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(Esnaf) in the Late Ottoman Empire: 1839-1922 a Thesis

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(Esnaf) in the Late Ottoman Empire: 1839-1922 a Thesis THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ISTANBUL ARTISANS AND TRADERS (ESNAF) IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1839-1922 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY PINAR SÜT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY FEBRUARY 2021 Approval of the thesis: THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ISTANBUL ARTISANS AND TRADERS (ESNAF) IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1839-1922 submitted by PINAR SÜT in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Dean Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Ferdan ERGUT Head of Department Department of History Assoc. Prof. Dr. Birten ÇELİK Supervisor Department of History Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Mehmet SEYİTDANLIOĞLU (Head of the Examining Committee) Hacettepe University Department of History Assoc. Prof. Dr. Birten ÇELİK (Supervisor) Middle East Technical University Department of History Prof. Dr. Onur YILDIRIM Middle East Technical University Department of Economics Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nalan TURNA Yıldız Technical University Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Assist. Prof. Dr. Selçuk DURSUN Middle East Technical University Department of History PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Pınar SÜT Signature: iii ABSTRACT THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ISTANBUL ARTISANS AND TRADERS (ESNAF) IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1839-1922 SÜT, Pınar Ph.D., The Department of History Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Birten ÇELİK February 2021, 309 pages This study examines the integration of artisans and traders into the new administrative structure in Istanbul through municipalities between 1839-1922, as well as the abolition of their guilds during this integration process. The study suggests that the underlying reasons in changing of the conditions of these groups and the abolition of the guilds cannot be explained only with the dynamics of economy, such as the integration of the Ottoman market into the European capitalist economic system, mechanization in production, and free-trade practices, but they were also related to the changing administrative necessities. The new administrative system, legislation, marketplace supervision, and the change in the professional organization model impacted the transformation of these groups. Furthermore, this study argues that the abolition of the guild wardenship was not only the result of their economic loss of power, but it was also the outcome of the administrative modernization in the Ottoman Empire. The conflicts emerged in the guilds upon the guild’s warden position and its responsibilities played crucial roles in the abolition of the guilds. The study is set on two essential questions: The first one is that how the artisans and traders of Istanbul adapted themselves to the administrative restructuring in the nineteenth century, and iv the second one is that what kind of an organizational transformation took place from guilds to esnaf associations. Keywords: Esnaf, Guilds, Associations, Municipality, Istanbul (19th & early 20th century). v ÖZ GEÇ DÖNEM OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NDA İSTANBUL ESNAFININ DÖNÜŞÜMÜ: 1839-1922 SÜT, Pınar Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Birten ÇELİK Şubat 2021, 309 sayfa Bu çalışma 1839-1922 yılları arasında İstanbul’daki esnafın belediyeler aracılığıyla yeni idari yapıyla bütünleşmesini ve bu bütünleşme sürecinde loncalarının lağvını incelemektedir. Çalışma, bu grupların koşullarının değişmesinin ve loncaların kaldırılmasının altında yatan sebeplerin sadece Osmanlı pazarının Avrupa kapitalist ekonomik sistemi ile bütünleşmesi, üretimde makineleşme ve serbest ticaret uygulamaları gibi ekonomik dinamiklerle açıklanamayacağını, bunların değişen idari gerekliliklerle de bağlantılı olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Yeni idari sistem, mevzuat, market denetimi ve meslek örgütü modelindeki değişim bu grupların dönüşümünde etkili olmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışma kethüdalığın ilgasının yalnızca loncaların ekonomik güç kaybının bir sonucu olmadığını, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki idari modernleşmenin de bir neticesi olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Kethüdalık pozisyonu ve sorumlulukları üzerine ortaya çıkan ihtilaflar loncaların ilga edilmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Çalışma iki temel soru üzerine kuruludur: Birincisi, İstanbul esnafı on dokuzuncu yüzyılda kendisini idari yeniden yapılandırmaya nasıl adapte etti? İkincisi, loncalardan esnaf cemiyetlerine doğru nasıl bir örgütsel dönüşüm yaşandı? vi Anahtar Kelimeler: Esnaf, Loncalar, Cemiyetler, Belediye, İstanbul (19. ve erken 20. Yüzyıllar). vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Birten Çelik for her academic contribution, criticism, encouragement, and patience all through the dissertation process. I owe my deepest gratitude to her for accepting to become my supervisor. It was a great chance for me in this difficult process. I want to express my special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nalan Turna for her suggestions and criticism, which greatly contributed to this study. I am indebted to her both for her great academic contribution and encouragement. Her invaluable help and continuous support in this field always encouraged me. I am grateful to Assist. Prof. Dr. Selçuk Dursun for his academic contribution both in my undergraduate education and in this study. His critiques on the drafts of this study always helped me to improve my academic perspective and writing. I would like to express my appreciation to Prof. Dr. Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu for his invaluable comments and accepting to be a member of the dissertation examining committee. I am also greatly thankful to Prof. Dr. Onur Yıldırım for his challenging comments, feedbacks, and insightful suggestions. I am indebted to his stimulating contribution. I would like to express my thanks to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK-BİDEB) for the PhD fellowship (2211-E), which made this study possible. I would also like to thank to the staff of the Middle East Technical University Library, İBB Atatürk Library, Beyazıt State Library, the Library of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM), and Turkish Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey-Department of Ottoman Archives. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xiv CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. .1 1.1. Terminological Definitions and Framework ................................................ 5 1.2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………12 1.3. Methodology and Sources………………………………………………...20 1.4. Outline of the Study ……………………………………………………….26 2. A PORTRAIT: ARTISANS, TRADERS, AND GUILDS IN ISTANBUL………30 2.1. Artisans and Traders………………………………………………………….31 2.1.1. Ottoman Women and Marketplace……………………………………42 2.2. Guilds During the Post-Tanzimat Period…………………………………….54 2.2.1. Changing Methods for Training………………………………………63 3. ADMINISTRATIVE TRANSFORMATION AND ECONOMY IN THE SHADE OF ECONOMIC RECESSION……………………………………………70 3.1. Outcomes of Administrative Reforms………………………………………72 3.1.1. The Municipality and Legal Regulations……………………………..78 3.1.2. Supervision Tasks: Police and Municipal Police ……………………..82 3.1.3. The Establishment of the Esnaf Office (Esnaf Kalemi)………………..89 3.2. Economic Situation………………………………………………………….93 3.2.1. Struggle for Existence in Economic Downturn……………………….95 ix 3.2.2. Taxes and Fees………………………………………………………101 3.2.3. Esnaf License (Esnaf Tezkeresi)……………………………………..113 4. BUSINESS LIFE, SPACE, AND PUBLIC HYGIENE IN MARKETPLACE…123 4.1. The Rules for Trade and the Professional Order …………………………..124 4.2. The Workplace Spatial Settings…………………………………………….128 4.3. Public Hygiene and Sanitation in Marketplace…………………………….139 4.3.1. Food and Food-related Sectors……………………………………....145 4.3.2. Other Sectors ………………………………………………………..155 5. TRANSFORMATION OF OTTOMAN GUILDS: THE ABOLITION OF THE GUILD WARDENSHIP AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ESNAF ASSOCIATIONS (ESNAF CEMİYETLERİ)…………………………..…164 5.1. The Last Period of Guilds………………………………………………….165 5.1.1. Guild Warden: A Burden?...................................................................170 5.1.2. Sharing the Authority………………………………………………..177 5.1.3. The Guild Warden
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