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Lingulida (2007) McGraw−Hill AccessScience: Lingulida (2007) by Christian C. Emig ammonia is voided through the tissues of the mantle and lophophore. Lingulida Lingulids possess an open circulatory system An order of inarticulated brachiopods consisting of blood vessels and coelomic canals, containing of an exclusively marine group of lophophorate a faintly pigmented fluid, which is coagulable animals (i.e., animals with a tentacular food- and contains free cellular inclusions consisting gathers, respiratory and protective organ): of blood cells and coelomocytes. In Lingula, the sessile benthic suspension-feeders possessing a blood cells are somewhat round in shape and chitino-phosphatic shell. Representatives occur contain a respiratory protein that consists of throughout the Phanerozoic Era (from the Early hemoerythrins. Cambrian to the present). Three superfamilies Lingulids have a central nervous system are recognized: Linguloidea among which the containing unsheathed nerves with no obviously family Lingulidae extends from the Middle differentiated sense organs although statocysts Ordovician to the present; Discinoidea with the have been reported in Lingulidae. family Discinidae extends from the Early All extant members of this order are Ordovician to the present; and, Acrotheloidea, dioecious (that is, male and female reproductive known from the Early Cambrian to the Early organs on separate individuals) and their larval Ordovician. development is planktotrophic. They extend See BRACHIOPODA; LINGULIFORMEA generally from inshore waters, mainly subtidal, to the bathyal zone. General mophology. Shells are tongue- shaped (linguliform) to circular in outline. The Lingulidoidea. Shells are linguliform to valves are separate and lack articulation but circular in outline, generally biconvex. The two possess a complex arrangement of muscles extant genera belong to the family Lingulidae: formed by paired anterior adductor muscles and Lingula wrongly considered as "living fossils" single or paired posterior adductor muscles, and from the Paleozoic, and Glottidia. Both genera three or four pairs of oblique muscles. The originated at the beginning of the Tertiary. They pedicle emerges posteriorly between valves or have a long, fleshy extensible pedicle and through foramen. burrow in soft sediments (see illustration). Lingulids are suspension feeders. The Their complex arrangement of muscles consists tentacular feeding organ (lophophore) occupies of two pairs of anterior and a single posterior the mantle cavity. The digestive system consists adductor muscles, unpaired oblique muscles of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, (three pairs and an single additional one), and a digestive diverticula, pylorus, and intestine, longitudinal lateral muscle, which help with terminating in a functional anus. Four digestive movements of the valves. diverticula open through ducts to the stomach. The excretory system consists of a pair of Discinoidea and Acrotheloidea. Most ciliated funnels (metanephridia) that act as shells are circular or subcircular in outline. The gonoducts during spawning and allow the dorsal valve is usually larger than the ventral discharge of gametes from the coelom into the valve, and is convex and often conical. The lophophoral cavity. Solid waste, enmeshed in ventral valve is flattened and disk-like. Paired mucus, is also ejected through the anterior and posterior adductor muscles and nephridiopores, while other excretory product three pairs of oblique muscles make up the complex arrangement of muscles. A short pedicle in postlarval stage is emerging through a foramen in the ventral valve, but the adults lack a pedicle notch. Christian C. Emig Bibliography. C. C. Emig, Ecology of inarticulated brachiopods. Biogeography of inarticulated brachiopods, in R.L. Kaesler (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H revised, Brachiopoda, vol. 1, pp. 473-502, Geological Society of America, Boulder, and University of Kansas, Lawrence, 1997; C. C. Emig, Tools for linguloid taxonomy: the genus Obolus (Brachiopoda) as an example. Carnets de Géologie-Notebooks on Geology, Article 2002/01 (CG2002_A01_CCE), 2002; C. C. Emig, Proof that Lingula (Brachiopoda) is not a living-fossil, and emended diagnoses of the Family Lingulidae, Carnets de Géologie- Notebooks on Geology, Letter 2003/01 (CG2003_L01_CCE), 2003; R. L. Kaesler (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H revised, Brachiopoda, vols 1 and 2, Geological Society of America, Boulder, and University of Kansas, Lawrence, 1997 and 2000. View of living Lingula anatina in its burrow (drawing from Emig C. C.). .
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