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Juice and Seed Extract on Bacteria Isolated from Urine and Catheter Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, Vol

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Juice and Seed Extract on Bacteria Isolated from Urine and Catheter Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, Vol Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research E-ISSN: 0719-4250 [email protected] Asociación de Académicos de Ciencias Farmacéuticas de Antofagasta Chile Oluwole Osungunna, Michael; Onawunmi, Grace O. Anti-adhesion and antibiotic modulatory evaluation of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice and seed extract on bacteria isolated from urine and catheter Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, vol. 4, núm. 1, enero-febrero, 2016, pp. 25-38 Asociación de Académicos de Ciencias Farmacéuticas de Antofagasta Antofagasta, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=496053933003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative © 2016 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 4 (1), 25-38 ISSN 0719-4250 http://jppres.com/jppres Original Article | Artículo Original Anti-adhesion and antibiotic modulatory evaluation of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice and seed extract on bacteria isolated from urine and catheter [Anti-adhesión y evaluación moduladora de antibióticos de jugo y extracto de semilla de pomelo (Citrus paradisi) sobre bacterias aisladas de orina y catéter] Michael Oluwole Osungunna1* and Grace O. Onawunmi2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. *E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Resumen Context: The in vivo use of grapefruit seed in the treatment of urinary Contexto: El uso in vivo de la semilla de pomelo se ha informado en el tract infections (UTIs) has been reported but the mechanism of action is tratamiento de la infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU), pero aún no se ha yet to be explained. explicado el mecanismo de acción por el que ocurre este beneficio. Aims: Evaluate the anti-adhesion and antibiotic modulatory activities of Objetivos: Evaluar la anti-adherencia y actividades moduladoras de grapefruit seed extract and juice as their possible mechanisms of action. antibióticos del extracto de semilla y el zumo de pomelo como sus Methods: Sub-inhibitory concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/mL as well as 10.3 posibles mecanismos de acción. and 5.15 mg/mL of grapefruit seed extract and juice respectively were Métodos: Concentraciones sub-inhibitorias de 2,5 y 5 mg/mL, así como evaluated for modulatory activity of ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and 10,3 y 5,15 mg/mL de extracto de semilla de pomelo y el jugo, nalidixic acid against one hundred and twenty seven bacterial isolates respectivamente fueron evaluados para demostrar la actividad from mid-stream urine (MSU) (100), catheter-stream urine (CSU) (14) and moduladora de la ciprofloxacina, estreptomicina y ácido nalidíxico en catheter tips (CT) (13) using the agar dilution method. Anti-adhesion contra de ciento veintisiete aislamientos bacterianos desde orina corriente activity of grapefruit seed extract and juice at sub-inhibitory (MSU) (100), catéter de orina (CSU) (14) y puntas de catéter (CT) (13) concentrations of 2.5 and 1.03 mg/mL respectively was evaluated against utilizando el método de dilución en agar. La actividad anti-adherencia del twenty three (23) moderately adherent bacterial isolates from MSU (10), extracto de semilla y el jugo de pomelo a concentraciones sub-inhibitoria CSU (7) and CT (6) using the tissue culture plate method. de 2,5 y 1,03 mg/mL, respectivamente, se evaluó frente a veintitrés (23) Results: The results revealed that grapefruit juice (5.15 mg/mL) showed aislamientos bacterianos moderadamente adherentes a partir de MSU more effect on nalidixic acid activity than seed extract (2.5 mg/mL). (10), CSU (7) y CT (6) utilizando el método de la placa de cultivo de Grapefruit juice showed more anti-adhesion activity than grapefruit seed tejidos. extract at the concentration tested. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que el zumo de pomelo (5,15 mg/mL) Conclusions: The study concluded that grapefruit seed extract and juice mostró más efecto sobre la actividad del ácido nalidíxico que el extracto had anti-adhesion and antibiotic modulatory effects on bacteria de semilla (2,5 mg/mL). El jugo mostró una mayor actividad anti-adhesión associated with UTIs. que el extracto de semilla de pomelo a la concentración probada. Conclusiones: El extracto de semilla y el jugo de pomelo tuvieron efectos anti-adherente y moduladores de antibióticos en las bacterias asociadas con las infecciones urinarias. Keywords: Anti-adhesion; catheter-stream urine; catheter tips; mid- Palabras Clave: Anti-adhesión; catéter de flujo de orina; efecto stream urine; modulatory effect; urinary tract infections. modulador; flujo medio de orina; infecciones del tracto urinario; punta de catéter. ARTICLE INFO Received | Recibido: November 10, 2015. Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: December 24, 2015. Accepted | Aceptado: December 26, 2015. Available Online | Publicado en Línea: January 18, 2016. Declaration of interests | Declaración de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding | Financiación: The authors confirm that the project has not funding or grants. Academic Editor | Editor Académico: Gabino Garrido. _____________________________________ Osungunna and Onawunmi Anti-adhesion and antibiotic modulation of grapefruit juice and seed extract INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS Controversies have continued to trail the pres- Plants collection and identification ence or otherwise of antimicrobial activity in grapefruit seed extract. While some researchers Leaves and fruits of grapefruits (Citrus paradisi) have reported the presence of antimicrobial activi- were collected from Jagba farm in Gbongan, ty in vitro, some have reported otherwise (Reagor et Ayedaade Local Government Area of Osun State. al., 2002; Adedeji et al., 2007). However, it was observed The plant was identified and authenticated at the that those that reported activity made use of com- Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo mercial grapefruit seed extract to which their re- State, Nigeria. The authenticated plant has the ported activity had been linked to the presence of Voucher number FHI 108842. benzethonium chloride (von Woedtke et al., 1999) while those that reported no activity made use of crude Preparation of grapefruit seed extract and extract of grapefruit seed. Authors that reported juice activity with the crude extract of grapefruit seed Grapefruits were collected from an identified however made use of 70% ethanol as vehicle for source between February and May, 2012 and pro- reconstitution of the extract (Cvetnic and Vladimir- cessed with a view to collecting the juice, and Knezevic, 2004). Al-Ani et al. (2011) also reported activ- seeds. The fruits were cut into two halves using a ity with the aqueous extract of grapefruit seed ex- sharp knife. The juice was expressed into a sterile tract with no activity in the ethanolic extract. container, lyophilized, using a freeze-drier and Some clinical observations on the use of grape- stored in amber bottle placed in desiccator to pre- fruit seeds in the treatment of urinary tract infec- serve until needed. The percentage yield was calcu- tions, which suggested an in vivo antibacterial lated. characteristic of dried or fresh grapefruit seeds The seeds of the grapefruits were air-dried at when taken at a dosage of five to six seeds every room temperature (25oC) for at least two weeks eight hours for up to two weeks that was compara- after which they were ground into powder form ble to that of proven antibacterial drugs have been using a grinder (Daiki, Japan). The powdered seeds reported (Oyelami et al., 2005). The reversal of antibi- (383 g) was extracted by macerating in 1.5 liter 70% otic resistance pattern after two weeks’ treatment ethanol for 72 hours under regular shaking, using a with grapefruit seeds was also reported. The in vivo rotary flask shaker (Griffin, U.S.A). The extract was report suggested that grapefruit seeds had (i) an- filtered using Whatman No 1 filter paper and fil- timicrobial activity (ii) antibiotic modulatory activ- trates concentrated in rotary evaporator (Buchi, ity or (iii) that there are other ways by which Switzerland). The percentage yield was calculated. grapefruit seeds may exhibit the reported clinical observations other than that obtained by the con- Collection of mid-stream urine isolates ventional agar diffusion method. After ethical approval for the study was ob- This study therefore aimed at evaluating grape- tained from the OAUTHC Research and Ethical fruit seed extract and juice for their anti-adhesion Committee, consecutive clinical isolates from pa- and antibiotic modulatory activities as possible tients presenting with Urinary Tract Infections mechanisms of observed clinical action since it has (UTIs) were collected from Microbiology Laborato- been established that adhesion of organisms to ry of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hos- uroepithelial cells is an important step in the path- pital Complex on agar slopes in McCartney bottles ogenesis of infections as urinary tract infections between August and December, 2012 and brought and agent(s) that can prevent this adhesion may be to the Pharmaceutical Microbiology Laboratory of of clinical importance in the management of such the Department of Pharmaceutics, Obafemi infections. Awolowo University, Ile - Ife for identification and http://jppres.com/jppres J Pharm Pharmacogn Res (2016)
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