Taking Possession: the Defining Element of Theft?
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International Intellectual Property Law
ee--RRGG Electronic Resource Guide International Intellectual Property Law * Jonathan Franklin This page was last updated February 8, 2013. his electronic resource guide, often called the ERG, has been published online by the American Society of International Law (ASIL) since 1997. T Since then it has been systematically updated and continuously expanded. The chapter format of the ERG is designed to be used by students, teachers, practitioners and researchers as a self-guided tour of relevant, quality, up-to-date online resources covering important areas of international law. The ERG also serves as a ready-made teaching tool at graduate and undergraduate levels. The narrative format of the ERG is complemented and augmented by EISIL (Electronic Information System for International Law), a free online database that organizes and provides links to, and useful information on, web resources from the full spectrum of international law. EISIL's subject-organized format and expert-provided content also enhances its potential as teaching tool. 2 This page was last updated February 8, 2013. I. Introduction II. Overview III. Research Guides and Bibliographies a. International Intellectual Property Law b. International Patent Law i. Public Health and IP ii. Agriculture, Plant Varieties, and IP c. International Copyright Law i. Art, Cultural Property, and IP d. International Trademark Law e. Trade and IP f. Arbitration, Mediation, and IP g. Traditional Knowledge and IP h. Geographical Indications IV. General Search Strategies V. Primary Sources VI. Primary National Legislation and Decisions VII. Recommended Link sites VIII. Selected Non-Governmental Organizations IX. Electronic Current Awareness 3 This page was last updated February 8, 2013. -
Charging Language
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abduction ................................................................................................73 By Relative.........................................................................................415-420 See Kidnapping Abuse, Animal ...............................................................................................358-362,365-368 Abuse, Child ................................................................................................74-77 Abuse, Vulnerable Adult ...............................................................................78,79 Accessory After The Fact ..............................................................................38 Adultery ................................................................................................357 Aircraft Explosive............................................................................................455 Alcohol AWOL Machine.................................................................................19,20 Retail/Retail Dealer ............................................................................14-18 Tax ................................................................................................20-21 Intoxicated – Endanger ......................................................................19 Disturbance .......................................................................................19 Drinking – Prohibited Places .............................................................17-20 Minors – Citation Only -
R V Adams (Appellant) (Northern Ireland)
Easter Term [2020] UKSC 19 On appeal from: [2018] NICA 8 JUDGMENT R v Adams (Appellant) (Northern Ireland) before Lord Kerr Lady Black Lord Lloyd-Jones Lord Kitchin Lord Burnett JUDGMENT GIVEN ON 13 May 2020 Heard on 19 November 2019 Appellant Respondent Sean Doran QC Tony McGleenan QC Donal Sayers BL Paul McLaughlin BL (Instructed by PJ McGrory (Instructed by Director of & Co Solicitors) Public Prosecutions, Public Prosecution Service) LORD KERR: (with whom Lady Black, Lord Lloyd-Jones, Lord Kitchin and Lord Burnett agree) Introduction 1. From 1922 successive items of legislation authorised the detention without trial of persons in Northern Ireland, a regime commonly known as internment. Internment was last introduced in that province on 9 August 1971. On that date and for some time following it, a large number of persons were detained. The way in which internment operated then was that initially an interim custody order (ICO) was made where the Secretary of State considered that an individual was involved in terrorism. On foot of the ICO that person was taken into custody. The person detained had to be released within 28 days unless the Chief Constable referred the matter to a commissioner. The detention continued while the commissioner considered the matter. If satisfied that the person was involved in terrorism, the commissioner would make a detention order. If not so satisfied, the release of the person detained would be ordered. 2. An ICO was made in respect of the appellant on 21 July 1973. The order was signed by a Minister of State in the Northern Ireland Office. -
Section 7: Criminal Offense, Criminal Responsibility, and Commission of a Criminal Offense
63 Section 7: Criminal Offense, Criminal Responsibility, and Commission of a Criminal Offense Article 15: Criminal Offense A criminal offense is an unlawful act: (a) that is prescribed as a criminal offense by law; (b) whose characteristics are specified by law; and (c) for which a penalty is prescribed by law. Commentary This provision reiterates some of the aspects of the principle of legality and others relating to the purposes and limits of criminal legislation. Reference should be made to Article 2 (“Purpose and Limits of Criminal Legislation”) and Article 3 (“Principle of Legality”) and their accompanying commentaries. Article 16: Criminal Responsibility A person who commits a criminal offense is criminally responsible if: (a) he or she commits a criminal offense, as defined under Article 15, with intention, recklessness, or negligence as defined in Article 18; IOP573A_ModelCodes_Part1.indd 63 6/25/07 10:13:18 AM 64 • General Part, Section (b) no lawful justification exists under Articles 20–22 of the MCC for the commission of the criminal offense; (c) there are no grounds excluding criminal responsibility for the commission of the criminal offense under Articles 2–26 of the MCC; and (d) there are no other statutorily defined grounds excluding criminal responsibility. Commentary When a person is found criminally responsible for the commission of a criminal offense, he or she can be convicted of this offense, and a penalty or penalties may be imposed upon him or her as provided for in the MCC. Article 16 lays down the elements required for a finding of criminal responsibility against a person. -
“Jackpot:” the Hang-Up Holding Back the Residual Category of Abuse of Process*
“Jackpot:” the Hang-Up Holding back the Residual Category of Abuse of Process* JEFFERY COUSE ** ABSTRACT The abuse of process doctrine allows courts to stay criminal proceedings where state misconduct compromises trial fairness or causes ongoing prejudice to the integrity of the justice system (the “residual category”). The Supreme Court revisited the residual category in the 2014 case R v Babos. In Babos, the Supreme Court provided a three-stage test for determining whether an abuse of process in the residual category warrants a stay of proceedings. This article critically examines Babos and its progeny. Notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s insistence that the focus of the residual category is societal, all three stages of the test remain disconcertingly preoccupied with the circumstances of the individual accused. Courts’ reluctance to give undeserving accused the “jackpot” remedy of a stay has prevented the court from dissociating itself from state misconduct. Instead, courts have imposed remedies which inappropriately redress wrongs done to the accused. This paper suggests four ways for courts to better advance the societal aim of the residual category. First, a cumulative approach should be taken to multiple instances of state misconduct rather than an individualistic one. Second, courts ought to canvass creative remedies in considering whether an * This paper was written in a personal capacity and does not in any way reflect the views of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice or the Ministry of the Attorney General. ** Jeffery Couse graduated from the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law in 2016 and he was called to the Bar on June 26, 2017. -
Criminal Procedure in England and the United States: Comparisons in Initiating Prosecutions
Fordham Law Review Volume 49 Issue 1 Article 8 1980 Criminal Procedure in England and the United States: Comparisons in Initiating Prosecutions Irving R. Kaufman Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Digital Par t of the Law Commons Commons Network Recommended Citation Logo Irving R. Kaufman, Criminal Procedure in England and the United States: Comparisons in Initiating Prosecutions, 49 Fordham L. Rev. 26 (1980). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol49/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Criminal Procedure in England and the United States: Comparisons in Initiating Prosecutions Cover Page Footnote Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Chief Judge (1973-1980). District Court Judge (1949-1961) and Assistant United States Attorney (1935-1940) in the Southern District of New York. Chairman of the Executive Committee and former President of the Institute of Judicial Administration. This article is available in Fordham Law Review: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol49/iss1/8 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES: COMPARISONS IN INITIATING PROSECUTIONS IRVING R. KAUFMAN* THE legal institutions of Great Britain have long served as the well-spring of American law. In drafting the Federal Constitution, the framers embellished British conceptions of a government of sepa- rated powers,' and drew on the enactments of Parliament. -
A Rationale of Criminal Negligence Roy Mitchell Moreland University of Kentucky
Kentucky Law Journal Volume 32 | Issue 2 Article 2 1944 A Rationale of Criminal Negligence Roy Mitchell Moreland University of Kentucky Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the Torts Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Moreland, Roy Mitchell (1944) "A Rationale of Criminal Negligence," Kentucky Law Journal: Vol. 32 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj/vol32/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kentucky Law Journal by an authorized editor of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A RATIONALE OF CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE (Continued from November issue) RoY MOREL A D* 2. METHODS Op DESCRIBING THE NEGLIGENCE REQUIRED 'FOR CRIMINAL LIABILITY The proposed formula for criminal negligence describes the higher degree of negligence required for criminal liability as "conduct creating such an unreasonable risk to life, safety, property, or other interest for the unintentional invasion of which the law prescribes punishment, as to be recklessly disre- gardful of such interest." This formula, like all such machinery, is, of necessity, ab- stractly stated so as to apply to a multitude of cases. As in the case of all abstractions, it is difficult to understand without explanation and illumination. What devices can be used to make it intelligible to judges and juries in individual cases q a. -
Imagereal Capture
Some Aspects of Theft of Computer Software by M. Dunning I. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to test the capability of New Zealand law to adequately deal with the impact that computers have on current notions of crimes relating to property. Has the criminal law kept pace with technology and continued to protect property interests or is our law flexible enough to be applied to new situations anyway? The increase of the moneyless society may mean a decrease in money motivated crimes of violence such as robbery, and an increase in white collar crime. Every aspect of life is being computerised-even our per sonality is on character files, with the attendant )ossibility of criminal breach of privacy. The problems confronted in this area are mostly definitional. While it may be easy to recognise morally opprobrious conduct, the object of such conduct may not be so easily categorised as criminal. A factor of this is a general lack of understanding of the computer process, so this would seem an appropriate place to begin the inquiry. II. THE COMPUTER Whiteside I identifies five key elements in a computer system. (1) Translation of data into a form readable by the computer, called input; and subject to manipulation by the introduction of false data. Remote terminals can be situated anywhere outside the cen tral processing unit (CPU), connected by (usually) telephone wires over which data may be transmitted, e.g. New Zealand banks on line to Databank. Outside users are given a site code number (identifying them) and an access code number (enabling entry to the CPU) which "plug" their remote terminal in. -
Common Law Fraud Liability to Account for It to the Owner
FRAUD FACTS Issue 17 March 2014 (3rd edition) INFORMATION FOR ORGANISATIONS Fraud in Scotland Fraud does not respect boundaries. Fraudsters use the same tactics and deceptions, and cause the same harm throughout the UK. However, the way in which the crimes are defined, investigated and prosecuted can depend on whether the fraud took place in Scotland or England and Wales. Therefore it is important for Scottish and UK-wide businesses to understand the differences that exist. What is a ‘Scottish fraud’? Embezzlement Overview of enforcement Embezzlement is the felonious appropriation This factsheet focuses on criminal fraud. There are many interested parties involved in of property without the consent of the owner In Scotland criminal fraud is mainly dealt the detection, investigation and prosecution with under the common law and a number where the appropriation is by a person who of statutory offences. The main fraud offences has received a limited ownership of the of fraud in Scotland, including: in Scotland are: property, subject to restoration at a future • Police Service of Scotland time, or possession of property subject to • common law fraud liability to account for it to the owner. • Financial Conduct Authority • uttering There is an element of breach of trust in • Trading Standards • embezzlement embezzlement making it more serious than • Department for Work and Pensions • statutory frauds. simple theft. In most cases embezzlement involves the appropriation of money. • Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service. It is important to note that the Fraud Act 2006 does not apply in Scotland (apart from Statutory frauds s10(1) which increases the maximum In addition there are a wide range of statutory Investigating fraud custodial sentence for fraudulent trading to offences which are closely related to the 10 years). -
The Larceny Act
LARCENY THE LARCENY ACT ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. Short title. PART I. Inferprefafion 2. Interpretation. 3. Definitions. 4. Offensive weapons. PART 11. Indictable Ofences 5. Simple larceny. 6. Larceny of cattle. 7. Killing animals with intent to steal. S. Larceny, etc., of dogs. 9. Larceny of wills. 10. Larceny of documents of title to land, etc. 11. Taking, destroying, etc., documents for a fraudulent purpose. 12. Damaging fixtures with intent to steal. 13. Praedial larceny. 14. Larceny of goods in process of manufxture. 15. Abstracting electricity. 16. Larceny, etc., of ore from mines, etc. 17. Larceny of postal articles. 18. Larceny in dwelling-houses. 19. Larceny from the person. 20. Larceny from ships, docks, etc. 2 1. Larceny by tenants or lodgers. 22. Larceny and embezzlement by clerks or servants. 23. Stealing or embezzlement by officer of Post Office. 24. Conversion. 25. Conversion by trustee. [The inclusion of this page Is authorized by L.N. 180At20061 LARCENY Factors obtaining advances on the property of their principals. Frauds by director. etc. Fraudulently inducing persons to invest money. Falsification of accounts. Falsification of account books of a bank. etc. Clerks. etc.. making out false dividend warrants. Personating the owner of stock. Personation with intent to obtain land. etc. Falsely acknowledging bail. etc. False pretences. Obtaining credit by fraud. Robbery. Sacrilege. Burglary. House-breaking and committing felony. House-breaking with intent to commit felony. Being found by night armed or in possession of house-breaking implements. Extortion. [Repealed by Act 29 of 200.5.] [Repealed by Act 29 of 2005.1 [Repealed byAct 29 of 2OO5.] Receiving. -
Bankruptcy and Diligence Etc. (Scotland) Act 2007 (Asp 3)
Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007 (asp 3) Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007 2007 asp 3 CONTENTS Section PART 1 BANKRUPTCY Duration of bankruptcy 1 Discharge of debtor Bankruptcy restrictions orders and undertakings 2 Bankruptcy restrictions orders and undertakings Effect of bankruptcy restrictions orders and undertakings 3 Disqualification from being appointed as receiver 4 Disqualification for nomination, election and holding office as member of local authority 5 Orders relating to disqualification The trustee in the sequestration 6 Amalgamation of offices of interim trustee and permanent trustee 7 Repeal of trustee’s residence requirement 8 Duties of trustee 9 Grounds for resignation or removal of trustee 10 Termination of interim trustee’s functions 11 Statutory meeting and election of trustee 12 Replacement of trustee acting in more than one sequestration 13 Requirement to hold money in interest bearing account Debtor applications 14 Debtor applications 15 Debtor applications by low income, low asset debtors Jurisdiction 16 Sequestration proceedings to be competent only before sheriff ii Bankruptcy and Diligence etc. (Scotland) Act 2007 (asp 3) Vesting of estate and dealings of debtor 17 Vesting of estate and dealings of debtor Income received by debtor after sequestration 18 Income received by debtor after sequestration Debtor’s home and other heritable property 19 Debtor’s home and other heritable property Protected trust deeds 20 Modification of provisions relating to protected trust deeds Modification -
Jeremy Lynn YEAR of CALL: 1983
Jeremy Lynn YEAR OF CALL: 1983 EXPERTISE Jeremy has been practising in Criminal Law for 35 years. His experience of Crime is second-to-none. In cases of murder, Jeremy has successfully defended as a junior alone, but also as a leading junior. He is happy to be led in such cases and has recently established a successful partnership with Martin Rutherford QC in cases of murder and rape. In their most recent case together Jeremy and Martin secured the acquittal of a Cambridge student charged with the rape of another student he met online. Jeremy has enormous experience of defending in sex cases, including historic offences and those in- volving vulnerable witnesses. He has a particular interest in cases involving computer and social-media evidence, and has unpar- alled experience in the field of indecent images. In that regard he is regularly instructed by Lewis Nedas & Co. themselves experts in the field. In one case in 2018 their client, head of IT at an NHS health trust, was acquitted when Jeremy launched an abuse of process argument. The CPS were or- dered to pay £12,000 in wasted costs. Recent successes have included the trial of a woman charged with allowing her own daughter to be sold for sex at dogging-sites; a man charged with raping a woman he met through a massage site on Facebook; a professional masseur charged with sexually assaulting two patients; a young school mas- ter accused of raping his former girlfriend over an 18 month period; a 19 year old man charged with raping a 15 year old girl, the act having been filmed by his friend; and a 14 year old boy charged with raping 5 girls at school.