DOCSLIB.ORG

FACIAL FEEDBACK and DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 1 Demand Characteristics Moderate, but Do Not Fully Account For, the Effects of Faci

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FACIAL FEEDBACK and DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 1 Demand Characteristics Moderate, but Do Not Fully Account For, the Effects of Faci FACIAL FEEDBACK AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 1 Demand characteristics moderate, but do not fully account for, the effects of facial feedback on emotional experience Nicholas A. Coles1,2 (email), Lowell Gaertner2, Brooke Frohlich2, Jeff T. Larsen2, Dana M. Basnight-Brown3 1Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA 2Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA 3United States International University–Africa, Nairobi, Kenya Note: This article is a pre-print that is still being evaluated by peer reviewers. Please cite responsibly. FACIAL FEEDBACK AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 2 Abstract The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual’s facial expressions can influence their emotional experience (e.g., that smiling can make one feel happier). However, a reoccurring concern is that demand characteristics drive this effect. Across three experiments (n = 250, 192, 131), university students in the United States and Kenya posed happy, angry, and neutral expressions and self-reported their emotions following a demand characteristics manipulation. To manipulate demand characteristics we either (a) told participants we hypothesized their poses would influence their emotions, (b) told participants we hypothesized their poses would not influence their emotions, or (c) did not tell participants a hypothesis. Results indicated that demand characteristics moderated the effects of facial poses on self-reported emotion. However, facial poses still influenced self-reported emotion when participants were told we hypothesized their poses would not influence emotion. These results indicate that facial feedback effects are not solely an artifact of demand characteristics. Keywords: facial feedback hypothesis, demand characteristics, emotion, embodiment OSF page: https://osf.io/mdfu4/ FACIAL FEEDBACK AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 3 One of the fundamental goals of the social and affective sciences is to understand the nature of emotional experience. According to many modern theories, emotional experience is partially built off afferent signals from the peripheral nervous system (Cacioppo, Berntson, & Klein, 1992; Damasio & Carvalho, 2013; Laird & Bresler, 1992; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990; Russell, 1980; Scherer & Moors, 2019; Tomkins, 1962). If these theories are true, it should be possible to modify people’s emotional experiences by altering their peripheral nervous system activity. One of the most well-known demonstrations of this possibility comes from research examining the effects of sensorimotor facial feedback on emotional experience—i.e., the facial feedback hypothesis (Coles, Larsen, & Lench, 2019; Coles, March, et al., 2019; C. Izard, 1979; Strack, Martin, & Stepper, 1988). For example, previous research suggests that posing happy expressions causes people to feel happier and posing sad expressions causes them to feel sadder (Flack, 2006). Research on the facial feedback hypothesis is consistent with theories that posit afferent signals from the peripheral nervous system influence emotional experience. Based on this mechanism, many researchers suggest that facial feedback plays a critical role in in a variety of social and emotional processes, including: emotion recognition (Marmolejo-Ramos et al., 2020; Niedenthal, Mermillod, Maringer, & Hess, 2010; Wood, Rychlowska, Korb, & Niedenthal, 2016), social perception (Niedenthal, Barsalou, Lawrence Winkielman, Krauth-Gruber, & Ric, 2005), the experience of empathetic and vicarious emotions (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1992; Hoffman, 2001; Holland, Connell, & Dziobek, 2020), attitude contagion (Skinner, Osnaya, Patel, & Perry, 2020), the processing of emotional words and concepts (Neal & Chartrand, 2011; Niedenthal, 2007; Niedenthal, Winkielman, Mondillon, & Vermeulen, 2009; Winkielman, Coulson, & Niedenthal, 2018), and decision making (Carpenter & Niedenthal, 2020). However, a reoccurring concern is that facial feedback effects are merely an artifact of demand characteristics: cues that participants use to guess and adjust their behavior to fit the researcher’s hypothesis (Buck, 1980; Coles, Larsen, Kuribayashi, & Kuelz, 2019; Dimberg & Söderkvist, 2011; R. J. Larsen, Kasimatis, & Frey, 1992; Schimmack & Chen, 2017; Strack et al., 1988). For example, even if smiling does not increase happiness, participants may guess the hypothesis and adjust their happiness reports accordingly. We refer to this as the demand characteristics account. FACIAL FEEDBACK AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 4 Demand characteristics are particularly concerning in facial feedback research because a recent meta-analysis indicated that 83% of studies have featured overt facial pose manipulations that may lead participants to guess the purpose of the study (Coles, Larsen, & Lench, 2019). For example, Schnall and Laird (2003) instructed participants to “Produce the facial expression that you would have when you were extremely happy,” which may have led participants to guess the purpose of the study and adjust their ratings accordingly (p. 790). To limit the impact of demand characteristics, the other 17% of studies have featured unobtrusive facial pose manipulations designed to hide the purpose of the study. For example, in a study ostensibly about psychomotor coordination, Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) had participants view humorous cartoons while holding a pen in their mouth in a manner that either induced or inhibited smiling. Similarly, in a study ostensibly about facial muscle reaction times, Dimberg and Söderkvist (2011) asked participants to react to visual stimuli by contracting their zygomaticus major (smiling) or corrugator supercilii (scowling) facial muscles. In both studies, participants reported higher levels of positive emotions after smiling despite apparently being unaware of the purpose of the study. Studies that have featured unobtrusive facial pose manipulations, however, have yielded mixed results. For example, a collaborative effort involving 17 replication teams recently failed to replicate the pen-in-mouth effect (Wagenmakers et al., 2016; cf. Marsh et al., 2018; Noah et al., 2018). Furthermore, in a conceptual replication of Dimberg and Söderkvist (2011), Söderkvist, Ohlén, and Dimberg (2018) did not find that participants reported more positive reactions to pleasant stimuli after completing an unobtrusive smiling task. More broadly, even though Coles et al.’s (2019) meta-analysis indicated that facial feedback has a small effect on self-reported emotional experience, a subgroup analysis did not provide significant evidence of facial feedback effects among studies that featured unobtrusive facial pose manipulations. Consequently, concerns about the demand characteristics account persist. Overview of Present Studies Whereas previous facial feedback researchers have strived to limit demand characteristics, the present set of studies feature a different tactic: the manipulation of demand characteristics (J. T. Larsen & McGraw, 2011; Nichols & Maner, 2008; Veitch, Gifford, & Hine, 1991). Prior to posing happy, angry, and neutral expressions and self-reporting their emotions, participants across three studies were randomly assigned to one of three demand characteristics FACIAL FEEDBACK AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS 5 conditions. In the positive expectation conditions, we told participants we expected their facial poses to influence their emotions. In the null expectation conditions, we told participants we did not expect their facial poses to influence their emotions (i.e., that we expect null effects). In the control conditions, we did not provide participants with information about a hypothesis. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, participants should report feeling (a) happier after posing happy vs. angry or neutral expressions, and (b) angrier after posing angry vs. happy or neutral expressions. According to the demand characteristics account, the effects of posed expressions on emotion will be largest in the positive expectation condition and non-existent in the null expectation condition. Another possibility is that both facial feedback and demand effects occur in concert, wherein the effects of posed expressions on emotion are attenuated but significant in the null expectation condition. In other words, demand characteristics may moderate the effects of posed expressions on reported emotion but not be necessary for these facial feedback effects to emerge. We pre-registered predictions consistent with the demand characteristics account in Study 1, expecting to not find evidence of facial feedback effects in the null expectation condition. Based on contradictory evidence in Study 1, we pre-registered predictions in Studies 2 and 3 that were consistent with the notion that facial feedback and demand characteristics effects occur in concert. There are three reasons we manipulated demand characteristics in the current set of studies. First, amid ongoing debates about the replicability of studies that have featured unobtrusive facial feedback manipulations, we sought a novel and potentially more robust approach for studying the role of demand characteristics. Second, manipulating demand characteristics allowed us to assess causality. Consistent with the demand characteristics account, previous correlational research suggests that the effects of posed expressions on emotion are larger among participants who are aware of the study purpose (Coles, March, et al., 2019). Alternatively, though, experiencing stronger facial feedback effects may cause participants
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Cognitive Factors in the Development of Seasonal Affective Disorder Episodes Stacy Whitcomb-Smith
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 12-2003 The Role of Cognitive Factors in the Development of Seasonal Affective Disorder Episodes Stacy Whitcomb-Smith Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Whitcomb-Smith, Stacy, "The Role of Cognitive Factors in the Development of Seasonal Affective Disorder Episodes" (2003). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 55. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/55 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER EPISODES BY Stacy Whitcomb-Smith B.A., Williams College, 1995 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Psychology) The Graduate School The University of Maine December, 2003 Advisory Committee: Sandra T. Sigrnon, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology, Chairperson Jeffrey Hecker, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology Michael Robbins, Ph.D., Associate Research Professor of Psychology Alan Rosenwasser, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology Geoffrey Thorpe, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology O 2003 Stacy Whitcomb-Smith All Rights Reserved LIBRARY RIGHTS STATEMENT In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Maine, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for "fair use" copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Librarian.
    [Show full text]
  • Wishful Thinking About the Future: Does Desire Impact Optimism? Zlatan Krizan1* and Paul D
    Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3/3 (2009): 227–243, 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00169.x WishfulBlackwellOxford,SPCOSocial1751-9004©Journal16910.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00169.xMarch0227???243???Original 2009 and2009 Thinking UKTheCompilationArticle Publishing Personality Authors ©Ltd Psychology2009 Blackwell Compass Publishing Ltd. Wishful Thinking about the Future: Does Desire Impact Optimism? Zlatan Krizan1* and Paul D. Windschitl2 1 Iowa State University 2 University of Iowa Abstract The notion that desire for an outcome inflates optimism about that outcome has been dubbed the desirability bias or wishful thinking. In this paper, we discuss the importance of distinguishing wishful thinking from the more general concept of motivated reasoning, and we explain why documenting overoptimism or correla- tions between preferences and optimism is not sufficient to infer a desirability bias. Then, we discuss results from a review and meta-analysis of the experimental litera- ture on wishful thinking. These findings, in conjunction with more recent work, not only highlight important moderators and mediators of the desirability bias but also point out limitations of the empirical research on the bias. These results also reveal an important difference between how likelihood judgments and discrete outcome predictions respond to desirability of outcomes. We conclude by presenting avenues for future research useful for understanding wishful thinking’s manifesta- tion in everyday environments and its integration with related phenomena. —A soon-to-be bride and groom who hope the weather will cooperate on their wedding day. —An Illinois grade-schooler who thinks it would be ‘pretty cool’ if Chicago was indeed selected as the host city for the 2016 Olympics.
    [Show full text]
  • A Methodological Study of the Effect of Experimentally Induced Demand
    A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS IN RESEARCH ON NOCTURNAL DREAMS Town A thesis s.ubmi tted to the DepartmentCape of Psychology, University of Cape Town, in fulfilmentof of the requirements for the degree of M.A. in Psychology. University Derek Alan Stern B.Soc.Sc. (Hons.)(Cape Town) Rondebosch South Africa 1977 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University '(ii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Every hypothesis has some origin. In the case of the present study I am indebted to Stephen Rollnick whose ideas served to trigger off the initial train of thought that has developed into this study. I have had t~e good fortune to have had Dr Graham Saayman as my supervisor throughout this study. I have considered it a privilege to work under his guidance. Dr Saayman provided me with an 'apprenticeship' which has made the last twelve months among the most valuable in my university career. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the following for their assistance: Dr Steve Touyz for his generous assistance and advice in so many aspects of this study; Mr Lester Gilbert for his statistical advice; Mr Alec Reynolds for his technical and graph­ ical assistance; Mr James Reed for his assistance in the labora­ tory; Mr Phillip Faber for his scoring of the dream reports; Mr ~ndy Dawes who always found the time to provide encouragement and assistance when it was needed; and Miss Chrissie Landsberg for her typing and patience in deciphering my handwriting.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment Method Defining Direct and Indirect Measures of Student Learning
    UNL Outcomes Assessment Guidebook Component 4: Assessment Method Defining Direct and Indirect Measures of Student Learning Direct Measures of Student Learning • The capstone experience • Portfolio assessment • Standardized tests (e.g., Major Field Achievement Test [MFAT]; the Test of Critical Thinking Ability; the Academic Profile) • Performance on national licensure, certification, or professional exams (e.g., Professional Assessment Examination for Beginning Teachers [PRAXIS]; Federal Aviation Administration exam] • Locally developed tests • Essay questions blind scored by faculty across the department, division, school, or college • Qualitative internal and external juried review comprehensive senior projects • Externally reviewed exhibitions and performance in the arts • External evaluation of performance during internships based on stated program objectives Indirect Measures of Student Learning • Alumni, employer, and graduate surveys • Exit interviews of graduates and focus groups • Interviews of instructors, program coordinators, residence hall leaders, and others who have direct contact with students • Graduate follow-up studies • Retention and transfer studies • Length of time to degree • SAT/ACT scores • Graduation rates and transfer rates • Job placement data • Satisfaction surveys • Self-report measures assessing students’ perceptions of what they’ve learned • Observing and recording students’ behaviors Produced by Jessica Jonson Office of Undergraduate Studies University of Nebraska-Lincoln 22 8/2006 UNL Outcomes Assessment Guidebook Component 4: Assessment Method Advantages and Disadvantages of Potential Assessment Methods SOURCE: American Psychological Association Online (http://www.apa.org/ed/eval_strategies.html) In this section we examine and evaluate the value of each of the major assessment categories. We conclude the discussion of each strategy with specific recommendations to maximize the utility of the following approaches: a.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Validity Research-Article9667912021
    PPSXXX10.1177/1745691620966791KihlstromEcological Validity 966791research-article2021 ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Perspectives on Psychological Science 2021, Vol. 16(2) 466 –471 Ecological Validity and “Ecological © The Author(s) 2021 Article reuse guidelines: Validity” sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966791 10.1177/1745691620966791 www.psychologicalscience.org/PPS John F. Kihlstrom Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley Abstract Egon Brunswik coined the term ecological validity to refer to the correlation between perceptual cues and the states and traits of a stimulus. Martin Orne adapted the term to refer to the generalization of experimental findings to the real world outside the laboratory. Both are legitimate uses of the term because the ecological validity of the cues in an experiment determines the ecological validity of the experiment itself. Keywords demand characteristics, ecological validity, behavioral methodology, neuroscience methodology, scientific methodology Recently in this journal, Shamay-Tsoory and Men- of complex natural situations in the laboratory to deter- delsohn (2019) called attention to the “limited ecological mine cause-and-effect relations. But he also argued that validity that characterizes the bulk of the paradigms and artificial laboratory situations have features of their own settings” (p. 841) in cognitive neuroscience. Holleman that may differ from those found in the natural environ- et al. (2021), while supporting their call for more lifelike ment and that threaten generalization from the labora- stimuli and tasks in brain-imaging studies, criticized tory back to the real world. Orne also argued that them for misusing the concept of ecological validity, a psychologists err in treating human subjects as passive term coined by Egon Brunswik (e.g., 1955, 1956).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Using the Partners for Change Outcome Management System As Feedback Tool in Psychotherapy—A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis
    Psychotherapy Research ISSN: 1050-3307 (Print) 1468-4381 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tpsr20 The effect of using the Partners for Change Outcome Management System as feedback tool in psychotherapy—A systematic review and meta- analysis Ole Karkov Østergård, Hilde Randa & Esben Hougaard To cite this article: Ole Karkov Østergård, Hilde Randa & Esben Hougaard (2018): The effect of using the Partners for Change Outcome Management System as feedback tool in psychotherapy—A systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychotherapy Research, DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2018.1517949 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2018.1517949 Published online: 13 Sep 2018. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tpsr20 Psychotherapy Research, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2018.1517949 EMPIRICAL PAPER The effect of using the Partners for Change Outcome Management System as feedback tool in psychotherapy—A systematic review and meta-analysis OLE KARKOV ØSTERGÅRD , HILDE RANDA , & ESBEN HOUGAARD Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark (Received 15 May 2018; revised 16 August 2018; accepted 16 August 2018) Abstract Objective: The aims of the study were to evaluate the effects of using the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS) in psychotherapy and to explore potential moderators of the effect. Method: A comprehensive literature search including grey literature was conducted to identify controlled outcome studies on the PCOMS, randomized (RCTs), or non-randomized trials (N-RCT). Results: The literature search identified 18 studies, 14 RCTs, and four N-RCTs, including altogether 2910 participants.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of the Velten Mood Induction Procedure on Psychological Symptomology
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2007 An exploration of the Velten Mood Induction Procedure on psychological symptomology Carla Nanette Perlotto University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Perlotto, Carla Nanette, "An exploration of the Velten Mood Induction Procedure on psychological symptomology" (2007). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/y85c-lyne This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN EXPLORATION OF THE VELTEN MOOD INDUCTION PROCEDURE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMOLOGY by Carla Nanette Perlotto Bachelor of Arts Chapman University 1993 Master of Arts University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2001 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Psychology Department of Psychology College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3261084 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence Brief: Use of Patient Reported Outcome Measures for Measurement Based Care in Mental Health Shared Decision-Making
    Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development Service Evidence-based Synthesis Program Evidence Brief: Use of Patient Reported Outcome Measures for Measurement Based Care in Mental Health Shared Decision-Making Supplemental Materials November 2018 Prepared for: Investigators: Department of Veterans Affairs Kim Peterson, MS Veterans Health Administration Johanna Anderson, MPH Quality Enhancement Research Initiative Donald Bourne, MPH Health Services Research & Development Service Washington, DC 20420 Prepared by: Evidence-based Synthesis Program (ESP) Coordinating Center Portland VA Health Care System Portland, OR Mark Helfand, MD, MPH, MS, Director 4 Evidence Brief: Use of PROMs for MBC in Shared Decision-Making Evidence-based Synthesis Program TABLE OF CONTENTS Search Strategies ............................................................................................................................. 1 List of Excluded Studies ................................................................................................................. 8 Evidence Tables ............................................................................................................................ 14 Data Abstraction of Included Primary Studies .......................................................................... 14 Data Abstraction: Patient, Provider and Treatment Characteristics ...................................... 14 Data Abstraction: Intervention Characteristics .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Variation in Reactions to Displays of Allegiance
    Human Ethology Bulletin 32 (2017)1- Proc. of the XXIII Biennial ISHE Congress: 17-28 Research Article Understanding Variation in Reactions to Displays of Allegiance Daniel J. Kruger1, Michele Day2, Ailiya Duan2, Anna Heyblom2, Dora Juhasz2, Stephanie Misevich2, Camile Phaneuf2, Claire Saunders2, Peter Sonnega2 & Vibra Sreenivasa2 1 Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 2 Literature, Science and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan [email protected] ABSTRACT Sports team rivalries involve expressions of evolved psychology related to in-group loyalty and inter-group competition. ESPN ranked the University of Michigan–Ohio State University football rivalry as the greatest North American sports rivalry. Toledo, Ohio is geographically closer to Ann Arbor, MI (UM), than to Columbus, OH (OSU) and conventional wisdom holds that team loyalty is divided among local residents. Previous observational research of thousands of individuals in Toledo indicated that no one simultaneously wore apparel from the two competing teams. Inspired by these observations, a second study examined reactions to displays of mixed loyalty vs. consistent loyalty. When a research confederate wore clothing featuring both UM and OSU, he elicited more attention and reactions than when wearing equivalent outfits featuring just one of the universities. The current study examines factors explaining individual differences in attention to displays of allegiance to rival groups, whether consistent or mixed. We made several predictions for explaining variation in reaction rates based on evolved coalitional psychology. We predicted that men, young adults in the typical undergraduate age range (18-25), and those wearing university merchandise themselves will have higher reaction rates to the confederate than women, individuals in other age groups, and individuals not wearing university merchandise respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review, Analysis, and Extension of the Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2016 Work Stress: A Review, Analysis, and Extension of the Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model Marcus J. Fila Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Educational Leadership Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Fila, Marcus J., "Work Stress: A Review, Analysis, and Extension of the Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model" (2016). Dissertations. 1620. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1620 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORK STRESS: A REVIEW, ANALYSIS, AND EXTENSION OF THE JOB DEMANDS-CONTROL (-SUPPORT) MODEL by Marcus J. Fila A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Educational Leadership, Research, and Technology Western Michigan University June 2016 Doctoral Committee: Joseph Kretovics, Ph.D., Chair Sue Poppink, Ph.D. Steve VanderVeen, Ph.D. WORK STRESS: A REVIEW, ANALYSIS, AND EXTENSION OF THE JOB DEMANDS-CONTROL (-SUPPORT) MODEL Marcus J. Fila, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Occupational stress and health literature is devoted to understanding and predicting the phenomenon of stress in the workplace, given its costly implications to individual and organizational health and well-being. The job demands-control (-support) (JDC(S)) model has been highly influential in occupational stress and health literature for over 37 years, and has been the theoretical foundation of more empirical studies than any other work stress model.
    [Show full text]
  • Expectancy Effects and the Replicability of Behavioral
    Perspectives on Psychological Science 7(6) 572 –584 Low Hopes, High Expectations: Expectancy © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Effects and the Replicability of Behavioral DOI: 10.1177/1745691612463704 Experiments http://pps.sagepub.com Olivier Klein1, Stéphane Doyen1,2, Christophe Leys1, Pedro A. Magalhães de Saldanha da Gama1, Sarah Miller1, Laurence Questienne1, and Axel Cleeremans1,2 1Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, and 2Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique FRS-FNRS, Belgium Abstract This article revisits two classical issues in experimental methodology: experimenter bias and demand characteristics. We report a content analysis of the method section of experiments reported in two psychology journals (Psychological Science and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology), focusing on aspects of the procedure associated with these two phenomena, such as mention of the presence of the experimenter, suspicion probing, and handling of deception. We note that such information is very often absent, which prevents observers from gauging the extent to which such factors influence the results. We consider the reasons that may explain this omission, including the automatization of psychology experiments, the evolution of research topics, and, most important, a view of research participants as passive receptacles of stimuli. Using a situated social cognition perspective, we emphasize the importance of integrating the social context of experiments in the explanation of psychological phenomena. We illustrate this argument via a controversy on stereotype-based behavioral priming effects. Keywords expectancy, demand characteristics, experimenter bias, replicability, methodology The application of what we think of as the scientific Since these seminal contributions, however, interest in such method has not simplified human behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Web-Based Administration of a Personality Questionnaire
    Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 1999,31 (4), 572-577 Web-based administration ofa personality questionnaire: Comparison with traditional methods ROBERT N. DAVIS University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The World-Wide Web holds great promise as a meehanism for questionnaire-based research. But are data from Web-based questionnaires eomparable to data from standard paper-and-peneil question­ naires? This study assessed the equivalenee ofthe Ruminative Responses Seale in a Web-based format and in a paper-and-peneil format among introductory psyehology, upper-level psyehology, and non­ psyehology students. Internal eonsisteney eoefficients were eomparable aeross the groups. The par­ ticipants in the Web sample reported higherlevels of self-foeused rumination than did the othergroups. Women in the Web sample reported more self-foeused rumination than did women in the other groups. In the Websample, results did not eovary with aeeess loeation. These results suggest thatfindings from Web-based questionnaire research are eomparable with results obtained using standard proeedures. The eomputerized Web interface may also facilitate self-disclosure among research participants. The use ofcomputers in psychological assessment has have reported favorable results (e.g., Krantz, Ballard, & increased steadily over the last 30 years (Burke, 1992). Scher, 1997). For example, the results from one experi­ The advent ofthe World-Wide Web otTers unprecedented ment that was conducted both on the Web and in a labo­ opportunities for researchers to benefit from the use of ratory were nearly perfectly correlated (Krantz et al., computers in data collection (Schmidt, 1997; Smith & 1997). Although only a few published studies have ex­ Leigh, 1997). As a research medium, the Web offers re­ amined the equivalence question with respect to Web­ searchers at least four major benefits.
    [Show full text]