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Activation of ERK/IER3/PP2A-B56γ-Positive Feedback Loop in Lung Adenocarcinoma by Allelic Deletion of B56γ Gene

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Activation of ERK/IER3/PP2A-B56γ-Positive Feedback Loop in Lung Adenocarcinoma by Allelic Deletion of B56γ Gene ONCOLOGY REPORTS 35: 2635-2642, 2016 Activation of ERK/IER3/PP2A-B56γ-positive feedback loop in lung adenocarcinoma by allelic deletion of B56γ gene TOMOKO Ito1, Satoru OZAKI2, RACHANEE CHANASONG3, YUKI MIZutani2, TAKERU OyaMA4, HIROSHI SAKURAI2, ISAO MatsuMoto1, HIROFUMI TAKEMURA1 and EI Kawahara2 1Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan; 3Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; 4Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan Received November 25, 2015; Accepted December 27, 2015 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4677 Abstract. In order to investigate the involvement of the IER3/ formerly referred to as the immediate early gene X-1 (IEX-1), PP2A-B56γ/ERK-positive feedback loop, which leads to was first identified in human squamous cell carcinomas. The sustained phosphorylation/activation of ERK in carcinogen- human IER3 gene is located on the short arm of chromo- esis, we immunohistochemically examined the expression of some 6 (6p21.3) and has 2 exons. The gene encodes 156 amino IER3 and phosphorylated ERK in lung tumor tissues. IER3 acids (2). IER3 protein is rapidly and transiently induced by was overexpressed in all cases of adenocarcinomas examined, a variety of stimuli, including ionizing radiation, inflamma- but was not overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas. tory cytokines, viral infection, anti-cancer drugs and growth Phosphorylated ERK (pERK) was also overexpressed in almost factors (2,3), and is associated with apoptosis and cell prolif- all adenocarcinomas. EGFR and RAS, whose gene product is eration (3,4). As it is involved in cell growth, IER3 expression located upstream of ERK, were sequenced. Activating muta- has been examined in several human tumors, including tion of EGFR, which is a possible cause of overexpression of pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer, and IER3 and pERK, was found only in 5 adenocarcinomas (42%). myelodysplastic syndrome (5-8). However, there has been no No mutation of RAS was found. We further examined the study of IER3 expression in human lung carcinoma. sequences of all exons of B56γ gene (PPP2R5C) and IER3, Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which consists of struc- but no mutation was found. Using a single nucleotide insertion tural subunit A, regulatory subunits B, and catalytic subunit C, in intron 1 of PPP2R5C, which was found in the process of has a broad spectrum of functions due to the variety of regula- sequencing, allelic deletion of PPP2R5C was examined. Eight tory subunits, of which there are more than 20 kinds (9). PP2A cases were informative (67%), and the deletion was found in can act as a tumor suppressor (10,11). B56 regulatory subunits 4 of them (50%). Three cases having deletion of PPP2R5C did are involved in cell proliferation signaling (11,12). Among not have EGFR mutation. Finally, PPP2R5C deletion or EGFR them, PP2A-B56γ1 dephosphorylates Thr202 of phosphorylated mutation that could be responsible for IER3/pERK overex- extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), leading to inac- pression was found in at least 8 cases (67% or more). This is tivation of ERK (13). Furthermore, Garcia et al (14) found that the first report of a high incidence of deletion of PPP2R5C in the regulation of cell growth by IER3 is mediated by ERK, human carcinomas. which also plays a central role in regulation of a variety of cellular events, including cell proliferation, differentiation, Introduction migration, and apoptosis (15,16). IER3 regulates ERK activity through its inhibitory activity on B56-containing PP2A, which IER3 (immediate early response gene 3) was first identified dephosphorylates ERK (13). Recently it has been clarified that in fibroblasts from mouse in 1993 (1), and human IER3, activated ERK induces IER3 protein synthesis, and then IER3 inhibits B56γ1-PP2A, forming the ERK/IER3/B56γ1-PP2A positive feedback loop, which eventually leads to sustained activation of ERK (17). The duration of ERK activation is Correspondence to: Dr Ei Kawahara, Department of Clinical considered to be one of the factors that determine cellular Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa events (18,19). Thus, IER3 and PP2A should contribute to University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan multiple cellular processes, including tumorigenesis, via regu- E-mail: [email protected] lation of ERK. In this context, mutation of the B56γ gene (PPP2R5C), Key words: immediate early response gene 3, extracellular signal- which is located at 14q32.31, in lung carcinomas as well as regulated kinase, PP2A, B56γ, deletion, non-small cell lung cancer other carcinomas has been reported (20). Deletion of 14q has also been reported in lung carcinoma (21). PPP2R5C is frequently involved in loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 14q32 2636 ito et al: Allelic deletion of B56γ gene in lung adenocarcinoMA in a variety of carcinomas (22,23), which suggests an impor- to 20 µl of antibody solution, and rocked for 60 min at room tant role of B56γ in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, BL6 mouse temperature. Then, the reaction mixture was centrifuged melanoma cells, in which B56γ is truncated, are highly meta- at 14,000 rpm for 10 min. To evaluate possible differences static (24). In a patient with Sezary syndrome, translocation of positivity between non-tumor epithelia and carcinoma of t(14;14) (q11;q32) caused rearrangement of PPP2R5C (25). cells, the ratio of positive cells were counted in 5 randomly All of these findings indicate an important role of B56γ in selected areas. carcinogenesis. We recently showed that the ERK/IER3/ B56γ1 loop is activated by the growth factor-induced RAS/ Laser capture microdissection. Frozen sections of lung tumor RAF/MEK/ERK cascade (17). After growth factor binds to tissues were fixed with 100% ethanol for 2 min and stained epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), RAS, RAF, MEK with 0.1% toluidine blue (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). and ERK are activated sequentially by phosphorylation or Approximately 1,000 carcinoma cell sections were cut out binding (26). The cascade is frequently constitutively activated using a Laser Microdissection system (LMD 7000, Leica by mutation or gene amplification in lung adenocarcinomas, Microsystems, Inc., Bensheim, Germany), and collected in including mutation of EGFR, amplification of HER2, muta- a 0.5 ml RNase-free PCR tube. Extraction of genomic DNA tion of RAS, and mutation of RAF. Among these changes, was performed from the frozen sections using a ReliaPrep™ mutations of EGFR and RAS are most frequent. Activating gDNA Tissue Miniprep System (Promega, Madison, WI, EGFR mutations are found in 5-30% (as high as 50-60% in USA). Extraction of RNA was performed using an SV Total Asian populations) of non-small cell lung carcinomas, while Isolation system (Promega), and reverse transcription to cDNA K-RAS mutations are found in 20-12%, and RAF mutations in was performed using an RT-PCR system. <1% (27,28). Furthermore, it was reported that phosphoryla- tion of ERK was closely associated with mutation of RAS or Direct sequencing. Extraction of genomic DNA from frozen EGFR (29). sections was performed using a ReliaPrep gDNA Tissue The aim of this study was to examine whether the IER3/ Miniprep System (Promega). Specific primer sets were used B56γ1-PP2A/ERK-positive feedback loop is involved in carci- for amplification of human EGFR, K-RAS, PPP2R5C (B56γ1 nogenesis of non-small cell lung carcinoma. We also report the gene) and IER3. Exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 in EGFR and exon 2 high prevalence in these carcinomas of allelic deletion of B56γ in K-RAS, which are hot spots of mutation (30), were evaluated gene, which is a major cause of secondary overexpression of (Table I). All of the exons of PPP2R5C (13 exons) and IER3 IER3/pERK. (2 exons) were amplified and sequenced. PCR amplification was performed with KOD Fx Neo (Toyobo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Materials and methods Japan). Cycle sequencing reaction was performed using a Big Dye Terminator v1.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Tumor samples. Tumor samples, including normal tissues, Biosystems, Foster City, USA). The sequencing reactions were were obtained from 16 lung cancer patients (12 adenocarci- conducted with a capillary sequencer (ABI PRISM 3130x1 nomas and 4 squamous cell carcinomas) who were operated Genetic Analyzer, Applied Biosystems). at Kanazawa University Hospital from September 2013 to December 2014. Tissue specimens were frozen at -80˚C. TA cloning. Fresh PCR products amplified using taq DNA This work was approved by the ethics committee of polymerase (Takara Ex Taq®, Takara, Kusatsu, Japan) were Kanazawa University. We obtained informed consent from all ligated into linearized pCRTM 2.1-TOPO ® vectors in a TOPO patients, and all studies were performed on the basis of the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) using T4 DNA declaration of Helsinki and the ethical guidelines for human ligase. The ligated vectors were transformed into competent genome and gene analysis of the Ministry of Health, Labour TOP10 cells and grown overnight on LB agar plates containing and Welfare, Japan. ampicillin and X-gal. Blue-white screening was performed for inserts. The ligated clones were purified and the inserts were Immunohistochemistry. Sections (5 µm) were cut from sequenced using the M13 (-20) forward primer and a Big Dye formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. To unmask Terminator v1.1 Cycle Sequencing kit. epitopes, the sections were treated with Target Retrieval Solution (pH 9.0, Dako, Uppsala, Sweden). Endogenous Analysis of LOH in PPP2R5C. A single nucleotide insertion peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H2O2. Sections in intron 1 in PPP2R5C, found in the present study, was used were reacted with specific rabbit antibodies against human for analyzing LOH.
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