DOCSLIB.ORG

Control of Fungal Pathogens

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Control of Fungal Pathogens Control of Fungal Pathogens Megan Dewdney PLP 5115c Control Measures oCultural controls oFungal diseases oFungicides oFungicide resistance oSpecific diseases Introduction o Best approach to disease control is to integrate approaches No one control measure is 100% effective o Practices such as crop rotation, planting time, (not so easy for perennial crops), site selection, modification of fertilizer regimes, micro-climate modification and sanitation (cultural controls) o Pesticides CULTURAL CONTROL Site and Cultivar/Rootstock Selection oSite history What was there in the past; was there a disease or nematode problem? oSoil type pH; drainage; water table oWhat cultivar do I plan to grow? Highly susceptible to Alternaria; perhaps change planting distance; less vigorous rootstock Nursery Trees oKeeping trees clean important as grove foundation oCovered nurseries started in Brazil to prevent Citrus Variegated Chlorosis spread oNow law in Florida and Brazil to prevent spread of HLB oImportant also to have reliable sources of budwood and rootstocks Nursery Trees cont. oKeep trees off ground oClean potting media oWhat other diseases are controlled in covered nurseries? Why? oAlternaria brown spot, citrus scab, citrus canker, black spot, and pseudocercospora fruit and leaf spot Poor Quality Nursery Trees Poor Quality Nursery Trees Poor Quality Nursery Trees Preventable Disease Problems Other Cultural Controls oNO OVERHEAD IRRIGATION oLeaf litter management is helpful for which diseases? Greasy spot; black spot; alternaria brown spot oHow? Discing; frequent irrigation to promote decomposition; mulch leaf litter; put compost accelerator on the leaf litter More Cultural Controls oReduce vigorous flush with fertilizer and water management oIncrease airflow within grove oRemove dead wood and brush piles oAdjust hedging practices oRemove declining trees oYounger groves for fresh production CHEMICAL CONTROL General Fungicide Information oOrganic versus inorganic Refers to chemical structure oInoganic chemicals Sulfur or metal ions Eg. Copper, tin, arsenic, mercury or cadmium Contact (protectants) oRemain on surface of plant oPotentially phytotoxic oExcellent for preventative use oPotential problems? Needs to be on the surface before an infection period leads to repeated applications Wash off – rain or irrigation UV degradation Systemics (eradicants, penetrants) oAbsorbed into plant oLocally systemic or translaminar Across a leaf oWeakly systemic Intermediate distance oXylem mobile unidirectional –which way? oPhloem mobile - bidirectional – why? Spectrum of Activity oMulti-site Often older contact fungicides Usually effective against many fungal classes oFew multi-site fungicides being developed Regulatory tests Toxicity (LD50) Environmental regulations (residuals and breakdown products) Spectrum of Activity oSingle-site Active at a sole point in essential processes Highly specific toxicity to fungi therefore generally safe to be absorbed into plants Often systemic Greater potential for resistance Copper oUsed since before the invention of Bordeaux mixture in 1885 (Millardet) oBroad spectrum protectant oNon-specific 2+ oMOA: Soluble Cu ions (Cu ) bind tightly to sufhydryl groups Cystein residues oPhytotoxicity reduced when made into water insoluble salts Carbamates oDiscovered 1930’s First group of fully synthetic fungicides oBroad spectrum oNon-specific inhibitors and are used as protectants oThe metal salts improve stability oPossible MOA: complex with Cu oAscomycetes/Oömycetes Ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) oSecond generation carbamates Generally more effective than carbamates Broad spectrum Non-specific inhibitors and are used as protectants The metal salts improve stability oMOA: slow release of ethylene diisothiocarbamate oAscomycetes/Oömycetes Trichloromethylthiocarboximides oDiscovered early 1950’s Broad spectrum Non-specific inhibitors and are used as protectants oMOA: active group reacts with bases such as thiol groups – forms thiophosgene (highly reactive) Can also be formed during water hydrolysis Can cause phytotoxicity especially with oil oAscomycetes oNot registered for citrus Benzimidazoles oCommercialized in the 1970’s Considered a breakthrough Broad spectrum Systemic with eradicant activity Benomyl and thiophanate-methyl convert to carbendazime in aqueous conditions oAscomycetes and some Basidiomycete activity Benzimidazoles cont. oMOA: specific binding to fungal β- tubulin Prevents polymerization of microtubules Cells can no longer separate dividing nuclei Can have a cytokinin effect on plants oResistance! Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors - DMI oFirst discovered in 1968 oLarge class of fungicides Broad spectrum due to 30 DMI’s available Each has slightly different properties oActive against Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes Except some Alternaria spp., Colletotrichum spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. or Pyricularia oryzae Reasons unknown Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors – DMI cont. oMost contain an azole group (conazole) oSystemic fungicides oMOA: The biochemistry is exceptionally well understood Sterols required for membranes For most fungi it is ergosterol The aromatic nitrogen group disrupts a cytochrome P450 in the sterol biosynthe- tic pathway Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors – DMI cont oOnly essential feature of most DMI’s is the aromatic N oThe sterol precursors build-up and become incorporated into the membranes oNormal membrane functions become disrupted oResistance? Oömycete Specific Fungicides oPhenylamides Introduced in the late 1970’s Systemic with eradicant properties Stereo-isomers with activity with only the R-isomer MOA: specific for oömycetes Inhibits RNA polymerase to that synthesises ribosomal RNA Mechanism for oömycete specificity unknown Resistance? Oömycete Specific Fungicides cont. oFosetyl-al Discovered and developed early 1980s Systemic and is translocated to the roots from the leaves (unusual) Has some activity against other pathogens including bacteria MOA: not understood Possibly acting through phosphonic acid generated in plants or stimulation of plant defenses Resistance? Starting to hear rumors of resistance Oömycete Specific Fungicides cont. oCarboxylic acid amide fungicide (Mandipropamid) Developed in the 2000s Protectant to be applied as drench prior to disease onset oMOA: Specific for oömycetes Acts on cell wall and does not enter the cell Inhibits cellulose synthesis Resistance? National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=11292824, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11292824 (accessed Sept. 16, 2017). Strobilurins (Quinone outside inhibitors; QoI) oIntroduced in the late 1990’s oDerived from secondary metabolites of Basidiomyctes oVery broad spectrum Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Oömycetes oSystemic that has mild eradicant abilities Strobilurins (QoIs) cont. oMOA: Bind to cytochrome bc1 and inhibit mitochondrial respiration oPotent inhibitors of spore germination but don’t completely inhibit mycelial growth oAlternate respiration oResistance? www.cgm.cnrs-gif.fr/podospora/plus.html Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors (SDHI) oDiscovered over 40 years ago First generation only had efficacy on Basidiomycetes New generation with wider efficacy introduced in 2003 oBroad spectrum Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes Single site o fluxapyroxad boscalid fluopyram http://www.enlightcorp.com/suppliers/jiangsu_furun_ biochemical_technology_co_ltd-hz14fda9e.html http://www.google.com/patents/EP2612554A1?cl=en https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscalid SDHIs cont. oDivided into 8 chemical classes and 18 compounds oMOA: Bind to mitochondrial complex II (succinate:quinone oxidoreductase) and inhibit mitochondrial respiration oPotent inhibitors of spore germination and mycelial growth oResistance? Fungicide Resistance oWhere the target population is no longer sensitive enough to a fungicide to obtain sufficient control oOccurs in response to the repeated use of a fungicide or related fungicides Field resistance Laboratory resistance oOften becomes apparent with sudden total failure of control Two types of Resistance Qualitative Quantitative Brent and Holloman, 2007 Qualitative Resistance oSudden and marked loss of control oPresence of two separate populations of resistant and sensitive pathogen isolates oUsually a stable form of resistance Lasts for decades Occasionally will gradually diminish over time but returns rapidly when fungicide is reapplied without precautions Quantitative Resistance oResistance appears less suddenly Decline in sensitivity of pathogen population and control can be observed oPopulation tends to revert to sensitive if the fungicide is less used or is alternated with other MOAs Types of Resistance oCross resistance resistant to different fungicides with the same MOA so generally same mechanism oMultiple resistance Two separate mechanisms of resistance to unrelated MOAs occasionally occurs in pathogens – multiple resistances Where does resistance come from? oA minute proportion of the population carries a mutant form of a gene before the use of a fungicide Confers resistance oWithout the fungicide, the mutation confers no advantage to growth or survival of the pathogen Could even be deleterious oMutation could disappear and reappear spontaneously several times Within population Initial frequency 1:1000 million Increased frequency of Resistant individual resistant strain in population Several Cycles Time passes Resistant population Resistance cont. oIf a fungicide is highly effective resistance will be more rapid Fewer sensitive strains
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Cherry Pests in Oregon C
    EM 8951 • September 2008 • $15.00 How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Cherry Pests in Oregon C. Kaiser, A.N. Azarenko, L. Long, and R.A. Spotts Pesticides—including insecticides, acaricides, Insecticide and acaricide resistance fungicides, and bactericides—are essential for grow- According to the Insecticide Resistance Action ing healthy crops with reliable yields and quality. In Committee (IRAC), resistance to insecticides is “a many instances, pesticides have become less effective heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population as target organisms have developed resistance. The that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to first record of resistance dates to 1897, when orchard- achieve the expected level of control when used accord- ists began having problems controlling San Jose scale ing to the label recommendation for that pest species.” (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [Comstock]) and codling When a chemical is used continuously, insecticide moth (Cydia pomonella [L.]). Since then, pesticide resistance may lead to reduced insect control. The resistance has become a worldwide threat to com- typical response is to reapply the insecticide; when mercial agriculture. By the end of 2006, there were that fails, the dosage is raised, and the interval between 645 specific cases of agricultural insecticide resistance, applications is reduced. These strategies work only as affecting 316 compounds. long as it takes for complete resistance to be expressed There has also been a gradual increase in the occur- across the entire insect population. The product is rence of fungicide resistance since 1960. Fungicide then abandoned, and another class of products with resistance usually develops rapidly compared to insecti- increased efficacy is used.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensitive Determination of Mixtures of Neonicotinoid And
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sussex Research Online Sensitive determination of mixtures of neonicotinoid and fungicide residues in pollen and single bumblebees using a scaled down QuEChERS method for exposure assessment Article (Submitted Version) David, Arthur, Botías, Cristina, Abdul-Sada, Alaa, Goulson, Dave and Hill, Elizabeth M (2015) Sensitive determination of mixtures of neonicotinoid and fungicide residues in pollen and single bumblebees using a scaled down QuEChERS method for exposure assessment. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407 (26). pp. 8151-8162. ISSN 1618-2642 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/57914/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 902, Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 902 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory Al AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc. December 17, 2019 Susan Carlson, PhD Division Director Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review Office of Food Additive Safety (HFS-200) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services 5001 Campus Drive College Park, MD 207 40 Dear Dr. Carlson: In accordance with regulation 21 CFR Part 170 Subpart E (Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Notice), on behalf ofHealthTech BioActives, S.L.U. (the notifier), the undersigned, Kayla Preece, submits, for FDA review, the enclosed notice that neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is GRAS for use in foods. Should you have any questions or concerns regarding this notice, please contact me at 253-286-2888 or [email protected]. Sincerely, Kayla Preece (agent of the notifier) Scientific and Regulatory Consultant AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc. ("AIBMR") JAN 8 2020 OFFICE OF , FOOD ADDITIVE SAF~fY Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone GRAS 2 #902 Notice to US Food and Drug Administration of the Conclusion that the Intended Use of Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is Generally Recognized as Safe Submitted by the Notifier: HealthTech BioActives, S.L.U. Ctra. Beniel a Zeneta, 143-145 El Raiguero-La Villa 30130 Beniel (Murcia) Spain Prepared by the Agent of the Notifier: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc. 2800 E. Madison, Suite 202 Seattle WA 98112 � December 17, 2019 ��(C �'¥7�(Q) JAN 8 2020 OFFICE OF FOOD ADDITIVE SAFETY ~• ,.1BMR Life Sciences, Inc. Table of Contents Part 1: Signed Statements and Certification ............................................................ 6 1.1 Submission of GRAS Notice .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden of Exposure: Opportunities for Biomonitoring and Health-Related Research
    UCSF UC San Francisco Previously Published Works Title Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden of Exposure: Opportunities for Biomonitoring and Health-Related Research. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/341329w1 Journal Environmental health perspectives, 127(12) ISSN 0091-6765 Authors Pellizzari, Edo D Woodruff, Tracey J Boyles, Rebecca R et al. Publication Date 2019-12-18 DOI 10.1289/ehp5133 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California A Section 508–conformant HTML version of this article Review is available at https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5133. Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden of Exposure: Opportunities for Biomonitoring and Health-Related Research Edo D. Pellizzari,1 Tracey J. Woodruff,2 Rebecca R. Boyles,3 Kurunthachalam Kannan,4 Paloma I. Beamer,5 Jessie P. Buckley,6 Aolin Wang,2 Yeyi Zhu,7,8 and Deborah H. Bennett9 (Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes) 1Fellow Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA 2Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA 3Bioinformatics and Data Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA 4Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA 5Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Fungicides for Management of Apple Diseases Nicole W Gauthier, Extension Plant Pathologist
    University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food & Environment Extension Plant Pathology College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Cooperative Extension Service Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS-FR-T-15 Effectiveness of Fungicides for Management of Apple Diseases Nicole W Gauthier, Extension Plant Pathologist This guide is a decision-making tool to help growers select fungicides from different chemical classes (FRAC).1 Additional information can be found in a number of UK Cooperative Extension Service publications, including ID-232, or by contacting county Extension agents. FRAC Code Black Rot & Sooty Blotch & Fungicide Fungicide Chemical Scab Powdery Mildew Rust White Rot Bitter Rot Fly Speck Group 1 Fungal Fungal Fungal Fungal Fungal Fungal 1 Upwardly systemic. Fungicide resistance risk high. Tank mix with fungicides from a different fungicide group (FRAC) to prevent MBC or delay resistance development. Do not mix with copper. Benzimidazoles Topsin M~ thiophanate-methyl ++ ++ + / +++ +++ 3 Upwardly systemic. Rainfast in 2 hours. Some curative activity. There is wide variation in activity within this group. Medium Sterol inhibitors risk for resistance. Make no more than 5 applications per season. Do not apply SI fungicides past 2nd cover. Note: This group, (DMI or SI) which was formerly known as De-Methylation Inhibitors (DMI), is now classified as Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBI or SI). Bayleton triadimefon + +++ Indar fenbuconazole +++ ++ ++ ++ difenoconazole + Inspire Super* cyprodinil +++ +++ +++ ++ Procure triflumizole +++ +++ +++ Rally myclobutanil + / +++ + / +++ +++ + / +++ + / +++ Topguard flutriafol +++ +++ +++ Vintage fenarimol + ++ + Agriculture & Natural Resources • Family & Consumer Sciences • 4-H/Youth Development • Community & Economic Development FRAC Code Black Rot & Sooty Blotch & Fungicide Fungicide Chemical Scab Powdery Mildew Rust White Rot Bitter Rot Fly Speck Group 1 Fungal Fungal Fungal Fungal Fungal Fungal 7 Varying degrees of systemic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • EPA Review of Petition for Fluxapyroxad
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 January 14, 2021 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: A Review of BASF’s Petition for Extension of Exclusive Use for Fluxapyroxad (PC: 138009) (DP#455808) FROM: Jeana Hansel, Plant Pathologist Biological Analysis Branch THRU: Monisha Kaul, Chief Biological Analysis Branch Biological and Economic Analysis Division (7503P) TO: Shaja Joyner, Risk Manager Nathan Mellor, Risk Manager Reviewer Fungicide Herbicide Branch Registration Division (7505P) Product Review Panel Date: December 30, 2020 SUMMARY Baden Aniline and Soda Factory (BASF) (2019) has petitioned the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or Agency) to request, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Section 3(c)(1)(F)(ii), that the exclusive use period for data supporting the fungicide fluxapyroxad be extended for three years. BASF claims fluxapyroxad plays a significant part in resistance management and integrated pest management programs, criteria III and IV as defined under FIFRA 3 (c)(1)(F)(ii). BASF (2019) submitted supporting information for sixteen crops. All sixteen crops meet the acreage definition of a minor use, as each crop is grown on less than 300,000 acres nationally, and all sixteen crops are supported by individual residue trial data. 1 The Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD) determined that at least nine of the sixteen petitioned minor use sites satisfy at least one of the criteria for extension of exclusive use. Fluxapyroxad satisfies criterion III for managing pest resistance in hazelnut, celery, head lettuce, leaf lettuce, spinach, carrot, and radish and satisfies criterion IV for value in integrated pest management programs in peach and sweet cherry.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Apple Pests in Oregon
    EM 8950 • September 2008 • $15.00 How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Apple Pests in Oregon C. Kaiser, A.N. Azarenko, and R.A. Spotts Pesticides—including insecticides, acaricides, currently registered for use on apples in Oregon, fungicides, and bactericides—are essential for including information regarding the pests for which maintaining healthy crops with reliable yields and each product is registered, mode of action, chemical quality. In many instances, pesticides have become groupings, and classification. Extension personnel, less effective as target organisms have developed field consultants, and growers should use this infor- resistance. The first record of resistance dates to mation to reduce the risk of resistance to insecticides 1897, when orchardists began having problems con- and fungicides. trolling San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [ Comstock]) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella Insecticide and acaricide resistance [L.]). Since then, pesticide resistance has become According to the Insecticide Resistance Action a worldwide threat to commercial agriculture. By Committee (IRAC), resistance to insecticides is “a the end of 2006, there were 645 specific cases of heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest popu- agricultural insecticide resistance, with 542 species lation that is reflected in the repeated failure of a of arthropods resistant to at least one compound. In product to achieve the expected level of control when total, 316 compounds are affected. used according to the label recommendation for that There has also been a gradual increase in fun- pest species.” gicide resistance since 1960. Fungicide resistance When a chemical is used continuously, insecti- usually develops rapidly compared to insecticide cide resistance may lead to reduced insect control resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, CABRIO TEAM FUNGICIDE,09/30/2019
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, DC 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION September 30, 2019 Lauren Seabrook Product Registration Manager BASF Corporation 26 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3528 Subject: Registration Review Label Mitigation for Dimethomorph Product Name: Cabrio Team Fungicide EPA Registration Number: 7969-229 Application Date: 07/05/2018 Decision Number: 555383 Dear Ms. Seabrook: The Agency, in accordance with the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended, has completed reviewing all of the information submitted with your application to support the Registration Review of the above referenced product in connection with the Dimethomorph Interim Decision, and has concluded that your submission is acceptable. The label referred to above, submitted in connection with registration under FIFRA, as amended, is acceptable. Should you wish to add/retain a reference to the company’s website on your label, then please be aware that the website becomes labeling under the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and is subject to review by the Agency. If the website is false or misleading, the product would be misbranded and unlawful to sell or distribute under FIFRA section 12(a)(1)(E). 40 CFR 156.10(a)(5) list examples of statements EPA may consider false or misleading. In addition, regardless of whether a website is referenced on your product’s label, claims made on the website may not substantially differ from those claims approved through the registration process. Therefore, should the Agency find or if it is brought to our attention that a website contains false or misleading statements or claims substantially differing from the EPA approved registration, the website will be referred to the EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Investigation and Molecular Modeling Studies of Strobilurin-Based Fungicides Active Against the Rice Blast Pathogen Pyricularia Oryzae
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Structural Investigation and Molecular Modeling Studies of Strobilurin-Based Fungicides Active against the Rice Blast Pathogen Pyricularia oryzae Andrea Kunova 1 , Luca Palazzolo 2, Fabio Forlani 1 , Giorgia Catinella 1 , Loana Musso 1 , Paolo Cortesi 1, Ivano Eberini 2,3,*, Andrea Pinto 1,* and Sabrina Dallavalle 1 1 Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (F.F.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (S.D.) 2 Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; [email protected] 3 Data Science Research Center (DSRC), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.E.); [email protected] (A.P.) Abstract: The increasing emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens requires urgent solutions for crop disease management. Here, we describe a structural investigation of new fungicides obtained by combining strobilurin and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor pharmacophores. We identified compounds endowed with very good activity against wild-type Pyricularia oryzae, combined in some cases with promising activity against strobilurin-resistant strains. The first three-dimensional Citation: Kunova, A.; Palazzolo, L.; model of P. oryzae cytochrome bc1 complex containing azoxystrobin as a ligand was developed. Forlani, F.; Catinella, G.; Musso, L.; The model was validated with a set of commercially available strobilurins, and it well explains Cortesi, P.; Eberini, I.; Pinto, A.; Dallavalle, S. Structural Investigation both the resistance mechanism to strobilurins mediated by the mutation G143A and the activity and Molecular Modeling Studies of of metyltetraprole against strobilurin-resistant strains.
    [Show full text]
  • VIEW 5 of 25
    toxics Article Exploring Biophysical Linkages between Coastal Forestry Management Practices and Aquatic Bivalve Contaminant Exposure Kaegan Scully-Engelmeyer 1,* , Elise F. Granek 1, Max Nielsen-Pincus 1 , Andy Lanier 2, Steven S. Rumrill 3, Patrick Moran 4 , Elena Nilsen 5, Michelle L. Hladik 6 and Lori Pillsbury 7 1 Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; [email protected] (E.F.G.); [email protected] (M.N.-P.) 2 Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, Salem, MA 97301, USA; [email protected] 3 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Newport, RI 97365, USA; [email protected] 4 U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA; [email protected] 5 U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR 97201, USA; [email protected] 6 U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA; [email protected] 7 Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-541-968-0017 Abstract: Terrestrial land use activities present cross-ecosystem threats to riverine and marine species and processes. Specifically, pesticide runoff can disrupt hormonal, reproductive, and developmental processes in aquatic organisms, yet non-point source pollution is difficult to trace and quantify. In Citation: Scully-Engelmeyer, K.; Oregon, U.S.A., state and federal forestry pesticide regulations, designed to meet regulatory water Granek, E.F.; Nielsen-Pincus, M.; quality requirements, differ in buffer size and pesticide applications. We deployed passive water Lanier, A.; Rumrill, S.S.; Moran, P.; samplers and collected riverine and estuarine bivalves Margaritifera falcata, Mya arenaria, and Cras- Nilsen, E.; Hladik, M.L.; Pillsbury, L.
    [Show full text]