Study of the Floristic Composition of Fir-Spruce-Beech Forests in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina

Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 67(4), 1269-1276, 2015 DOI:10.2298/ABS150327103E

STUDY OF THE FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF FIR-SPRUCE-BEECH FORESTS IN SERBIA AND BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA

Saša M. Eremija1,*, Rade I. Cvjetićanin2, Marijana R. Novaković-Vuković2, Ljubinko B. Rakonjac1, Aleksandar Ž. Lučić1, Snežana A. Stajić1 and Zoran D. Miletić1

1 Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: The mixed forest of fir, spruce, and beech (Piceo-Abietetum Čolić 1965) is an important and widespread plant community on the Balkan Peninsula. Within the Dinarides, it occupies the upper zone of the beech-fir forest belt, establishing a regional belt of vegetation in the Illyrian province. This community occupies significant areas in western and southwestern Serbia where it also creates a regional belt, thus confirming that this part of Serbia belongs to the Illyrian floral-geographical province. This paper compares the floristic composition of the fir-spruce-beech forests in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in order to determine the differences between the study stands. A total of 29 relevés were analyzed, 17 from the mountain of Lisina (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and 12 from the Pešter plateau (Serbia). Cluster analysis revealed a clear differentiation between the study stands and species in Bosnia-Herzegovina and those in Serbia. The main difference is in the dominant species: Fagus moesiaca (K. Maly) Czecz. in Serbia and Fagus sylvatica L. in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In Bosnia-Herzegovina, the forest grows under conditions of a uniform, maritime and humid climate, while in Serbia it grows under conditions of a continental climate with less rainfall and a strong zoo-anthropogenic impact. Regarding the spectrum of life forms, there are more phanerophytes and geophytes in Bosnia-Herzegovina than in Serbia. On the other hand, the spectrum of floral elements in Serbia is richer in xerophilous, Balkan and sub-Mediterranean floral elements.

Key words: mixed fir-spruce-beech forest; floristic composition; Serbia; Bosnia-Herzegovina

Received: March 27, 2015; Revised: April 22, 2015; Accepted: April 28, 2015

INTRODUCTION beech (Piceo-Abietetum Čolić 1965) (syn. Piceo-Fago- Abietetum Čolić 1965.; Piceeto-Abieti-Fagetum moe- The class of frigophilous coniferous forests (Vaccinio- siacum Mišić et al. 1978.; Abieti-Fagetum piceetosum Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 39. Emend Zupančič Mišić & B. Jovanović 1983.) are defined as a specific (78)1980 and the order Vaccinio-Piceetalia (Paw- tri-dominant community, which apart from having lowski in Pawlowski et al. 28) Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et great economic importance, have played an important al.1939. emend K. Lund 1967. are mainly composed role in the historical development of the vegetation of of mountain and alpine communities that can sur- the Balkan Peninsula. vive in the conditions typical of a cold and humid boreal climate, mainly at altitudes between 1300 and In terms of the historical development of vegeta- 1900 m. This order, and its corresponding class, also tion, the mixed fir, spruce and beech forest is older than comprises the alliance of acidophilus spruce forests the forest of beech and fir, and considering that poly- (Vaccinio-Piceion Pawlowski et al. 28) Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. dominant forests are the closest ancestors of primeval et al.1939.) that includes some regional communities. forests, these forests are testimony to the historical de- Within the alliance and suballiance Abieti-Piceenion velopment of vegetation not only in Serbia, but also on Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al.1939., forests of fir, spruce and the whole of the Balkan Peninsula (Mišić, 1982).

1269 1270 Eremija et al.

Since the fir-spruce-beech forest builds a regional microclimate of the Pešter plateau is distinguished belt of vegetation both in Bosnia-Herzegovina and by temperatures below the normal values and low in western Serbia and has considerable scientific and amounts of total rainfall. The whole plateau has the practical importance, the aim of this study was to character of a depression, with a harsh local micro- broaden the knowledge about this association and to climate. It has a diverse bedrock that produces differ- compare the floristic data in order to determine the ent types of soil: calcareous black soil, rankers, eutric differences between the studied forests. This research and dystric cambisol, limestone brown soil, luvisol, may eventually help determine the syntaxonomic pseudogley, fluvisol, and gley soils (Rakonjac, 2002) classification of these forests. Data collection and processing

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study of the floristic composition of the investigated stands was based on 29 relevés (phytocoe- Study area nological data records). The classical method of the Zurich-Montpellier school of phytocoenology (Braun- The research area comprises mixed forests of fir and Blanquet, 1964). Out of 29 relevés, 17 were sampled in beech with spruce on the mountain of Lisina (Bosnia- the forest of beech and fir with spruce (Piceo-Abietetum Herzegovina) and on Pešter plateau (Serbia). Lisina Čolić 1965) on Mt. Lisina, in the southwestern part of mountain (1467 m a.s.l., 44°23’51”N, 17°02’30” E) lies the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia-Herzegovina). The data in the inland of the Dinarides in western Bosnia-Her- for 12 relevés in the area of Pešter, in southwestern Ser- zegovina, i.e. in the southwestern part of the Republic bia, were obtained from the relevant literature (Tomić of Srpska entity, in the Bosanska Krajina region. Lisina and Rakonjac, 2003). Syntaxonomic names follow is about 84 km from the regional center of Banja Luka. Tomić and Rakonjac (2013). The research comprises The massif extends in a northwest-southeast direction. the analysis of two spectra: the spectrum of floral ele- The area is characterized by a wet perhumid climate. It ments according to the systematization of phytogeo- has a complex geological structure with different geographical elements (Gajić, 1980), and the spectrum of logical formations covering a small area (Mudrenović, life forms (Kojić et al., 1997). 1991). According to Eremija et al. (2014), the following types of soil occur over siliceous rocks: ranker, dystric In order to determine similarities in the floristic cambisols, luvisols and podzol, whereas rendzina and composition of the study stands, Bray-Curtis clus- luvisol occur on limestone and dolomite bedrock. ter analysis (measuring similarity) with the option “Group Average” in BIODIVERSITY PRO (McAleece The Pešter plateau extends over the border zone et al., 1997) was performed. CA vegetation data between the Dinarides and the Rhodopes, within the analysis was performed using the statistical software Stari Vlah-Raška mountain range in southwestern CANOCO 4.5 (Lepš and Šmilauer, 1999). The cover- Serbia. It forms its central part with a series of in- abundance score obtained for each species within a dividual, mostly karst, mountains (Rakonjac, 2002). relevé were transformed using the method of Van Der The plateau is surrounded by high mountains that Maarel (1979). isolate it both from the sea and from the neighboring regional valleys. The mean altitude ranges between 900 and 1200 m, with individual mountains reach- RESULTS ing 1700 m a.s.l. Together with Sjenica valley it lies at 43°16.5’N and 20°E. The total area of the plateau Floristic composition is 1058.5 km². The lower part of the plateau is characterized by a temperate continental climate, while The fir-spruce-beech forest in the area of Lisina (Bos- an alpine climate prevails in its upper regions. The nia-Herzegovina) occurs at the altitude of about 1100 Floristic composition of fir-spruce-beech forest 1271 m a.s.l. It grows on slopes of varying steepness, from weathering. The stands on limestone bedrock grow on mild (3-4°) to very steep (36°), but it is predominantly rendzinas, which usually have an expressed regolith found on medium-steep slopes with different aspects, contact that deepens the physiologically active layer of east-facing being the most common. Its bedrock is soil. The forests on silicates mainly grow on deep soils diverse, composed of marly, sometimes dense, lime- (dystric cambisols and luvisols), but can be also found stones, limestones with ammonites, dolomite and on podzols. The trees in the study stands are char- siliceous rocks. The soil surface is slightly rocky be- acterized by a high technical value and good health. cause the bedrock is subject to the process of physical There are 74 taxa recorded in 17 relevés (Table 1). Table 1. Phytocoenological data

Piceo-Abietetum Rosa glutinosa S. et S. I+.1 Association Čolić 1965 Rubus hirtus W. et K. I+ Number of records 12 17 Salix silesiaca Willd. I+ SRB BH Fagus moesiaca (K. Maly.) Czecz II+-1.1 I layer Populus tremula L. II+-1.1 Picea abies Kars. IV1.1-3.3 V1.2-3.3 Pirus piraster Burg. I+ Abies alba Mill. V+-4.4 V1.1-3.3 Lonicera alpigena L. I+ Fagus sylvatica L. V1.1-3.3 Betula pendula Roth. II+ Fagus moesiaca (K. Maly.) Czecz. IV+-3.3 Ribes grossularia L. I+ Acer pseudoplatanus L. I1.1 Ribes alpinum L. I+ Pinus sylvestris L. II+-1.1 I1.2 Tilia platyphyllos Scop. I+ Betula pendula Roth. I+-1.1 Carpinus betulus L. I+ Populus tremula L. I+-2.2 Pinus nigra Arn. I+ Tilia cordata Mill. I+ III layer Pinus nigra Arn. I1.1 Abies alba Mill. V+-2.2 IV+-1.3 II layer Festuca drymeia M. et K. V+-5.5 Picea abies Kars. V+-1.2 V+-2.2 Fagus sylvatica L. IV+-+.2 Abies alba Mill. V1.1-3.3 IV+-3.3 Vaccinium myrtillus L. IV+.2-3.3 III+.2-3.3 Fagus sylvatica L. IV+.2-2.3 Prenanthes purpurea L. II+ III+-+.2 Corylus avellana L. II+ I+-1.2 Euphorbia amygdaloides L. III+-1.1 III+ Sambucus nigra L. II+-1.2 Aremonia agrimonioides (L.) DC IV+-1.1 III+ Daphne mezereum L. I+ I+ Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schot. II+ III+-+.2 Acer pseudoplatanus L. I+-1.1 Oxalis acetosella L. III+-2.2 III+.2-3.3 Sorbus aucuparia L. III+ I+ Gentian aasclepiadea L. III+ II+ Lonicera xylosteum L. I+.2 Acer pseudoplatanus L. III+ Salix caprea L. I+ I+.2-1.2 Picea abies Kars. III+-1.1 II+-+.2 Rubus idaeus L. I+ I3.3 Asperula odorata L. I+-2.2 II+.2-1.2 Lonicera nigra L. II+ I+ Glechoma hirsuta W. et K. III+-1.1 II+-1.2 Rosa pendulina L. III+-1.1 Anemone nemorosa L. III+-3.3 I+.2-1.2 Juniperus communis L. II+-2.1 Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. III+ I+ Cotoneaster tomentosus Lindl. I+ Luzula luzuloides (Lam. ) Dan. IV+-1.2 I+.2-1.2 Rosa arvensis Huds. II+-2.2 Fragaria vesca L. III+-1.2 I+ Crataegus monogyna Jacq. I+ Ajuga reptans L. III+-1.1 I+ Prunus avium L. I+ Mycelis muralis (L.) Rchb. II+-1.2 II+ Sorbus austriaca (Beck.) Hedl. I+ Daphne mezereum L. II+ Viburnum lantana L. I+ Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Nath II+-2.2 Viburnum opulus L. I+ Luzula silvatica (Huds.) Gaud I+-1.1 II+-1.2 Crataegus calycina Peterm. I+ Sorbus aucuparia L. II+ 1272 Eremija et al.

Table 1 continued:

Rubus hirtus W. et K. I+-1.1 II+.2 Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz II+-1.1 I+.2 Cardamine eneaphyllos L. II+ Hedera helix L. I+ Galium rotundifolium L. II+.2-1.2 Hepatica nobilis Mill. II+-1.1 I+ Melampyrum silvaticum L. I+-2.2 Laserpitium latifolium L. I+ Vicia oroboides L. Rosa arvensis Huds. II+ Symphytum tuberosum L. I+ Caltha laeta Schott, Nyman & Kotschy I+ Evonymus latifolius (L.) Mill. I+ Campanula sphaerotrix Griseb. I+ Prunus avium L. I+ Geranium robertianum L. I+ Asarum europaeum L. I+ Lapsana communis L. I+ Lonicera nigra L. II+ I+ Daphne blagayana Frey. III+ Rosa pendulina L. I+ Brachypodium silvaticum (Huds.) P.B. II+-1.2 Pyrola secunda L. I+ Prunella vulgaris L. I+ Epilobium montanum L. I+ Salix caprea L. I+ Laserpitium marginatum W. et K. I+ Geum urbanum L. II+ Scila bifolia L. I+ Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. II+ Polystichum setiferum (Forsk.) Moore I+ Veratrum nigrum L. II+-1.1 Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf. I+ Astrantia major L. I+ Lonicera xylosteum L. I+ Hypericum maculatum Cr. I+ Rubus idaeus L. I1.2 Melica uniflora Retz. I+-1.1 Geranium sanguineum L. I+-+.2 Phyteuma spicatum L. I+ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. II+ I+.2 Stellaria holostea L. I+ Paris quadrifolia L. II+-1.1 I+-+.2 Veronica urticifolia Jacq. I+ Atropa belladonna L. I+ Viola odorata L. I+ Senecio nemorensis L. I+ Populus tremula L. I+ Hypericum perforatum L. I+ I+ Galium verum L. II+-1.1 Clematis vitalba L. I+ Doronicum columnae Ten. I+ Mercurialis perennis L. I+.2-5.5 Hieracium transsilvanicum Heuff. I+ Aruncus vulgaris Rafin. I+-+.2 Melica nutans L. I+ Actaea spicata L. I+ Scrophularia nodosa L. I+ Aconitum vulparia Rchb. I+ Vicia sylvatica L. I+-1.1 Lonicera alpigena L. I+ Erica carnea L. II1.1-2.2 Silene viridiflora L. I+ Galium silvaticum L. II+-1.1 Sorbus aria (L.) Cr. I+ Aegopodium podagraria L. I+-1.1 Vicia cracca L. I+ Alchemilla vulgaris L. I+-1.1 Sanicula europaea L. I+ I+.2 Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link I+-+.2 Galium schultesii Vest. I+ Genista ovata W. et K. I+-1.1 Heracleum sphondylium L. I+ Hieracium danubiale Roth. I+ Ulmus glabra Huds. I+ Melittis melissophyllum L. I+ Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Sloss. I+-+.2 Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth. I+ Corylus avellana L. I+ I+ Molinia coerulea (L.) Mnch. I+-1.2 Veronica officinalis L. I+.2 Betula pendula Roth. I+ Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. III+ I+-+.2 Campanula patula L. I+-1.1 Viola silvestris Lam I+ I+ Sorbus austriacus (Bech) Hedl. I+ Floristic composition of fir-spruce-beech forest 1273

Fig. 1. Cluster analysis of fir, spruce and beech stands in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

The fir-spruce-beech forest in the Pešter region common: Abies alba Mill., Asperula odorata L., Ru- (Serbia) is found at altitudes between 1200 and 1450 bus idaeus L., Salix caprea L., Prenanthes purpurea L., m, although most of the stands are found above 1350 etc. We manually moved the names of these species m. It occurs on very steep to craggy terrains, with within the coordinate system in order to achieve bet- slope steepness ranging from 20° to 40°. The aspect ter visibility. It should be noted that Moesian beech is also varied, but north- and northwest-facing slopes (Fagus moesiaca (K. Maly) Czecz.) is the edifying prevail. The association can be found on very differ- species in Serbia while in Bosnia-Herzegovina it is ent parent materials: at lower altitudes, it occurs on European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). sandstone, shale, chert and marl and at higher alti- However, a certain grouping of species is evident tudes on diabase, limestone with chert, spilite, gabro- within the ordinate system, so the phytocoenological amphibolite and diabase chert. In the area of Pešter, relevés from Pešter, among others, include pioneer this association has a mosaic distribution that results from site conditions and zoo-anthropogenic impact species Betula pendula Roth. and Populus tremula L. that have affected the floristic composition. There are in the layer of trees, shrubs and ground flora, which 92 taxa recorded in 12 relevés (Table 1). indicates a certain degree of forest degradation. Daph- ne blagayana Frey., Astrantia major L., Rosa pendulina Statistical analyses L., Melica uniflora Retz., etc. can be specified as species that occur only in Serbia. Cluster analysis (Fig. 1) shows that the study stands The relevés sampled on Mt. Lisina have the make two separate groups: one group is the fir-spruce- groups of species typical of the Fagetalia order: Acer beech forest in Serbia and the other is the fir-spruce- pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Actaea spicata beech forest in Bosnia-Herzegovina. There is no over- L., etc., as well as species of the Vaccinio-Piceetalia lapping between the study stands, which suggests that order: Prenanthes purpurea L., Pyrola secunda L. and there is clear floristic differentiation between them. others, which indicate a high degree of floristic ho- CA analysis produced similar results as the clus- mogeneity and stability of the study stands. The fol- ter analysis. The ordinate system (Fig. 2) shows there lowing species can be marked as important in the fir- are some obvious similarities between the stands of spruce-beech forest of Mt. Lisina: Festuca drymeia M. the two investigated sites, but certain differences are et K., Asarum europaeum L., Melampyrum silvaticum also evident. They have a large number of species in L., Atropa belladonna L. 1274 Eremija et al.

of phanerophytes, which are more common in Bos- nia-Herzegovina (31%:21%). Geophytes are slightly more numerous in Bosnia-Herzegovina than in Ser- bia (20%:14%), while chamaephytes have almost the same share. Therophytes and therophytes/chamaephytes are the rarest, but are more frequent in Serbia.

Spectrum of floral elements

The spectrum of floral elements is in both countries dominated by the collective group of Central-Europe- an floral elements, with almost the same abundance (Fig. 3 B). It is followed by a group of species of broad ecological amplitude of the Eurasian distribution type, and by circumpolar species and cosmopolitans. The main difference is in the presence of xerophilous floral elements. The presence of xerophilous floral elements (Mediterranean, Balkan, Balkan-Apennine) is twice as high in the forest in Serbia than in Bosnia- Fig. 2. CA ordination biplot, fit range for the species 20-100%, Herzegovina (16%:7%). 44 species (Δ − relevé representation, Δ − species representation (1 − 17) − relevés from Lisina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), (18-27) − relevés from Pešter (Serbia). Species abbreviations: Act spi − Ac- taea spicata; Aco vul − Aconitum vulparia; Ace pse − Acer pseudo- DISCUSSION platanus; Lon alp − Lonicera alpigena; Sil vir − Silene viridiflora; Rub ida − Rubus idaeus; Ger san − Geranium sanguineum; Atr bel The mixed forests of fir, spruce and beech (Piceo- − Atropa belladonna; Aru vul − Aruncus vulgaris; Sal cap − Salix Abietetum Čolić 1965) has widespread distribution caprea; Geu urb − Geum urbanum; Fag moe − Fagus moesiaca; throughout the Balkan Peninsula, from Mt. Plješevica Dap bla − Daphne blagayana; Sam nig − Sambucus nigra; Pop in Croatia to the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria. On tre − Populus tremula; Ros pen − Rosa pendulina; Asp odo − Aspe- rula odorata; Mel uni − Melica uniflora; Fag syl − Fagus sylvatica; the territory of Montenegro, it approaches its south- Ane nem − Anemone nemorosa; Bet pen − Betula pendula; Pre ern timberline, where it reflects specific maritime cli- pur − Prenanthes purpurea; Fes dry − Festuca drymeia; Hel num − Helianthemum nummularium; Ver nig − Veratrum nigrum; Ast maj − Astrantia major; Abi alb − Abies alba; Dap mez − Daphne mezereum; Phy spi − Phyteuma spicatum; Las mar − Laserpitium marginatum; Ver urt − Veronica urticifolia; Vic sil − Vicia sylvatica; Asa eur − Asarum europaeum; Pyr sec − Pyrola secunda; Sym tub − Symphytum tuberosum; Mel syl − Melamyrum silvaticum The (the abbreviation following the species denotes A − tree layer, B − shrub layer, C − ground flora layer).

Spectrum of life forms

There are marked differences in the spectrum of life forms (Fig. 3 A). Hemicryptophytes are the dominant life form in both Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, but they are more abundant in the forest on the territory Fig.3 Spectrum of life forms and spectrum of floral elements in of Serbia (54%:41%). They are followed by the group fir-spruce-beech forests in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina Floristic composition of fir-spruce-beech forest 1275 mate influences (Čurović et al., 2011). In the Illyrian The fir-spruce-beech forests of Pešter and Lisina province, in the area of the Dinarides, it occupies a are abundant in species of the Vaccinio-Piceetalia higher belt of beech-fir forest zone and reaches an order (Prenanthes purpurea L., Oxalis acetosella L., altitude of 1500 m. The community covers vast ar- Vaccinium myrtillus L., Gentiana asclepiadea L., etc.), eas of Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the growing stock of and of the Fagetalia order (Acer pseudoplatanus L., the Republic of Srpska, it accounts for over 45% of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schot., Euphorbia amygda- the total area of forests with natural regeneration. loides L., Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Nath., etc.), which Its distribution range is beyond the strong impact of clearly indicates their syngenetic relationship with Mediterranean and Pannonian climate. In the area of beech forests and acidophilus conifer forests. Jadovnik, in western Bosnia-Herzegovina, this community represents the primeval type of vegetation and The spectrum of life forms in Bosnia-Herzegovina a regional forest community typical of the altitudinal has a greater number of phanerophytes than the one belt between 1200-1500 m a.s.l. (Bucalo, 1995). in Serbia. Since the species belonging to this life form neither grow in extremely cold nor extremely dry ar- In Serbia, the community is generally treated as a eas (Diklić, 1984), it can be concluded that the forest feature of the contact zone between the belts of beech in Bosnia-Herzegovina grows in conditions of a more and spruce forests, where it occupies disjunctive ar- maritime, humid and uniform climate compared to eas. On some mountains with a well-developed belt of that in Serbia. The dominance of hemicryptophytes on monodominant spruce forests (Kopaonik, Golija, Sta- Pešter indicates the kind of climate typical of temperate ra Planina), the community of fir, spruce and beech and cold regions to which the studied area belongs. occupies broad river valleys with specific maritime climate conditions (Tomić, 2004). Although it has There are also some differences in the spectrum been recorded in several mountain ranges in Serbia, of floral elements between the study stands, which only on Mt. Tara and the Pešter plateau, where there are primarily due to different climatic influences. is no clearly expressed belt of monodominant spruce Pešter (Serbia) has a higher percentage of xerophilous forests, does it create an oroclimatogenic belt similar (primarily sub-Mediterranean and Balkan) floral ele- to that in Bosnia. The existence of this belt supports ments, which is a result of lower amounts of rainfall the statement that western and southwestern Serbia at this site. If we compare the amount of rainfall of belongs to the Illyrian floral-geographical province, as the study sites at an altitude of 1300 m, we can see confirmed by earlier studies (Janković, 1984). that it amounts to 1464 mm on Mt. Lisina (Eremija, 2010) and 922.7 mm on Pešter (Rakonjac, 2002). Li- Due to its similarity in floristic composition with sina has a transitional pluviometric regime − between Abieti-Fagetum forests (in the area where the spruce maritime and continental, while a continental regime grows), the fir, spruce and beech forest was generally prevails on Pešter, although with a strong maritime considered its variant (Mišić and Jovanović, 1983), effect. Both localities are characterized by the strong and hence rarely studied, especially in Serbia. Čolić presence of frigophilous species (floral elements of (1964) first noted the broad distribution of beech, northern regions and circumpolar species), which can fir and spruce forest, stressing its regional character withstand low temperatures and high altitudes. on Mt. Tara, described in more detail in subsequent studies that differentiated several subassociations From the above it can be concluded that the (Cvjetićanin and Novaković, 2010), and the authors beech, fir and spruce forests of Serbia and Bosnia- stated that this was the most common plant commu- Herzegovina have a lot in common regarding their nity in the study area. Large areas are also covered by floristic composition. However, there are some dif- the community on Mt. Zlatar (Obratov, 1992), and on ferences as well, the greatest being dominant species. Pešter (Tomić and Rakonjac, 2003), where the authors Fagus moesiaca (K. Maly) Czecz. is dominant in Ser- point to its zonal (regional) character. bia and Fagus sylvatica L. in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In 1276 Eremija et al.

Bosnia-Herzegovina, the forest grows in conditions Eremija, S., Knežević, M. and M. Kapović (2014). Soils of the of a uniform, maritime and humid climate, while in mycological reserve on Lisina mountain in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Arch. Biol. Sci. 66 (1), Serbia it grows in conditions of a continental climate 299-306. with a smaller amount of rainfall. Gajić, M. (1980). Pregled vrsta flore SR Srbije sa biljnogeograf- skim oznakama. Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta, 54, 111-141. Author’s contributions: Saša Eremija and Rade Cvjetića- Janković, M.M. (1984). Vegetacija SR Srbije; istorija i opšte karak- nin – collection and data analysis, coordinating and setting teristike, In: Vegetacija SR Srbije I (Eds. M.R. Sarić), 1-166, SANU, Beograd. the goal of the research. Marijana Novaković-Vuković − Kojić, M., Popović, R. and B. Karadžić (1997). Vaskularne biljke statistical analysis of data and study design. Ljubinko Ra- Srbije. 1-160, Institut za istraživanja u poljoprivredi “Srbija”, konjac, Snežana Stajić, Aleksandar Lučić and Zoran Miletić Beograd. – collection and data analysis. Lepš, J. and P. Šmilauer (1999). Multivariate analysis of ecological data. 1-110, Faculty of biological sciences, University of Conflict of interest disclosure: All authors of the present south Bohemia, České Budĕjovice. paper confirm no actual or potential conflicts of interest, McAleece, N., Lambshead, P.J.D. and G.L.J. Paterson (1997). including any financial, personal, or other relationships Biodiversity pro. Software package, The Natural History with people or organizations. Museum, London. http://www.sams.ac.uk Mišić, V. (1982). Reliktne polidominantne šumske zajednice Srbije. 1-178, Matica srpska, Novi Sad i Institut za biološka istraživanja “Siniša Stanković”, Beograd. REFERENCES Mišić, V. and B. Jovanović (1983). Mešovita šuma bukve, jele i smrče (Piceeto-Abieti-Fagetum moesiacum s.l.) u Srbiji i Braun-Blanquet, J. (1964). Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der njen značaj. Zaštita prirode. 36, 33-47. rd Vegetationskunde. 3 ed., 1-865, Springer, Wien, New Mudrenović, V. J. (1991). Stratigrafija trijasa planina Lisine i York. Dimitora. Doctroral dissertation. Faculty of Mining and Bucalo, V. (1995). Šumska vegetacija planine Jadovnik u zapadnoj Geology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade. (in Serbian) Bosni. Doctoral dissertation. Faculty of Forestry, University Obratov, D. (1992). Flora i vegetacija planine Zlatar. Doctoral of Belgrade, Belgrade. (in Serbian) dissertation. Faculty of Sciences, University of Belgrade. Cvjetićanin, R. and M. Novaković (2010). Floristički diverzitet (in Serbian) šume jele, bukve i smrče (Piceo-Fago-Abietetum Čolić 1965) Rakonjac, Lj. (2002). Šumska vegetacija i njena staništa na u Nacionalnom parku „Tara“. Glasnik Šumarskog fakulteta. Pešterskoj visoravni kao osnova za uspešno pošumljavanje. 102, 129-144. Doctoral dissertation. Faculty of Forestry, University of Čolić, D. (1964). Ekološki uslovi za opstanak i razvoj glavnih vrsta Belgrade, Belgrade. (in Serbian. četinarskih šumskih edifikatora u zaštićenom području Tomić, Z. (2004): Šumarska fitocenologija. 1-261, Faculty of planine Tare. Zaštita prirode. 27-28, 61-77. Forestry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade. (in Serbian) Čurović, M., Medarević, M., Pantić, D. and V. Spalević (2011). Tomić, Z. and Lj. Rakonjac (2003). Ilirski pojas bukve, jele i smrče Mayor types of mixed forests of spruce, fir and beech in (Piceo-Fago-Abietetum Čolić 1965) u jugozapadnoj Srbiji. Montenegro. Austrian J. Forest Sci. 128 (2), 93-111. Zbornik radova Instituta za šumarstvo. 48-49, 23-34. Diklić, N. (1984). Životne forme biljnih vrsta i biološki spektar Tomić, Z. and Lj. Rakonjac (2013). Šumske fitocenoze Srbije. flore SR Srbije, In: Vegetacija SR Srbije I (Eds. M.R. Sarić), 1-177, Institut of Forestry and Faculty of Applied Ecology, 291-316, SANU, Beograd. Singidunum University, Belgrade. Eremija, S. (2010). Klimatske karakteristike visinskih pojaseva Van Der Maarel, E. (1979). Transformation of cover-abundance planine Lisina kod Mrkonjić Grada. Šumarstvo. 1-2, 107- values in phytosociology and its effects on community 116. similarity. Vegetatio. 39 (2), 97-114.