency and phase of its local carrier oscillator with those of the received signal. In this paper, we survey the literature over the last 5 years (2010–2014) and present a comprehensive literature review and classification of the recent research progress in achieving timing and carrier synchronization in single-input single-output (SISO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), cooperative relaying, and multiuser/multicell interference networks. Considering both single-carrier and multi-carrier communication systems, we survey and categorize the timing and carrier synchronization techniques proposed for the different communication systems focusing on the system model assumptions for synchronization, the synchronization challenges, and the state-of-the-art synchronization solutions and their limitations. Finally, we envision some future research directions. Keywords: Timing synchronization, Carrier synchronization, Channel estimation, MIMO, OFDM 1 Introduction In order to fulfill the demand for higher data rates, Motivation: The Wireless World Research Forum a critical requirement is the development of accurate (WWRF) prediction of seven trillion wireless devices and realizable synchronization techniques to enable novel serving seven billion people by 2020 [1] sums up the communication paradigms. Such synchronization tech- tremendous challenge facing existing wireless cellular niques allow communication systems to deliver higher networks: intense consumer demand for faster data rates. data rates, e.g., through the use of higher-order mod- Major theoretical advances, such as the use of multiple ulations and utilization of cooperative communication antennas at the transmitter and receiver (multiple-input schemes. Hence, there has been considerable research multiple-output (MIMO)) [2, 3], orthogonal frequency- recently in synchronization techniques for novel commu- division multiple access (OFDMA) [4], and cooperative nication strategies. relaying [5–7] have helped meet some of this demand Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide a survey and and have been quickly incorporated into communication classification of the research in the field of synchroniza- standards. These technologies also form a core part of the tion for wireless communication systems that spans the next-generation cellular standards, 5G, which is under last 5 years (2010–2014). This is not an easy task given development [8, 9]. the large number of papers dealing with synchronization and its associated challenges in both current and emerg- ing wireless communication systems. The critical need *Correspondence: [email protected] for such a survey is highlighted by the fact that the last This work was supported in part by the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Project funding scheme (project number DP140101133). comprehensive survey paper on synchronization was pub- 2Research School of Engineering, Australian National University (ANU), 2601 lished nearly a decade ago [10]. While survey papers on Canberra, Australia synchronization for wireless standardization have recently Full list of author information is available at the end of the article appeared [11–13], these surveys do not overview the © 2016 Nasir et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Nasir et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2016) 2016:180 Page 2 of 38 state-of-the-art published research. For an overview of the wireless networks is toward tighter accuracies, e.g., tim- state-of-the-art in synchronization research prior to 2010, ing accuracy of 200 ns, to enable location-based services see the 2009 special issue on synchronization in wire- [12]. Hence, there is a need for new and more accu- less communications of the EURASIP Journal on Wireless rate timing and carrier estimators. In general, in order Communications and Networking [14]. to quantify the performance of any proposed estimator, a In this survey, we overview the relationships within the lower bound on the mean-square estimation error can be published research in terms of system model and assump- derived. The bounds are also helpful in designing efficient tions, synchronization challenges, proposed methods, training sequences. In addition, for multiple parameters and their limitations. We also highlight future research needed, say, for the joint estimation of timing and carrier directions and important open problems in the field frequency offsets, these bounds include coupling infor- of synchronization. The main intended audience of this mation between the estimation of these parameters. For survey paper are those interested in or already work- example, if the bound suggests very-low coupling between ing in synchronization. This survey paper aims to enable the estimation of timing and carrier frequency offsets, researchers to quickly immerse themselves in the current this implies that these parameters can be estimated sepa- state of the art in this field. Moreover, by highlighting rately without any significant loss in the estimation perfor- the important open research issues and challenges, we mance. In particular, there usually exists strong coupling believe the paper would stimulate further research in between channel and carrier frequency offset estimation this field. Since this paper is not intended to be a tuto- and their joint estimation is helpful to achieve improved rial on synchronization, we deliberately avoid presenting estimation accuracy [19, 20]. mathematical details and instead focus on the big picture. Although timing and carrier synchronization are neces- Background and scope: Synchronization is a common sary for successful communication, they cannot provide a phenomenon in nature, e.g., the synchronized flashing of common notion of time across distributed nodes. Clock fireflies or the synchronous firing of neurons in the human synchronization is the process of achieving and main- brain [15, 16]. In wireless communications, timing and taining coordination among independent local clocks to carrier synchronization are fundamental requirements provide a common notion of time across the network. [17]. In general, a wireless receiver does not have prior Some wireless networks, such as worldwide interoper- knowledge of the physical wireless channel or propagation ability for microwave access (WiMAX), are synchronized delay associated with the transmitted signal. Moreover, to to the global positioning system (GPS) [12]. Others, e.g., keep the cost of the devices low, communication receivers Bluetooth, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), and Zigbee rely on a use low-cost oscillators which inherently have some drift. beacon strategy, where all nodes in the network follow the In this context, timing synchronization is the process by same time reference given by a master node broadcast- which a receiver node determines the correct instants of ing a reference signal [12]. For recent surveys on clock time at which to sample the incoming signal and carrier synchronization, please see [21–25]. synchronization is the process by which a receiver adapts In the literature, timing and carrier synchronization the frequency and phase of its local carrier oscillator with techniques are sometimes considered in conjunction with those of the received signal. Particularly, depending on the radio frequency (RF) front-end impairments. RF impair- specific communication systems, synchronization defini- ments arise as a result of the intrinsic imperfections tion/procedure could be very different. According to 3rd in many different hardware components that comprise Generation Partnership Project, a terminology referred the RF transceiver front ends, e.g., amplifiers, convert- to as cell search has been widely used to represent an ers, mixers, filters, and oscillators. The three main types entire synchronization procedure, which may constitute of RF impairments are I/Q imbalance, oscillator phase both initial and target cell searches. Timing synchroniza- noise, and high-power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities tion may consist of frame/slot/symbol/chip synchroniza- [26]. I/Q imbalance refers to the amplitude and phase tions, residual timing tracking, first arrival path search mismatch between the in-phase (I)andquadrature(Q) (in terms of OFDMA), multi-path search (in terms of signal branches, i.e., the mismatch between the real and CDMA), etc. Similarly, carrier synchronization may imply imaginary parts of the complex signal. Oscillator phase integer/fractional frequency
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reservation - Time Division Multiple Access Protocols for Wireless Personal Communications
    tv '2s.\--qq T! Reservation - Time Division Multiple Access Protocols for Wireless Personal Communications Theodore V. Buot B.S.Eng (Electro&Comm), M.Eng (Telecomm) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1n The University of Adelaide Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering August 1997 Contents Abstract IY Declaration Y Acknowledgments YI List of Publications Yrt List of Abbreviations Ylu Symbols and Notations xi Preface xtv L.Introduction 1 Background, Problems and Trends in Personal Communications and description of this work 2. Literature Review t2 2.1 ALOHA and Random Access Protocols I4 2.1.1 Improvements of the ALOHA Protocol 15 2.1.2 Other RMA Algorithms t6 2.1.3 Random Access Protocols with Channel Sensing 16 2.1.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access I7 2.2Fixed Assignment and DAMA Protocols 18 2.3 Protocols for Future Wireless Communications I9 2.3.1 Packet Voice Communications t9 2.3.2Reservation based Protocols for Packet Switching 20 2.3.3 Voice and Data Integration in TDMA Systems 23 3. Teletraffic Source Models for R-TDMA 25 3.1 Arrival Process 26 3.2 Message Length Distribution 29 3.3 Smoothing Effect of Buffered Users 30 3.4 Speech Packet Generation 32 3.4.1 Model for Fast SAD with Hangover 35 3.4.2Bffect of Hangover to the Speech Quality 38 3.5 Video Traffic Models 40 3.5.1 Infinite State Markovian Video Source Model 41 3.5.2 AutoRegressive Video Source Model 43 3.5.3 VBR Source with Channel Load Feedback 43 3.6 Summary 46 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectra and Bandwidth of Emissions (Question ITU-R 222/1)
    Rec. ITU-R SM.328-11 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.328-11* Spectra and bandwidth of emissions (Question ITU-R 222/1) (1948-1951-1953-1956-1959-1963-1966-1970-1974-1978-1982-1986-1990-1994-1997-1999-2006) Scope This Recommendation gives definitions, analytical models and other considerations of the values of emission components for various emission types as well as the usage of these values from the standpoint of spectrum efficiency. Keywords Spurious emission, dB bandwidth, emitted spectra, adjacent-channel, necessary band The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that in the interest of an efficient use of the radio spectrum, it is essential to establish for each class of emission rules governing the spectrum emitted by a transmitting station; b) that, for the determination of an emitted spectrum of optimum width, the whole transmission circuit as well as all its technical working conditions, including other circuits and radio services sharing the band, the transmitter frequency tolerances of Recommendation ITU-R SM.1045, and particularly propagation phenomena, should be taken into account; c) that the concepts of “necessary bandwidth” and “occupied bandwidth” defined in Nos. 1.152 and 1.153 of the Radio Regulations (RR), are the basis for specifying the spectral properties of a given emission, or class of emission, in the simplest possible manner; d) that, however, these definitions do not suffice when consideration of the complete problem of radio spectrum efficiency is involved; and that an endeavour should be made to establish
    [Show full text]
  • GLOSSARY of Telecommunications Terms List of Abbreviations for Telecommunications Terms
    GLOSSARY of Telecommunications Terms List of Abbreviations for Telecommunications Terms AAL – ATM Adaptation Layer ADPCM – Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADSL – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AIN – Advanced Intelligent Network ALI – Automatic Location Information AMA - Automatic Message Accounting ANI – Automatic Number Identification ANSI –American National Standards Institute API – Applications Programming Interface ATM – Asychronous Transfer Mode BHCA – Busy Hour Call Attempts BHCC – Busy Hour Call Completions B-ISDN – Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B-ISUP – Broadband ISDN User’s Part BLV – Busy Line Verification BNS – Billed Number Screening BRI – Basic Rate Interface CAC – Carrier Access Code CCS – Centi Call Seconds CCV – Calling Card Validation CDR – Call Detail Record CIC – Circuit Identification Code CLASS – Custom Local Area Signaling CLEC – Competitive Local Exchange Carrier CO – Central Office CPE – Customer Provided/Premise Equipment CPN – Called Party Number CTI – Computer Telephony Intergration DLC – Digital Loop Carrier System DN – Directory Number DSL – Digital Subscriber Line DSLAM – Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DSP – Digital Signal Processor DTMF – Dual Tone Multi-Frequency ESS – Electronic Switching System ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute GAP – Generic Address Parameter GT – Global Title GTT – Global Title Translations HFC – Hybrid Fiber Coax IAD – Integrated Access Device IAM – Initial Address Message ICP – Integrated Communications Provider ILEC
    [Show full text]
  • NTE1416 Integrated Circuit Chrominance and Luminance Processor for NTSC Color TV
    NTE1416 Integrated Circuit Chrominance and Luminance Processor for NTSC Color TV Description: The NTE1416 is an MSI integrated circuit in a 28–Lead DIP type package designed for NTSC systems to process both color and luminance signals for color televisions. This device provides two functions: The processing of color signals for the band pass amplifier, color synchronizer, and demodulator cir- cuits and also the processing of luminance signal for the luminance amplifier and pedestal clamp cir- cuits. The number of peripheral parts and controls can be minimized and the manhours required for assembly can be considerbly reduced. Features: D Few External Components Required D DC Controlled Circuits make a Remote Controlled System Easy D Protection Diodes in every Input and Output Pin D “Color Killer” Needs No Adjustements D “Contrast” Control Does Not Prevent the Natural Color of the Picture, as the Color Saturation Level Changes Simultaneously D ACC (Automatic Color Controller) Circuit Operates Very Smoothly with the Peak Level Detector D “Brightness Control” Pin can also be used for ABL (Automatic Beam Limitter) Absolute Maximum Ratings: (TA = +25°C unless otherwise specified) Supply Voltage, VCC . 14.4V Brightness Controlling Voltage, V3 . 14.4V Resolution Controlling Voltage, V4 . 14.4V Contrast Controlling Voltage, V10 . 14.4V Tint Controlling Voltage, V7 . 14.4V Color Controlling Voltage, V9 . 14.4V Auto Controlling Voltage, V8 . 14.4V Luminance Input Signal Voltage, V5 . +5V Chrominance Signal Input Voltage, V13 . +2.5V Demodulator Input Signal Voltage, V25 . +5V R.G.B. Output Current, I26, I27, I28 . –40mA Gate Pulse Input Voltage, V20 . +5V Gate Pulse Output Current, I20 .
    [Show full text]
  • Blankom-Catalog-2015.Pdf
    PRODUKTÜBERSICHT PRODUCT OVERVIEW 19" Systemkomponenten 2014/2015 • 19" system components 2014/2015 IN DVB-S/S2 DVB-T/T2/C A/V FM SDI HD-SDI HDMI ASI IP ISDB-T SAT-IF OUT (QPSK/8PSK) (COFDM/QAM) SPDIF QAM A-QAMOS A-QAMOS-CT A-QAMOS-IP A-QAMOS-IP (S. 19) (S. 21) (S. 26) (S. 26) A-QAMOS-4CI A-QAMOS-CT-4CI A-QAMOS-B-IP A-QAMOS-B-IP (S. 20) (S. 22) (S. 27) (S. 27) A-QAMOS-IPM A-QAMOS-IPM (S. 28) (S. 28) analog TV A-PALIOS-4CIM4 A-PALIOS-CTM4 A-PALIOS-IPM4 A-PALIOS-IPM4 (AM) (S. 25) (S. 23) (S. 29) (S. 29) DRP 393 A-PALIOS-CTM4CI A-PALIOS-IPM4CI A-PALIOS-IPM4CI (S. 37) (S. 24) (S. 30) (S. 30) ASI-TS DRD 700 DRD 700 EMA 608 EMA 408/608 EMA 408 EMA 508/708 DRD 700 DIP 2xx DRP 393 (S. 32) (S. 32) (S. 17) (S. 15/S. 17) (S. 15) (S. 16/S. 18) (S. 32) (S. 42) (S. 34) DRP 393 DRP 393 EMA 508/708 EMA 508/708 DRP 393 (S. 34) (S. 34) (S. 16/S. 18) (S. 16/S. 18) (S. 34) EMA 608 (S. 17) IP DRD 700 DRD 700 EMA 408/608 EMA 508/708 EMA 408 EMA 508/708 EMA 508/708 DRD 700 DRD 393 (S. 32) (S. 32) (S.15/S. 17) (S. 16/S. 18) (S. 15) (S. 16/S. 18) (S. 16/S. 18) (S. 32) (S. 34) DRP 393 DRP 393 EMA 408/608 EMA 508/708 EMA 408/608 (S.
    [Show full text]
  • I the Telecommunications and Data Acquisition:Progress Report 42-67 R --" - ':' .' November and December1981
    F "_ NASA-CR_168577 ..... 19820012239 --- i The Telecommunications and Data _ Acquisition:Progress Report 42-67 r_ --" - ':'_ _.' November and DeCember1981 -- • - N.A. Renzetti .... Editor - _ , • % ° '_ i " ; ,ir_,-- •_' [ / - • I.;.4.9R 1982 February 15; 1982--:; _ " LANGLEY.RESEARCHCENTER • _ . -....-......-._..LIRR_.RY,.NA_A "" _ ¢ F HAMPTON_VIRGINIA _- NationalAeronauticsand - - Space Administration "- . " Jet PropulsionLabOratory - -_ ' _-__ California Instituteof Technology - _........ " " _- Pasadena, California ..... - "T ' • _ . _ J . _ .. :, , _ . :? . - , . " • _, ° /" _J • -_ + . 1-" ? i _ z J -.2 - .,/° . • " ' " -%- - -- I -- _ -,.- . _ ° ] L9< ._ . ,: _ - . j , • ./ . c - " • ' J - -- "< ° _ , _ '] . -; ,_ g __ , ,2 ./ -- i -, . ,. ,-,- C,,_ _- _;>" .... ' _ . - } °I // -,' .... ,: , \ / "._'\ " _ " . _ , _ \ _ _ _ _ - . - . [-- _ . -. ._ ,_ . _ _ , . - . '.___ _. .. _ l _ . _" ! "" 't ',_' '_ , . " f_ .. "- . " - r]. : ._ 2 _. • - - ' I"D. -/7 " - - _ ". ._ . "-. _ . .'_ :. _ ,-. - - . - -- _ _ %" '( Y" .W - \" - _ _ .-- 7 - . • " , - f . ,-.-._,-, t-, , r:'fi,ti;"!TS ;,E_.I!.E-STED E!,I-_J R," D ,_.t,n-.,I'!,i !:-,..... D!SPLA', _1120113/2 " "_ 82M20113,# iSSUE ![! Pf:tGE laSE_ (:I_TE(-_ORY39 RPT._: MASA-CR-168577 JPL-PR-42-G7 82/02/IS Iz_O PAGES UHCLASSiFIED DOCUMEHT IJITL: The telecommunications and data acquisition report TLSP: Froaress Report, ,.lov. - Dec. 19R! AUTH: AiRENZETTI, N. _. PAT: FJ/ed. CORP: Jet Propulsion Lab., CaliFornJ.a Inst. of Tech., Pasadena. AVAIL.HTIS SAP: HC A[;7/PIF A01 Sponsored by I'IAS_ HAJS: /-_DATA ACOUISITIOM/-_DEEP SPACE HETNORK/-:_LOGIST!CSMAHAGEHENT/:+Rt_DIO COIIMUNtC_T IOH/_SP.qCECRF1FTTRACI-IHG', MINS; /,COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION/ DECISION .H_KING! GEODESY/ GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEH! GROLII,IDSTF1TIONS/ HELIOS I/ HYDROGEI'IMASERS/ MAINTEI'IAHCE/ RADIO ANTENNAS/ RADIO f_STRONOHY!RADIO RECEIVERS/ SPNCE MISSIONS! SPARE P_IRTSi SUPPORToYat_HSp P - r"- / SYSTEMSFtNALYSIS! TELEHETRY/ TRAG,L! tHG STATTONS ANN; Proqress in the development and operations o{ the Deep Space NetMorl.
    [Show full text]
  • System Level Analysis and Design for Wireless Inter-Chip
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2016 System Level Analysis And Design For Wireless Inter-Chip Interconnection Communication Systems By Applying Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies Xin Zheng University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Recommended Citation Zheng, X.(2016). System Level Analysis And Design For Wireless Inter-Chip Interconnection Communication Systems By Applying Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3735 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYSTEM LEVEL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR WIRELESS INTER-CHIP INTERCONNECTION COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS BY APPLYING ADVANCED WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES by Xin Zheng Bachelor of Science University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2007 Bachelor of Business Administration University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2007 Master of Science University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2010 Master of Science University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2012 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering College of Engineering and Computing University of South Carolina 2016 Accepted by: Yinchao Chen, Major Professor Paul Huray, Committee Member Krishna Mandal, Committee Member Xiaofeng Wang, Committee Member John Rose, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Xin Zheng, 2016 All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • LM2889 RF Modulator
    LM2889 R.F. Modulator AN-402 National Semiconductor LM2889 R.F. Modulator Application Note 402 Martin Giles June 1985 Introduction older receivers that have inadequate shielding between the antenna input and the tuner. Two I/C RF modulators are available that have been espe- The characteristics of the R.F. signal are loosely regulated cially designed to convert a suitable baseband video and by the FCC under part 15, subpart H. Basically the signal audio signal up to a low VHF modulated carrier (Channel 2 can occupy the standard T.V. channel bandwidth of 6 MHz, through 6 in the U.S., and 1 through 3 in Japan). These are and any spurious (or otherwise) frequency components the LM1889 and LM2889. Both I/C's are identical regarding more than 3 MHz away from the channel limits must be the R.F. modulation functionÐincluding pin-outsÐand can suppressed by more than 30 dB from the peak carrier provide either of two R.F. carriers with dc switch selection of b level. The peak carrier power is limited to 3 mVrms in 75X the desired carrier frequency. The LM1889 includes a crys- or 6 mVrms in 300X, and the R.F. signal must be hard-wired tal controlled chroma subcarrier oscillator and balanced to the receiver through a cable. Most receivers are able to modulators for encoding (R-Y) and (B-Y) or (U) and (V) color provide noise-free pictures when the antenna signal level difference signals. A sound intercarrier frequency L-C oscil- exceeds 1 mVrms and so our goal will be to have an R.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Carrier Systems
    1/28 Digital Carrier Systems Surasak Sanguanpong [email protected] http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~nguan Last updated: 11 July 2000 Applied Network Research Group Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 2/28 Digital carrier standard z T-carrier z North America, Japan z E-carrier z Europe, South America z SONET/SDH z world-wide new standard Applied Network Research Group Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 3/28 Comparison of the layer OSI T-1 SONET/SDH Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Physical Physical Applied Network Research Group Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 4/28 Organization of telephone services The telephone message are routed through : • a switch at the central office (CO) for a local calls Toll • a switching center for out-of-area calls • toll exchanges for long distance calls exchange CO zz The original IOT Area toll connectionsconnections were were made made change over an analog system calledcalled N-carrier. Inter-office to local zz The T-carrier system CO trunk CO call CO was the first widely (IOT) deployed digital transmissiontransmission system system local loop switch Applied Network Research Group Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 5/28 T-1 carrier system z 24 voice channels are sampled, quantized and encoded into a TDM PCM signal CH1 z T-1 carrier has a transmission rate of 1.544 Mbps CH2 PCM CH1 CH2 CH3 CH23 CH24 CH23 CH24 zz Bipolar encoding xxx x xxxx zz B8ZS for T-1 zz B3ZS for T-3 MSB LSB (sign bit) zz Full duplex zz Channel-based digital transmission Applied Network Research Group Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 6/28 T-1 frame 1 frame bit T-1 bit rate : (24x8 +1 bit)/125 µs = 1.544 Mbps 125 µs CHCH 1 1 CHCH 2 2 CHCH 24 24 .............
    [Show full text]
  • Tektronix Television Systems Measurement Concepts 062-1064-00
    Measurement Concepts Television Systems TELEVISION SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS BY GERALD A. EASTMAN MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS INTRODUCTION The primary intent of this book is to acquaint the reader with the functional elements of a television broadcast studio and some of the more common diagnostic and measurement concepts on which video measurement techniques are based. In grouping the functional elements of the broadcasting studio, two areas of primary concern can be identified -- video signal sources and the signal routing path from the source to the transmitter. The design and maintenance of these functional elements is based in large measure on their use and purpose. Understanding the use and purpose of any device always enhances the engineer's or technician's ability to maintain the performance initially designed into the equipment. The functional elements of the broadcast studio will be described in the first portion of this book including a brief discussion of how these functional elements interrelate to form an integrated system. In the broadcasting studio, once the video sources and routing systems are initially established, maintaining quality control of both the sources and the routing path becomes one of the major concerns of the broadcast engineer. Since the picture information is transmitted as a video waveform, quality control can in large measure be accomplished in terms of waveform distortions and subjective picture quality degradations. Four major test waveforms, each designed to observe and measure a specific type of distortion, are commonly used in a broadcast studio. The diagnostic information contained in each waveform will be described in the latter portion of this book in terms of the measurements commonly made with each of the four waveforms.
    [Show full text]
  • An Externally-Synchronized Coherent Communication System Design
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2001 An Externally-Synchronized Coherent Communication System Design Gary R. Ragsdale University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Ragsdale, Gary R., "An Externally-Synchronized Coherent Communication System Design. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2001. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2073 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Gary R. Ragsdale entitled "An Externally- Synchronized Coherent Communication System Design." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Electrical Engineering. Daniel B. Koch, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Michael J. Roberts, Paul B. Crilly, Balram S. Rajput Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: We are submitting herewith a dissertation written by Gary Ragsdale entitled “An Externally-Synchronized Coherent Communication System Design.” We have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Electrical Engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulation and Measurement of the Transmission Distortions of the Digital Television DVB-T/H Part 1: Modulator for Digital Terrestrial Television
    338 R. ŠTUKAVEC, T. KRATOCHVÍL, SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT … PART 1: MODULATOR FOR DTT Simulation and Measurement of the Transmission Distortions of the Digital Television DVB-T/H Part 1: Modulator for Digital Terrestrial Television Radim ŠTUKAVEC, Tomáš KRATOCHVÍL Dept. of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. The paper deals with the first part of results of the Czech Science Foundation research project that was aimed into the simulation and measurement of the transmission distortions of the digital terrestrial television according to DVB-T/H standards. In this part the mo- dulator performance characteristics and its simulation and laboratory measurements are presented with focus on typical DVB-T/H broadcasting scenario – large SFN network for fixed reception. The paper deals with the COFDM modulator imperfections and I/Q errors influence on the DVB-T/H signals and the related I/Q constellation analysis. Impact of the modulator imperfections on Modulation Error Rate from I/Q constellation and Bit Fig. 1. DVB-T/H modulator with I/Q errors and imperfections Error Rates before and after Viterbi decoding in DVB-T/H (illustration comes from [2]). signal decoding are evaluated and discussed. modulator and transmitter parameters. A lower quality signal of the modulator can be produced by Crest factor limitation, intermodulation, noise, Keywords I/Q errors and interferers [1]. To avoid effects of the terrestrial transmission link and modulator imperfections, I/Q modulator, I/Q modulation error, Amplitude DVB-T/H use COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Imbalance, Phase Error, Carrier Suppression, Division Multiplex).
    [Show full text]