Index of Coin Types

Cambridge University Press 0521772079 - Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain John Creighton Index More information

INDEX OF COIN TYPES

Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations. Note: coins have not been illustrated to scale.

References to Allen (1960) VA178:SE7, 205, 205 Gallo-Belgic A, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, VA180:SE7, 107 55, 67, 68, 195, 224 VA181:SE7, 105 Gallo-Belgic B, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 67, VA186:SE7, 114 68, 195, 224 VA192:E8, 115, 116, 130 Gallo-Belgic C, 28, 30–1, 32, 33, 38, 39, 67, 68, 71, VA194:E8, 110, 111 73, 195, 224 VA195:E8, 110 Gallo-Belgic D, 30–1, 32, 33, 38, 39, 67, 68, 146, VA200:E4, see British A 224 VA210–46:S5–6, see British Q Gallo-Belgic E, 32, 33, 38, 39,67, 68, 71, 72, 73, VA212:S6, 65 224 VA350:S6, 65, 146 Gallo-Belgic F, 32, 33, 55, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, VA352:S6, 146 VA362:S7, 101 British A, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 67, 224 VA363:S7, 101 British B, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 224 VA365:S7, 101, 212, 213 British C, 30, 32, 33, 38, 39, 224 VA370:S7, 88 British D, 30, 32, 33, 224 VA371:S7, 88, 105, 119, 122 British E, 32, 33 VA375:S7, 84, 88, 101, 102, 103, 105, 118, 119, 146 British F, 32, 33, 38, 39, 67 VA376:S7, 101, 103, 105 British G, 32, 33, 38, 39, 67 VA378:S7, 88, 129, 130 British H, 32, 33, 34, 39, 224 VA384:S7, 130 British I, 32, 33, 34, 39, 224 VA385:S7, 105 British J, 28, 33, 224 VA396:S7, 178 British K, 32, 33, 34, 224, VA397:S7, 119, 121, 178, 179 British L, 32, 33, 55, 64–70, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 80, VA415:SE8, 88, 119 224 VA422:SE8, 114 British M, 32, 33, 48, 49, 65, 67, 224 VA430:SE8, 102, 105 British N, 32, 33, 224 VA431:SE8, 105, 109, 109–10 British O, 32, 33 VA435:SE8, 130 British P, 32, 33, 224 VA441:SE8, 178 British Q, 32, 33, 55, 64–70, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74, VA442:SE8, 109, 110, 178 80, 195, 224 VA443:SE8, 88, 108, 110, 111, 178 British R, 32, 33, 224 VA451:SE8, 114 VA452:SE8, 109, 109, 110, 178 References to Van Arsdell (1989a) VA460:S8, 105 VA10–20:SE1–3, see Gallo-Belgic A VA461:S8, 105 VA30–37:S1, see Gallo-Belgic B VA470:S8, 88 VA42–48:SE4, see Gallo-Belgic C VA486:S8, 110, 111, 116 VA50–56:SE5, see Gallo-Belgic E VA487:S8, 110, 111 VA65–69:SE4–5, see Gallo-Belgic D VA500:S8, 105 VA85:S5, see Gallo-Belgic F VA505:S8, 119 VA143:SE4, see British O VA506:S8, 114, 192–3, 193, 195 VA150:SE6, 45, 46 VA511:S8, 130 VA154–7:SE5, see British P VA512:S8, 114 VA165:SE7, 45, 46, 130 VA520:S8, 102, 105, 115, 116 VA166:SE7, 107 VA525:S8, 105, 116 VA176:SE7, 212, 213 VA526:S8, 105

238

Index of coin types 239

VA527:S8, 105, 178 VA1682:E7, 213 VA531:S8, 88, 116 VA1705:E7, 88, 113, 114 VA532:S8, 82, 88 VA1707:E7, 110 VA533:S8, 114, 178, 192–3, 193, 195, 212, 213 VA1709:E7, 110 VA534:S8, 178 VA1711:E7 , 130 VA550:S8, 116 VA1715:E7, 114 VA551:S8, 46, 178, 179 VA1730:E7, 105 VA552:S8, 84, 88, 104, 114, 192–3, 193 VA1732:E7, 102, 105 VA553:S8, 104, 114, 192–3, 193 VA1734:E7, 105 VA554:S8, 116 VA1736:E7, 105 VA555:S8, 116 VA1780:E7, 105 VA556:S8, 110, 111, 116 VA1786:E7, 88, 130 VA557:S8, 107, 108 VA1790:E7, 88, 113, 114, 130 VA560:S8, 130 VA1792:E7, 113, 114 VA563:S8, 88 VA1794:E7, 88, 114, 174, 178 VA575:S9, 102, 105, 116 VA1798:E7, 130 VA580:S9, 88, 179, 182, 183 VA1808:E7, 114 VA581:S9, 109, 110–1 VA1814–20:E7, 178, 179, VA593:S9, 179, 182, 183 VA1816:E7, 205, 205 VA595:S9, 129, 130 VA1818:E7, 88, 130 VA610:EA5–6, see British J VA1824:E7, 107, 108 VA620:EA6, see British N VA1845:E7, 105 VA624–8:EA7, see British N VA1855:E7, 88, 107 VA665:EA7, 223–4 VA1860:E7, 65, 212, 213 VA711:EA8, 45, 46 VA1868:E7, 130 VA790:EA7, 88 VA1871:E7, 178, 179 VA800:NE5, see British H VA1873:E7, 178 VA804–7:NE5–6, see British I VA1882:E7, 88 VA809–29:NE6–7, see British K VA1890:E7, 88 VA811:NE7, 27, 34 VA1895:E7, 113, 114 VA920:NE8, 34 VA1918:E8, 88 VA972:NE9, 34 VA1971:E8, 109, 110–1, 184, 185, 186 VA1005:W6, 66, and see British R VA1973:E8, 110, 130 VA1010:S5, see British R VA1977:E8, 107, 108 VA1015:S6, see British Q VA1979:E8, 109, 110–1, 130 VA1020:W6, 66 VA1981:E8, 110 VA1035:W9, 66 VA1983:E8, 178 VA1042:W6, 66 VA1985:E8, 88, 114 VA1052:W9, 66 VA2029:E8, 115 VA1057:W9, 66 VA2045:E8, 88, 109, 110, 178, 185, 186 VA1066:W8, 66 VA2047:E8, 116 VA1082:W9, 66 VA2049:E8, 116 VA1135:W9, 66 VA2051:E8, 114 VA1205:SW4, see British B VA2053:E8, 129, 130 VA1215:S4, see British D VA2055:E8, 178 VA1220:S4, see British C VA2057:E8, 107, 108 VA1225–9:SE4, see British O VA2059:E8, 88 VA1246:SW5–7, 27, 34 VA2061:E8, 88, 179, 182, 183 VA1255:SW5–7, 34 VA2063:E8, 88 VA1322:SW9, 34 VA2065:E8, 110, 111, 113, 114, 204–5, 205 VA1328:SW9, 34 VA2067:E8, 179, 183 VA1369:SW9, 34 VA2071:E8, 88, 130 VA1455:E4, see British G VA2073:E8, 88, 110, 111 VA1458:E4, see British F VA2081:E8, 113, 114 VA1460:SE4, see British G VA2083:E8, 88, 113, 114, 178 VA1462:E4, see British E VA2087:E8, 88, 178 VA1470:E5, 65 VA2089:E8, 171, 178, 179 VA1470–6:E5, see British L VA2091:E8, 116, 171, 178, 179 VA1485–93:E6, see British L VA2093:E8, 116, 117, 117, 171 VA1500–5:E6, see British L VA2095:E8, 114, 171, 178, 179 VA1520–6:E6, see British M VA2097:E8, 178, 179, 205, 205 VA1629:SE6, 65, 129–30 VA2099:E8, 88, 113, 114, 130 VA1680:E7, 65, 212, 213 VA2103:E8, 88, 183

Index of coin types 240

VA2105:E8, 116, 123 Sch. 28 AV, 71 VA2107:E8, 88, 123, 182, 183 Sch. 28 AR, 185, 186 VA2109:E8, 107, 108, 129, 130 Sch. 29/1 AV, 71 Sch. 29/4 AV, 71 References to Hobbs (1996) Sch. 30/1 AV, 70, 71 BM1883:E8, 88, 109, 110 Sch. 30/3 AV, 71 BM756:S7, 65, 146 Sch. 30/4–6 AV, 27, 70, 71 Sch. 30aAEclasse ii, 119, 120 References to the Indexof Celtic coin Sch. 30a/2 AR, 118, 119 ICC94.0995:E8, 184–6, 185 Sch. 31 AV, 70, 71 ICC95.3428:S8, 110, 111, 115, 116 Sch. 45 AR, 72, 73, 185, 186 Sch. 46 AE classe i, 72, 73, 119, 120 References to Scheers (1977) Sch. 46 AE classe ii, 72, 73, 185, 186 Sch. 1 AV, 106 Sch. 47 AR, 73 Sch. 4 AV classe i, 45, 46 Sch. 56 AR var. b, 46, 47 Sch. 8 AV, see Gallo-Belgic A Sch. 154 AE classe i–ii, 123 Sch. 9/4 AV, see Gallo-Belgic C Sch. 162 AE, 82, 121 Sch. 10 AV, see Gallo-Belgic B Sch. 13 AV, see Gallo-Belgic D References to de la Tour (1892) Sch. 16 AV, 27 BN3432, 27 Sch. 24/1 AV, see Gallo-Belgic E BN4543, 27 Sch. 25 AV, 70, 71 BN6541, 27, 45 Sch. 26/3 AV, see Gallo-Belgic F BN6804, 112 Sch. 26/5 AV, 71 BN6879, 27, 45 Sch. 27 AE, 185, 186 BN7050, 46, 51 Sch. 27 AV, 71

GENERAL INDEX

Abingdon, 208 Andoco, 65, 68, 74, 78, 114, 130, 178, 179, 211 Actium, 89, 95–7, 103, 105–12, 184 Anglesey, 162 Acy-Romance, 212 Anglican clergy, 154 Adam, 134 Anglo-Saxon kings, 134 Adbucillus, 58 Antioch, 123 Addedomarus, 65, 68, 69, 74–5, 106, 129, 224 Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, 92 Adiatuanus, 14–15 anti-Olympians, 127 Adminius, 91, 219–21, see also Amminus Antipater, son of Herod, 118 Aduatuci, 12–13, 29 Anton, son of Hercules, 96, 137, 141 Aedui, 11, 89 Antony, Mark, 61–4, 82–3, 89, 92–7, 106, 123, Aeneas, 99, 100, 115–16, 126, 134, 137–41, 138, 137, 141, 175–6, 181 143 Apollo, 26–7, 30, 33, 96, 98, 100, 101, 110–14, Aenus, 187 120–1, 137, 146, 199 Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 131 Apollonia, 96, 130 Africa, Cameroon, 197 apotheosis, 95, 100 Natal, 55 Appian, 112 Southern African Bushmen, 43–4 Aquitania, 14, 22, 58, 140, 151 the Edo, 37–8 Archelaus I, 118, 144, 209 the Kongo, 37–8 Archelaus, son of Herod, 118 agrimensores, 210 Arda, 71, 118, 119, 120, 196 Agrippa I, 218 Aristobulus, son of Herod, 117 Agrippa, 83, 84, 175 Armani, 80 Alba Longa, 137, 140, 143 Arminius, 13, 220 Alban kings, 94, 99, 137, 139, 143 Armorica, 8, 19, 26, 27, 30, 45, 58, 112 Albion, 139 Arsinoe¨, 94 albogalerus, 202, 203 Arundel, 19 Alesia, 60, 136 Ascalon, 123 Aletrium, 144 Ascanius, 99–100, 114, 137, 138, 140–1, 143 Alexander III, king of Scotland, 134 Asciburgium, 136 Alexander the Great, 26, 103, 127, 177–80, 182 aspergillum, 202–4, 203 Alexander, son of Herod, 117 Aspurgus, 218 Alexandria, 89, 175 assassination, 60–3, 99 Allobroges, 58 Asvamedha, 23–4 Allonnes, 192 Athena, 131, 133, see also Minerva Alpine Passes, 93 Athenaeus, 13 altars, 101, 104, 110, 114, 192, 201 Athens, 89, 123 altered states of consciousness, 41–54 Atlantis, 131–2 Amazon basin, 213 Atrebates, civitas in Britannia, 19 Amazonians, 131–2 Atrebates, in Gaul, 12, 29, 59, 62, 63, 73, 106 Ambiani, 12, 29, 45, 71, 73 Attalus, 218 Ambiorix, 12, 14 Auguraculum, 210 Amminus, 74, 76, 78, 101, 110, 111, 115–16, 115, Augures, 209 216, 218 Augustus, 1, 22, 89–91, 93, 97–8, 100–1, 102, Anagnia, 144 107–9, 112–13, 115–20, 122, 127–30, 139, 155, Ancalites, 57 169–71, 174–8, 184, 187–8, 197, 208, 214, ancestral busts, 192–3 216–17 Anchises, 99 Res Gestae, 91, 175, 219 Andean America, 42–3 Avernii, 155 Andecombogius, 12 axial street alignments, 208, 210, 213 Andobru, 73–4, 118, 119, 120, 185 Aylesford pans, 200, 201, 202

241

General index 242

Aylesford type burials, 82 BG Book 3, 14 Aylesford, 190, 200, 201 BG Book 4, 12–13, 56, 59, 60, 73 Aylesford-Swarling burial rite, 18 BG Book 5, 12–13, 17–18, 56–8, 60, 89 BG Book 6, 12, 14, 51, 59–60, 89, 154–5, 186, Balabea, 123 189 Baldock, burial, 180, 187, 199 BG Book 7, 60, 89 barbarians, 81 Bell. Afric., 180 Bardoi, 53, 80, 154 Civil Wars, 62 basketry cross-hatching, 49 Caesarea, 122, 144, 208 Batavi, 12 Caesaromagus, 144 Bath, 126, 133–4, 163 Caledonians, 152 Bato, 220 Caleti, 29 Bawsey, 31 Calleva, mintmark, 168 bear-skins, 180 Calleva, see Silchester, Belgae, civitas in Britannia, 19 Camp d’Atitila, 201 Belgic tribes, 59 Camulodunum, 11, 158, 168, 172, 176, 198, 220 Bellovaci, 11–2, 29, 61, 70, 71 Child’s grave, 180, 186 Berikos, 78, 91, 219, see also Verica Lexden Tumulus, 113, 183–4, 186–7, 191, 197 Beringen, 31 Stanway burials, 188, 197 Berytus, 123 Cannabis, 52 Bibroci, 57 Canterbury, 211 Bignor villa, 133 Cappadocia, 144, 209 bilingualism, 147, 161, 173 Capricorn, 88, 96–7, 100, 101, 108, 110, 111, 112, Bindon Hill, 5 178 birdman, 47 Caracalla, 202 boar, 88, see also pig Caratacus, 74, 75, 92, 129, 130, 142, 170, 177, Bocchus, 119 179–80, 182, 183, 204, 213, 216, 220–1 bodily hexis, 154 Cariscoios, 73–4 Boduognatus, 12 carnyx, 104–5 Bodvoc, 32 Carthage, 136, 176 Boscoreal cups, 115 Carthago Nova, 124 Bosphorous, 144, 209 Cassi, 57 Boudica, 162 Cassius Dio, 57 boy on a dolphin, 88 Cassivallaunus, 1, 56–8, 60, 64, 74 Brading, villa, 133 cast bronze, 33, see also potin brass, 42 cattle, 6, 13, 15–16, 24 Braughing/Skeleton Green, 158, 198, 205, 214 Catualda, 59, 221 British A–R, 222 Catuvellauni, 78 Britto, see Brutus Catuvolcus, 12 brooches, 19, 188, 192, 195, 211 Caxton, 148 Brutus, 138, 140–3, 204 ‘celtic’, art, 49, 131, 134 bull, 114, 199 life, 81 charging/butting, 88, 98, 106, 113, 115, 178 warrior society, 6, 11 sacriWce of, 94, 98, 100, 101, 114, 202, 203, 204 social structure, 8 skulls, 98, 100, 113, 212 see also languages burial, 2, 4, 17, 174 ‘celts’, in northern Italy, 11 Bury Hill, 15–16 in the eastern Alps, 11 Bury Wood Camp, 9 Cenimagni, 57 butchery, 24, 214 centaur, 88, 178 Byblus, 123 central places, 4, 8 Cerne Abbas Giant, 180 Caerleon, 133 Cernunnus, 51, 181 Caesar, 1, 85, 89–90, 93–4, 99, 113, 121, 127, 158, chain mail, 104, 187, 192, 196 170–1, 175, 186, 197, 209 Chalon-sur-Saoˆne, 199 conquest of south-east Britain, 2, 55–64, 74, 90, Chamalieres, magical texts, 151, 155 124, 156, 204, 216–17 chariot, Wghting, 94, 139 crossing the Rubicon, 61–2, 93 chariot, image on coin, 26, 82–3, 83 divine Julius, 99, 102, 104, 137, 139–40, 210, charioteers, 17 218 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 157 Gallic Wars, 2, 8, 11, 70, 121 Chaucer, 161 triumph 46 BC, 93–4 Chelmsford, 144, BG Book 1, 14, 70, 151 Chester, 133 BG Book 2, 11–12, 18, 73, 89 Chichester, 19

General index 243

Entrenchments, 190, 194 curse tablets, 134, 163 Fishbourne palace, 106, 133 curule chair, 183, Oldplace Farm, 194, 197 Cymbeline, 161 Westhampnett, 19, 31, 190, 194, 196 Chios, 123 Dalmatia, 89 Christianity, 134 Damascus, 123 Cicero, Quintus, 158 damnatio memoriae, 176 Cilicia, 123 Danebury, 4–6, 8–9, 15–16, 24–5, 190, 198 Cimbri, 19 Danube, 128 Cingetorix, 12 Dardanelles, 127 Cisalpine Gaul, 62 debasement, 33 classical imagery, 33 defaced dies, 30 classical mythology, 127, 176 defences, 5, 9, 10, 15 Claudiopolis, 144 destruction, 6, 15 Claudius, 122, 169, 177, 195 diadems, 176 annexation of south-east Britain, 4, 10, 11, 21, dialect variation, 147–50, 153–5, 163 90–1, 124, 134, 163, 176, 184, 188, 191, 213, Dias, 74–5, 78 217, 220 Dido, 176 coinage, 85, 86 diet, 214 Clemency, 188 Dio Cassius, Roman History, 11, 91–3, 122, 138, Cleopatra Selene, 118 218–19 Cleopatra, 94, 96, 118, 123 Diocletian, 143 clientship, 6, 14, 18, 93 Diodorus Siculus, 14, 79, 131–2, 136, 139, 189, Cogidubnus, Tiberius Claudius, 134, 142–3, 196, 216 220 Dionysius of Hallicarnassus, 137, 138 coin hoards, Roman, 85–7 Dionysius, god, 96, 137, 139 Coligny, calendar, 150 Diviciacus of the Aedui, 12 Colm Colma´n, Life of, 23 Diviciacus of the Suessiones, 12, 18, 154, 225–6 colonies, 209 Dobunni, W coin series, 11, 64, 66, 195, 216 colour, of coin, 37–40 doctors, 188 Columbo, Police Lieutenant, 35–6, 80 dogs, 25, 128, 214 Comitatus, 11, 14–21, 22, 57 dolphin, 88, 97, 100, 105, 110, 111, 112, 114, 122 Commian dynasty, 32, 55, 63–4, 69, 118, 120–2, donatives, 167 189, 191–6, 219 Droitwich, 7 Commius, 12, 14, 56–7, 59–64, 65,68, 69, 70, drowning, 44–5 73–4, 80, 90, 92–3, 101–4, 106, 146, 164, 167, Drucilla, daughter of Juba II, 118 170, 191–6, 193, 211, 216 Druides/druids, 43, 53, 80, 153, 153–6, 159, 161–3, Condrusi, 13 165, 189, 204, 211, 217 Connacht, king of, 23 Drusus, 100, 128 Constantine, House of, 142 Dubnovellaunus, 68, 69, 74–5, 91, 105–7, 130, core-periphery model, 7, 9, 11 205, 205, 211, 216, 224 Corieltauvi, NE coin series, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 40, Dumnorix, 14–15, 21, 154 47 Dun Ailinne, 9 cornucopia, 88, 101, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116 Du¨nsberg, 201 Correus, 61 Durotriges, SW coin series, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 39, Cos, 123 40, 195 cosmology, 126, 197–8, 208–9, 213 Dyke Hills, 18 Cotys VIII of Thrace, 218 Crassus, 14 eagle, 88, 106, 116, 121–2, 178, 183 cremation, 183–4, 190 Eastern dynasty, see Tasciovanian dynasty Crepusius, P., 101, 107 Eburones, 12–13, 29, 70, 71 Creusa, 137, 138 education, 154, 165 Criciru, 71, 185, 186, Egus, 58 crocodiles, 83–4, 84, 132 Egypt, 97 Cuanu of Kilcoona, 141–3 eland, 43–4 cult statues, 192–3 elephants, 82–3, 83, 94, 132 CunliVe, view of MIA, 4–8 embassies, 14, 60, 157, 218 Cunobelin, 1, 10–11, 68, 69, 74–8, 76, 77, 101, Emporion, 45 104, 107–11, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 115, Enigma Variations, 80 117, 123–5, 129, 130, 142, 160–1, 167, 168, entoptics, 47–9, 48, 170–3, 172, 177–8, 179, 180–1, 182, 183–4, Epaticcus, 74–8, 76, 77, 101, 102, 104–5, 108, 109, 185, 186–7, 205, 205, 216, 218–20 110–11, 116, 119, 121–2, 168, 170, 177, cupid, 111, 186 179–80, 182, 183, 204, 213, 216, 218, 224

General index 244

Epomeduos, 24 giants, 127, 133, 140 Epona, 51 Gibraltar, straits of, 127 Eppillus, 68, 69, 74, 76, 78, 101, 102, 104–5, 108, gifts to kings, 118, 181, 201 108–12, 109, 111, 114, 119, 121, 130, 168, 170, giraVe, 43 178, 180, 216, 224 Giraldus Cambrensis, 23 equestrian statues, 95, 100–5, 102 Glaphyra, wife of Juba II, 118, 123 equites, 153 Glastonbury, 7 ergot infection, 52 goat, 101, 114, 115 Es Soumaˆa, burial, 187 gold, 4, 10, 14, 18, 20–1, 26–34, 55, 113 Ethiopians, 112 colour, 37–40, 39, 55, 68 Etruscan kings, 94 crowns, 181 Eumenes II, 218 in Africa, 37–8 Euphorbus, 188 patera, 181 Euripides, Ion, 133–4 reWned, 68–70, 216 Euryale, 131 ternary alloys, 37–40, 39 excarnation, 189 textile, 31, 183 wreath, 94 fantastic creatures, 129, 132 Gorgippa, 218 fasting, 52 gorgons, 80, 99, 129–34 Father Christmas, 44 Graeco-Roman mythology, 126, 129 faunal remains, 24 Graiae, the three weird sisters, 129, 134 feasting, 13, 20, 94 granaries, 4–6 Ferentium, 144 post structures, 6, 198 Fiana, 20–1 Grauballe Man, 52 Wgs, 166 griYns, 88, 98–9, 101, 112–14, 113, 129–30 Wlius, 168, 169–72, 189 Gundestrup cauldron, 47, 51, 106, 211 Xan size, 36 Gussage All Saints, 7, 17, 24–5 Xoral images, 98, 100, 101, 110, 115, 116 Florus, Epit, 128 Hallstatt burials, 52 Xying, 44–5 hallucinations, 41–54 fortiWcation pattern, 49 Harleian MS. 3859, 142–3 Forum Julii, 59, 221 Haselgrove’s periodization, 84–5, 224, 225 fosterage, 154 hats, broad brims, 184 foundation myths, 126, 134–45 hauruspices, 210 Anglo-Saxon, 134 Hayling Island, Temple, 187, 191–7, 194 Britain, 137–45 heads, severed, 45 Gaul, 135–6 Heidetra¨nk, 201 Germani, 135–7 Hellenistic, coins, 87 Irish, 135 kingship, 117, 118, 123–4, 179–81, 192, 209, 217 Rome, 134–9 portraiture, 177, 180 Scottish, 134 Helvetii, 13 Frisia, 12, 29 henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), 52 Frontinus, 59, 62–3, 161 Hengistbury Head, 7, 19 fundmunzen, 87 Hera, 106 Heracles/Hercules, 88, 96, 121, 124, 126–7, 131–2, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, 82–3, 83, 100, 139, 177 136, 139, 141, 177, 179–80, 182, 183, 204 Gaius/Caligula, 176–7, 218 Herminones, 135 coinage, 85, 86, 87, 91, 169 Hermunduri, 59 Galates, 136 Hernici, 144 Galatians, 11 Herod the Great, 63–4, 90, 117, 123, 124, 144, Galba of the Suessiones, 12 169, 188, 208 Galerius, 143 Hesiod, 127, 131 galley, Roman, 82–3, 83 Hesperides, 131 Gallia Narbonensis., 152 Hessitio, 141 Gallic revolt, 60, 63, 89, 93, 136 Heybridge, 208 Gallic wars, 2, 33, 195, 204 Highdown Camp, 5 ‘Gallo-Belgicisation’, 82, 214 hillforts, 4–10, 15–16, 19, 21, 198–9 Gambrivii, 135 hilltop enclosures, 5 Garmanos, 73–4, 118–20, 119, 185 hippocamp, 45, 97, 100, 101, 110, 111, 112, 116 genealogies, 96, 134–5, 188 Hippocrene, 134 GeoVrey of Monmouth, 138, 140 Hirtius, 121 Germanicopolis, 144 BG Book 8, 14, 59–62, 64, 70, 74, 93 Germans, 61, 152 Hod Hill, 17

General index 245

Homer, 162 loyalty, 159 Horace, 96, 98, 128 maps, 149–50, 150, 153–6, 158–64 horse, 16, 18, 20, 22–7, 116, 178 nation-states, 147, 154, 159 bones, 15–17, 21, 24–5 standardisation, 147–8 burial, 25 subversion, 146 Xying, 45, 129, 132, 80, see also Pegasus switching, 156–7, 157 trappings, 15–7, 19, 21, 24, 187, 192 languages, Bearnais, 159 with human head, 26, 27, 30, 45, 48 Breton, 150, 157 horseman, 14, 22, 61, 88, 104 *Brithonic, 150–4, 153, 156–65 images of, 101, 101–6, 110, 114, 120, 178, 183, Celtic, 144, 146, 150–2, 160, 162 191 Cornish, 150, 157 houses, circular vs. rectangular, 1, 197, 208 English, 147–8, 156–8, 162–3 Hurstbourne Tarrant, 9, 187 federal English, 148 French, 134, 157–8 Iberia, 128 Gallic, 134, 150–3, 156, 159, 163, 171 Iccius, 12 Gallo-Latin, 164 Iceni, EA coin series, 28, 55, 57, 218, 224, 224 German, 147, 157 Illyricum, 97 Germanic, 151 imperial busts, 176 *Goidelic, 150–1, 153 Indo-European, 23–4 Greek, 89, 95, 146, 152, 156, 158, 162 Indutiomarus, 12–13 Iberian, 151 Ingaevones, 135 Irish Gaelic, 147, 150, 162 innovation, 32 Italian, 157 Io, 131 Latin, 89, 95, 144, 146, 149, 152–3, 153, 156–61, Iol, 122, 144, 208 163–4, 171, 173 Ipswich, 31 Ligurian, 152 Ireland, Protestant hegemony, 162 Manx, 150 Irish literature, 22, 26, 52 Romance, 149 Cu´Chulainn, 20–3, 132, 154–5 Scotts Gaelic, 150, 162–3 Mı´l, sons of, 132 Spanish, 157 Samain, new year, 132 vulgar Latin, 147, 158 the Hero, 96, 154–5 Welsh, 150, 157, 164 Tuatha De´Danann, 132 Laodiceia-on-Sea, 123 Istaevones, 135 Lar Porsenna, Etruscan king, 181 Iulius Civilis, 12 Larzac, magical texts, 151,155 Iulius Classicus, 12 Latchmere Heath, 50 ivory, 181, 184, 214 laurel wreaths, 176 Lavinia, 137, 138, 140 Janus, 117, 123, 209 Lavinium, 137, 138, 143 Johnson, Samuel, 148 Le Caˆtillon, 31 Josephus, 64, 90, 116 legends, on coins, 101, 125, 146, 164–5, 165 Juba I of Numidia, 93–4, 119, 120, 180–1, 182 legitimation titles, 103, 164–5 Juba II of Mauretania, 93–4, 106, 118, 119, 120–4, Lentulus, L., 130 144, 174–5, 177–9, 183, 188, 208, 216–17 Lenus Mars, 49, 196 Judea, 117–18, 209, 218 Lepidus, 94 Juliopolis, 144, libations, 202 Juno, 88 Lidbury, 5 Jupiter Ammon, 88, 123, 177, 180–3, 182 liminal space, 127, 131–2 Jupiter, 82–3, 94, 121, 127, 132 Limousin, 43 lion, 88, 113, 121, 129, 177–80, 183 Kelheim jugs, 201 lituus, 114, 178, 192–3, 202, 203, 204, 210–13, 212 Kelvedon, 211, 212 Livy, 136–7, 138, 142–3, 210 Kempston, 190 lorica hamata, 187 kings, friendly, 116–24, 169–70, 208, 217 Lucan, 189, 191 Kirkham, 187 Lucottios, 71 Ludi Victoriae Caesaris, 95 La Cheppe, 201 Lugdunum, Altar at, 83–4, 84, 113 Labienus, 60–2 Lugdunum, Roman mint, 84, 113, 176–7 Laertes, 136 lunacy, 92 language, 8, 94–5 Luxembourg, 87 arrival of new, 146 Lysimachus, 180, 182 lingua franca, 148, 156 linguistic capital, 146, 153, 153–5, 160–1 Machiavelli, 94

General index 246

magic, 155–6 Nennius, Historia Brittonum, 138, 140–2 Magnus Maximus, 141–2 Neptune, 88, 96, 100, 101, 110, 111, 112 Maiden Castle, 16–7, 30, 190 Nero, 12 Mainz, 219 coinage, 86 Malorix, 12 Neronias, 144, man/horse image, 26–8 Nervii, 12, 29, 71 mandrake (M. oYcinarum), 52 Netherund, 31 Mandubracius, 57–8, 64, 70, 74 Nicomedes, 218 Mannheim helmets, 187 Nicopolis, 123 Mannus, 135 Nijmegen, 183, 211 manufacturing, 5 Noah, 134 Maponos, god, 155 Noricum, 120–1 maps, 175 Normandy, 19 Marcellus, C., 130 North Creake, 31 March ab Mananna´n, 45 North Foreland, 148 Marius, 1, 99 Nova Scotia, 163 Maroboduus, 59, 220 Noviodunum, 89 marriage, 22–4, 111, 122, 124 Numa Pompilius, 141, 210 Mars Mullo, 192 Numantia, 187 Mars Ultor, 116–17, 117 Numidian kings, 120, 175, 180, 182 Marsi, 135 Martberg, 196 obsides or ‘hostages’, 60, 85, 87, 89–90, 92–4, 107, Massalia, 85, 89, 93, 113, 121, 159 112, 117, 126, 128, 137, 139, 145, 159, 175, Massinissa, king of Numidia, 181 187, 202, 208, 215, 220–1 matrilineal decent, 172 Ocean/Oceanus, 126–32 Mauretania, 93, 118, 119, 120, 144, 174, 180–1, Octavian, 22, 63–4, 92, 94–6, 100–1, 102, 103–4, 182, 188, 216, 220 106–8, 112–13, 120, 137, 175, 180, 181, 182, Medieval Ireland, 8, 53, see also Irish Literature 184, 188, 191, 199, 216, see also Augustus medical instruments, 188 Octavianus, 94, see also Octavian Mediomatrici, 29 omens, 209 mediterranean imports, 2, 4, 7, 11, 18, 20 opium poppy (papaver somniferum) 52 Medusa, 15, 88, 106–7, 126, 129, 129–34 oppida, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 17, 57, 93, 163, 174, 197–9, melons, 166 205, 208–214 Melqart of Tyre, 179 Orgetorix, 13 Menapii, 12, 29, 60 Ornovasso jugs, 200–1 mercenary payments, 14 Osca, 89 Mercury, 51, 185, 186–7 Osismi, 27 metalworking, 17, 40, 155, 204 Oswelbury, 9 Mexico, Aztecs, 41–2 ‘otherworld’ perception of Britain, 56 migration, 13, 18–19, 21 out-of-body experience, 44 Mill Hill near Deal, 26, 214 Ovid, 138 Milton, 161 oysters, 214 Minerva, 124, 126, 133 mirrors, 49, 50, 193 Palaemon, 105 Mitchelldever Wood, 9 palaeolithic handaxe, 212 mono-lingualism, 156 palm trees, 84 monsters, 128 Pannonia, 220 moon, 41, 43, 121 Paraguay, 157, 157 Morini, 12, 29, 56, 60, 63–4, 70 paramount kingdom, 10 Moscow, 167 Parisi, 29 multi-lingualism, 156 Parthia, 90, 98, 118 Munda, battle of, 62 patera, 180, 202, 203, 211 mundus, 210 patronyms, 171 municipium, 213 Paulinus, Suetonius, 162 Musa, 188 Pegasus, 45, 80, 88, 110, 114, 116, 126, 129, Mutina, battle of, 63 129–30, 132–4 mythical beasts, 80, 112 Pergamum, 123 Perseus, 107, 126, 129, 129–30, 132 narcotics, 51 PetersWeld, coin from, 47, 51 nature, 25, 100, 104, 115 Phaselis, 123 Navan, 9 Pherekydes, 131 Nemausus, mint, 84 Philip II of Macedon, 26, 27, 44–5, 106, 183 Nemesianus, Cyn., 128 Philip the Tetrarch, 118, 144, 209

General index 247

Phlegrai, 131 rings, 13 phosphenes, 47 ritual and production, 40–54 Phraates IV, 118 Roman, army, 92–3 Picts, 172 citizenship, 93 pidgin languages, 157 coin, copying of, 81, 84–5 piety, 97–8 gemstones, copying of, 81 pig, 15–16, 25, 101, 115, 116, 178, 196, 214 mores, 89–90, 92 Pillars of Heracles, 127, 132 provincial coinage, 176–7 Pindar, 127 town foundation rites, 209–10 place-names/mintmarks, 164–5, 172–3, 168, 172 Romanisation, 82, 145, 214, 217 Plautius, Aaulus, 91 Romano-celtic temples, 191–2, 196, 199 Pliny, 96 Rome, city of, 92–3, 174–5 Plutarch, 57, 96 Apollo, temple of, 96, 113 Po Valley, 93 Ara Pacis, 98, 115, 139 Polemo I, 144, 209 Augustus’ Mausoleum, 113, 175, 187, 197 Pollio, Gaius Asinius, 58 Campus Martius, 175, 220 Polybius, 14, 187 Capitolium, 91, 94, 99, 124, 169 Pompey the Great, 1, 59, 62, 93–4, 96, 99, 130 Circus Maximus, 175 Pompey, Sextus, 96, 112 Curia, 97, 107, 111, 184 Pomponius Mela, 189, 191 Forum of Augustus, 99, 116, 139, 169 Pontifex Maximus, 204 Pompey’s theatre, 174 Poole Harbour, 15–16, 19 Porta Argentariorum, 202, 203 poppies, 115, 115 Temple of Apollo, 175 population increase, 6 Temple of Divine Julius, 97, 196 portraits, Imperial, 167 Temple of Mars Ultor, 99, 116, 139, 169, 219 Posidonius, 53, 189 Temple of Saturn, 97 post-colonial writers, 158 temples, 104, 115, 133, 179, 191–6 potin, 28–9, 38, 113, 226–7 education at, 85, 90, 92–3, 139, 159 pottery, amphorae, 9–10, 16, 164, 184, 186, 190, Romm, 127 199, 201 Romulus, 99, 134, 137, 209 arretine wear, 98, 113, 214 Rosmerta, 51 saucepan pots, 19 Roucillus, 58 terra nigra, 211 roundhouses, 9, 17, 53, 198, 208 terra rubra, 214 Roveca, 71, 185, 186 terra sigillata, 214 Rues/Ruiis, 74–5, 78, 113, 114 wheel-made, 16 ruler cult, 193 Pottina, 71 prestige goods, 7, 22, 156, 158–9 sacral kingship, 22, 26, 54, 134 primogeniture, 172 sacred descent, 135, 137 Principate, 3, 92, 100–1, 107–8, 115, 122, 124, sacriWce, 93–4, 97–8, 100, 106, 112–13, 113, 174–5, 169, 172, 174, 176–7, 181, 197 197–9, 201–4, 214 Propertius, 135 saeculum aureum, 98, 115, 155 propitiatory deposits, see votive deposits Sagumbri, 29 Prusias II, 218 Saguntum, 135–6 pseudo-history, 74–9, 109, 170 Saint Ambrose, 166 Ptolemais, 123 Saint Augustine, 166 Ptolemy, 119, 121–4, 174, 177, 181, 183, 217, 220 Saint Catherine’s Hill, 18 public school, 154 Salem witchcraft trials, 52 pythagoreans, 189 Samnites, 143 Sarpedon, 131 Quadi, 59 sceptre, 88, 181, 183–4 Quintillian, 149 Scipio Africanus, 181 Scota, daughter of Pharaoh, 134 ram, 88, 101, 113, 114, 199, 204 sea and tides, 56 Ravenna, 59, 220–1 sea creatures, 97, 107, 112 Regni, 78 Sedgeford, 31 Regnum Apollinis, 96 Sego, 75, 78, 105, 107 Remi, 9, 70, 71, 73 Segontiaci, 57 Remus, 137, 209 senatus consultum, 83–4, 103, 210 rex, 163, 169–72, 189, 192–3 Septimuis Severus, 202 Rhea Silvia, 141 serial imagery, 33, 35–7, 80, 101, 120, 124, 166 Rhine, 135, 151 serpents/snakes, 83, 83, 121–2, 129, 133, 178, Rhodes, 123 183

General index 248

Sertorius, 89 Tasciovanus, 65, 68, 69, 74–8, 76, 77, 101, 102, Shakespeare, 161 104–5, 107, 108, 108, 110, 113, 114, 121–2, shamanism, 40–54, 213 124, 130, 142–5, 167, 168, 170–4, 172, 176, sheep, 6, 15–16, 25, 196 178, 179, 205, 205, 211, 216–17, 224 shield, 104 Tayac, 31 ship’s prows, 97, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 116 temples, 2, 98, 101, 174–5 Sicily, 96, 130 templum, 210, 212 Sidon, 123 Tenctheri, 12, 29 Sidus Iulium, 95, 100, 102, 103–4 Teutones, 19 Siesbach, 122 Thapsus, battle of, 180 Silchester, 18, 158, 196, 205, 207, 208, 211, therianthropes, 44–5 213 Thracian kings, 123 Silures, 152 Tiberias, 144 Silvius, 138, 140, 143 Tiberius, 59, 100, 118, 128, 176–8, 216, 218–20 simpulum (ladle), 179, 202–4, 203 coinage of, 82–3, 85, 86 Skeleton Green, see Braughing Tigris, 128 slavery, West Africa, 20 Tincomarus, 64, 65, 68, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, slaves, 7, 11, 14, 20–1, 90 91–6, 101, 101–6, 118–22, 119, 125–6, 129, slingstones, 6, 15 130, 146, 168, 174, 176, 178, 179, 191–2, Snettisham, 31 195–6, 208, 211, 217, 224 sociolinguistics, 146 Tir Conaill, 23 Socrates, 162 Tiridates, 90 soil fertility, 6 Titans, 127, 131 soldurii, 14, 21 Titelberg, 201 Sotiates, 14, 22 toga picta (triumphal robe), 181, 183 sound, bells, 42 Togodumnus, 219 sovereignty, concept of, 22–3, 104 Tollund Man, 52 Sparta, 123 Tolosa, 199 sphinx, 80, 96, 100, 101, 107, 108, 130 torcs, 2, 10, 13, 18, 21, 31, 39, 40, 41, 109, 111, spirit animals, 43 178, 184, 186 spoons, 42, 53 trance imagery, 41–54, 48 standards, 82–3, 83 treaty relationships, 85 Stanstead, 190 Treveri, 12–13, 29, 27, 60, 70, 71, 73, 115, 118–23, star, 103–5 119, 196 state-formation, 11 trident, 88, 100, 101, 110, 111, 112, 116 Sthenno, 131 Trier-Olewig, 187 storage pits, 5 Trinovantes, 57, 64 Strabo, Geography, 14, 89, 90, 91, 124, 151 tripods, 98, 100, 101, 112, 114, 201–2, 204–5 structured deposition, 25, 53 Tripolis, 123 subsidies to friendly kings, 70, 91 triskeles, 130–1 Suddern Farm, 7, 16 tritons, 97 Suebi, 59, 135 Triumvirate, the Second, 94, 107 Suessiones, 9, 61, 71, 73, 226 Troy, 115, 126, 137, 139–41 Suetonius, Julius Caesar, 58, 94, 175 Tuisto, 135 Augustus, 90, 96, 144 tunica palmata, 181 Caligula, 1, 91, 219 Tyre, 123 Claudius, 98, 220 Sulis Minerva, 49, 133–4, 163, 196 Ubii, 12, 29 Sulla, 1, 95, 99, 102, 103 Ulceby, 31 summi viri, 99 Uley, 163 sun, 41 Ulysses, 136, 139 swords, 42–3, 53, 104 uniface issues, 73 Syracuse, 130 urceus, 202, 203 Syria, 112 Usipetes, 12, 29

Tacitus, Agricola, 152, value, 37 Annals, 12, 59, 143, 162, 183 Vandilii, 135 Germania, 14, 70, 127, 135–7 Vannius, 59 Histories, 12, 70 Varro, 187, 210 Tara, king of, 9, 23 vates, 53 Tarrentum, 106–7, 184 vedic literature, 23–4, 154 Tasciovanian dynasty, 32, 55, 64, 69, 121, 123, Veliocasses, 12, 29 181, 189, 196, 219 Veneti, 26, 45

General index 249

Venus, 95, 99, 174–5 Viros, 71 Vercingetorix, 13, 60, 63, 93 Volubilis, 124 Vergobretos, 11 Volusenus, 56, 59–62 Verica, 68, 69, 70, 82–3, 101, 102, 104–5, 107, 108, Vonones, 90, 118 110, 111, 114–16, 115, 119, 121–2, 124–5, 130, Vosenos/Vodenios, 74, 78, 114 167, 168, 170, 178, 179, 180, 191–6, 193, 211, votive deposits, 5–6, 15, 196 218–21, 224 Verritus, 12 Wallingford, 52 Vertiscus, 12 Waltham St Lawrence, 45, 179 Verulae, 143–4, 205 Wanborough, 179 Verulamium, 143–5, 168, 198, 205, 206, 208, 211, warfare, 8, 111, 122, 124, 216 213 warrior elite, 4, 8, 163 Devil’s and New Dykes, 18, 206 warthog, 43 Folly Lane Burial, 183–4, 187, 191, 196–7, 206, Wayland the Smith, 40 219 Wederath, 122 Gorhambury, 184, 205, 206 weightlessness, 44 King Harry Lane, 190, 197, 205, 206 Welwyn Garden City, burial, 180 Prae Wood, 205, 206 Welwyn type burials, 190–1 Vibilius, 59 Welwyn, burial, 191, 199, 201, 202 Victory, 82–3, 83, 97, 100, 101, 107–12, 109, 130, wheat/corn, 101, 115, 115, 116, 122 133, 178, 184, 185, 186–7 Winchester, Oram’s Arbour, 18 Victory, gender of, 111, 186 wine drinking, 199 Villeneuve Saint Germain, 199, 201, 208 wine, 7, see also amphorae vine leaves, 98–100, 101, 115, 116 Woden, 134 violence, 94 women, lower middle class, 149 Virgil, Aeneid, 99, 137–9, 138, 141–3, 148, 176 Zacynthus, Greek island, 136 Eclogue, 127 Zanker, 95–100 Viridomarus, 135 Zeus Ammon, see Jupiter Ammon Viromandui, 12, 29 Zeus, see Jupiter