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A Review, Analysis, and Extension of the Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model

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A Review, Analysis, and Extension of the Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2016 Work Stress: A Review, Analysis, and Extension of the Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model Marcus J. Fila Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Educational Leadership Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Fila, Marcus J., "Work Stress: A Review, Analysis, and Extension of the Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model" (2016). Dissertations. 1620. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1620 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORK STRESS: A REVIEW, ANALYSIS, AND EXTENSION OF THE JOB DEMANDS-CONTROL (-SUPPORT) MODEL by Marcus J. Fila A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Educational Leadership, Research, and Technology Western Michigan University June 2016 Doctoral Committee: Joseph Kretovics, Ph.D., Chair Sue Poppink, Ph.D. Steve VanderVeen, Ph.D. WORK STRESS: A REVIEW, ANALYSIS, AND EXTENSION OF THE JOB DEMANDS-CONTROL (-SUPPORT) MODEL Marcus J. Fila, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Occupational stress and health literature is devoted to understanding and predicting the phenomenon of stress in the workplace, given its costly implications to individual and organizational health and well-being. The job demands-control (-support) (JDC(S)) model has been highly influential in occupational stress and health literature for over 37 years, and has been the theoretical foundation of more empirical studies than any other work stress model. To date, over three-hundred published studies have examined relationships between various forms of demands, control over work, and support on numerous physical and psychological strains. However, several issues concerning the model have yet to be addressed. This three article dissertation provides an updated literature review of this prominent model, and to address two of these issues in separate studies. The last literature review of the JDC(S) model was published by Kain and Jex in 2010. They summarized research which indicated that main effects of demands, control, and support on strain were generally supported, but that moderating effects of control and/or support on the relationship between demands and strain were less frequently found. The authors also highlighted a number of gaps in research on the model, including a meta-analytic review of the model, and the importance of examining moderating effects of control and/or support on alternative conceptualizations of demands. This literature review summarizes the history of the JDC(S) model, discusses how several calls for research have been addressed since the last review. Further suggestions for future research are also made. The first study is a meta-analysis of the JDC(S) model. This analysis builds upon the recently published meta-analysis of demand-control-support interrelationships by Luchman and González-Morales (2013), in two ways. First, moderators of interrelationships between demand, control, and support are examined; specifically, gender, nationality, and occupation. Second, moderating effects of gender, nationality, and occupation on relationships between demands, control, and support, respectively, and job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion are examined. Job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion are the most examined forms of well-being and strain in studies of the model. The second study examines whether moderating effects of control and support resources, which underpin much theory on the JDC(S) model, are applicable to a relatively new concept of demands: that of illegitimate tasks, in a sample of US-based students. Illegitimate tasks refer to tasks that constitute “identity stressors” (Thoits, 1991) by violating an individual’s professional identity. Illegitimate tasks have been shown to have unique variance in relating to strain over-and-above other frequently measured forms of demands (e.g., Semmer et al., 2010). Thus, from a JDC(S) and broader demands-resources perspective, it is important to understand the role of control and/or support resources in moderating negative effects of illegitimate tasks on various types of strain. Knowledge of this may build impetus for interventions, as well as for future theory building on the effects of illegitimate tasks from a work stress perspective. Studying illegitimate tasks will also answer Kain and Jex’s (2010) call to examine moderating effects of control and support on alternative forms of demands. Copyright by Marcus J. Fila 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although I have many people to thank for their support and inspiration, this dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Beth, for being everything a husband could want. The only caveat to that statement is that I will always be reminded that she finished her Ph.D. three years before I did! Marcus J. Fila ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 The Three Purposes of this Dissertation ......................................................................... 6 Purpose 1: Conduct an Up-to-Date Review of JDC(S) Literature. ............................. 6 Purpose 2: Meta-Analysis of Demands, Control and Support: Exploring Moderator Moderator Effects of Gender, Nationality, and Occupation ..................... 9 Purpose 3: Examining the Moderating Roles of Control and Support on Task Illegitimacy as a Demand Stressor ............................................................................ 16 References ..................................................................................................................... 19 II DEMANDS, CONTROL, AND SUPPORT: AN UPDATED LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................... 35 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 35 A Brief Background: Theoretical Foundations of Work Stress Research .................... 36 The Job Demands-Control (-Support) Model ............................................................... 37 Job Demands, Control, and Support. ........................................................................ 40 Hypotheses of the JDC(S) Model. ............................................................................ 41 Research on the JDC(S) Model to Date .................................................................... 44 Major Criticisms of the Model ...................................................................................... 51 Inconsistent Multiplicative Support .......................................................................... 52 Varied and Non-Matching Measurement DCS Constructs ....................................... 53 iii Table of Contents--Continued Predominance of Self-Report Measurement ............................................................. 56 Predominance of Cross-Sectional Research Designs ............................................... 61 Failing to Account for Individual Difference Variables ........................................... 64 Challenge-Hindrance Stressors. ................................................................................ 71 Illegitimate Tasks. ..................................................................................................... 74 Where Now? Future Research on the Model ................................................................ 74 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 77 References ..................................................................................................................... 79 III JOB DEMANDS, CONTROL, AND SUPPORT: META-ANALYZING MODERATOR EFFECTS OF GENDER, NATIONALITY, AND OCCUPATION .......................................................................................................... 95 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 95 Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 95 Moderating Work Characteristics Interrelationships, and Relationships with Job Satisfaction and Emotional Exhaustion. ................................................................. 104 The Present Study ................................................................................................... 110 Method ........................................................................................................................ 119 Data Collection ......................................................................................................
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