Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) Federal Institute for Geosciences Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) and Natural Resources (BGR), Water Establishment and Mount (WEBML) Hannover, Germany

German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project

OverviewOverview ofof ProjectProject ResultsResults

Final Project Workshop 11 July 2014

Dr. Armin Margane, BGR

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring OutlineOutline

•• TasksTasks •• DescriptionDescription ofof ProjectProject AreaArea •• ProjectProject ResultsResults relatedrelated toto -- ComponentComponent 11 (Wastewater(Wastewater Sector)Sector) -- ComponentComponent 22 (GW(GW ProtectionProtection Zones,Zones, Awareness)Awareness) -- ComponentComponent 33 (Monitoring(Monitoring Quantity/Quality,Quantity/Quality, Balance)Balance) -- ComponentComponent 44 (Improved(Improved JeitaJeita SpringSpring Capture)Capture) andand Conveyor)Conveyor)

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Activities Activities

Goal: Major Risks for the Drinking Water Supply in the Greater Beirut Area are reduced by implementing measures to protect the groundwater contribution zone of the Jeita Spring from pollution.

1. Integration of water resources protection aspects into the investment planning and implementation process in the wastewater sector (geoscientific advice in wastewater sector) 2. Integration of water resources protection aspects into landuse planning (delineation of GW protection zones) 3. Collection and use of monitoring data concerning quality and quantity of water resources 4. Support of the partner institutions concerning the implementation of urgent protective measures

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita Spring is the main Source for Water Supply of Beirut

~ 75 % of Beirut‘s water comes from Jeita

Protection of Jeita Spring must be a national priority

Awareness Movie ProtectionProtectionProtection„Beirut Waters“ ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Data Availability DataData AvailabilityAvailability Groundwater

• Insufficient and inadequate meteorological stations/data (not heated > no snow data) (previously >100 stations, now 35 stations in LB) • No groundwater monitoring > no water levels > no GW model • Spring discharge monitoring stations not adequately designed, maintained and monitored • Surface water gauging stations not adequately designed and maintained ► lack of institutional capacity, funds and staff Water resources assessment needs monitoring system for all water balance components • rainfall / snow • spring discharge • runoff (surface water) • groundwater abstraction • irrigation water use (return flow) • domestic water use / losses (return flow)

► no data > no correct water resources assessment ► wrong water resources assessment leads to wrong planning ! ► failed investments in the water sector ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring CurrentCurrent Planning Planning in in the the Water Water Sector Sector

None of the Components of the Water Balance is monitored Water Resources Availability was never assessed correctly wrong Information leads to wrong Planning

??

interaction

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring groundwater Project Area 406 km² ProjectProject AreaArea catchment

Nahr Ibrahim

surface water catchment 249 km² 2628 m Nahr el Kalb Status: May 2012 15 km NE of Beirut ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WhereWhere does does Beirut Beirut’s’s drinking drinking water water come come from from

Importance of Snow itit isis timetime toto actact !!

Cretaceous plateau (1,800 – 3,000 m asl): ~4 m snow (2011/12: up to 10 m and more) December – April

Very important for GW recharge (~ 81%) Snow is the lifeline of Lebanon

Climate change may lead to a significantly lower groundwater resources availability

Regional climatic scenarios predict less rainfall (15-30%), higher summer and winter temperatures (up to 5°C) ► shift of orographic snow line and thus less snow and runoff, more evaporation ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ► water shortage in dry season WhereWhere does does Beirut Beirut’s’s drinking drinking water water come come from from – – GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge - no major surface water runoff - rapid infiltration into Cretaceous aquifer - high GW recharge from snow melt dolines

C4 limestone (upper aquifer) ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WhereWhere does does Beirut Beirut’s’s drinking drinking water water come come from from – – GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge

doline

GW recharge via dolines average GW recharge in C4: 81% ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring High karstification in Cretaceous limestone (Faqra)

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring prevailing wind direction

Area > 1600 m

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring deposition of snow predominantly on W-facing slopes Snow Cover Snow Cover Lebanese restraining bend

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a 19.01.2002 i 19.01.2002 r Landsat TM7 ussi Landsat TM7 y

Jeita spring S R ( 01.02.2001

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Based on new geological map prepared by BGR GroundwaterGroundwater System System

Upper Aquifer

Lower Aquifer

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Specific Problems Specific Problems Jeita Catchment

• High rainfall (on average 1450 mm/a) • high level of karstification ► high infiltration / low retention capacity ► high spring discharge peaks during January to April (up to 60 m³/s), low flow during dry season (min. 1 m³/s) > water shortage in Oct/Dec • high GW flow velocity (up to 2,000 m/h) • rapid and uncontrolled urban expansion (approx. 200.000 inhabitants) ► severe deterioration of water quality over the past decades Main pollution sources: • wastewater (no WWTPs yet) • waste (often illegal disposal) • gas stations (54 inside GW catchment; 30 near catchment) • quarries (sandstone, cement, decoration stone) • Jeita – Dbaye water conveyor (up to 140 yrs old)

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Area Area = = Groundwater Groundwater Catchment Catchment July 2010

Assumption (UNDP 1970): SW = GW catchment

75% recharge 249 km² 50% recharge

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring TracerTracer Tests Tests

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring d t l ne i ke r Groundwater Flow Mechanism au GroundwaterGroundwater FlowFlow MechanismMechanism f oc l ou

b

ow Tann l f - h

infiltration (23%) into ne R: ~97 MCM n Jurassic aquifer Ja

surface water by by infiltration zones ed Q: ~123 MCM ock lt bl fau low zh f me Qa recharge in Upper re u x Cretaceous le f y aquifer b d e k A: ~24 MCM c lo b w o L: ~14 MCM fl Upper Cretaceous: J: ~172 MCM Jurassic: 81% GW recharge K: ~70 MCM 59% direct GW recharge groundwater investigations by BGR have permitted for the first time to assess the availableProtectionProtectionProtection water resources ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita in SpringSpringSpring the Jeita catchment GeologicalGeological Cross Cross Sections Sections

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11 e ilil ff o rr P

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring controlled by GroundwaterGroundwater Flow Flow - structure (base) and - tectonics key elements to understanding of groundwater flow :

¾ analysis of tectonic system ¾ geological mapping ¾ tracer tests ¾ stable isotope analyses )) T S D ((

m rr o sf n a rr T

a e S

d a e D ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Groundwater contribution zone ≠ surface water catchment

50% of Jeita GW catchment is in Nahr Ibrahim SW catchment

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring - multiparameter probes SpringSpringJeita GrottoMonitoring Monitoring (+500) - gauging stations (weir, ADCPs) - direct discharge measurement (> 300 dilution tests)

old system, not functioning

Labbane spring Jeita spring Kashkoush spring Daraya tunnel Multiparameter probes parameters: Water level Temperature EC pH ORP DO (ammonium) (ISE) Protection of Jeita Spring +ADCP +ADCP TelemetricProtectionProtection data transfer ofof JeitaJeita SpringSpringAssal spring SpringSpring Monitoring Monitoring Assal – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe

Assal Spring 1540 m asl Flow (ADCP)

1.8 900 1.6 snowsnow snowsnow 800 1.4 meltmelt 700 1.2 600

1 500

0.8 400 flow (m³/s) flow

0.6 300 (mm) rainfall cumm

0.4 200

0.2 100

0 0

2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 13 13 1 0 0 0 0 /2012 /2012 /20 /2012 /20 /2012 /20 /2012 /2 /2 /2 /2 /20 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 /1 /1 /1 /0 /0 /0 7 1 6 9 3 6 31/10 0 14/11 2 28/11 05/1 12/12 19/1 2 02/01/2013 0 16/01/2013 2 30/01/2013 0 13/02 time

ADCP : every 15 min multiparameter probe: every 20 min

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe SpringSpring Monitoring Monitoring Monthly Discharge Jeita Spring Long-term average: 172 MCM/a 60,000,000

water year 2010/11: 115 MCM discharge only ~26% of discharge in previous WYs water year 2011/12: 183 MCM water year 2012/13: 162 MCM 50,000,000 water year 2013/14: >44 MCM

40,000,000

30,000,000

20,000,000

10,000,000

0

0 0 0 1 1 1 12 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 11 -11 -12 -12 1 -13 -1 1 -14 -1 -14 t- 1 r-1 n-1 b c-1 n-1 c ec-1 eb- p u g- c g ct- un ug-1 ct- e eb pr u g Aug- 1 O D F A J Au Oct-11 De Feb Apr-12 Jun- Au O Dec-12 Fe Apr-13 J A O D F A J Au

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ClimateClimate data data

Installation of meteorological stations at • Sheile (463 m) • Aajaltoun (821 m) • Kfar Debbiane (1307 m) • Bakeesh (1416 m) • Chabrouh dam (1591 m)

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WaterWater Scarcity Scarcity 2014 2014

Reporting to all parties (CDR, MoEW, WEBML) every 2 weeks: • rainfall water year 2013/14 compared to WY 2012/13 • spring discharge (Assal, Kashkoush) same period

Rainfall in WY 2013/14 only ~40% of rainfall in previous WY

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WaterWater Scarcity Scarcity 2014 2014 spring discharge Assal since 07/2010 discharge only ~35% of discharge in previous WYs

status 01.07.2014 Monthly Discharge Assal Spring (monitoring of main spring) 4,500,000 water year 2010/11: 15 MCM water year 2011/12: 22 MCM 4,000,000 water year 2012/13: 19.4 MCM water year 2013/14: > 6.4 MCM

3,500,000

3,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0

0 1 1 3 3 4 4 1 10 11 11 11 12 13 l- -10 - -1 r-1 - l-11 - - - -13 - -13 -13 -1 -1 -1 -14 l-14 u v a n y v n r y u J o an Ju Jul-12 a Jul-1 ep a a J Sep N J M May Sep NovProtectionProtectionProtectionJan-12 Mar-12 May ofofof JeitaJeitaJeitaSep-12 Nov-12SpringSpringSpringJa Mar M S No Ja M M WaterWater Scarcity Scarcity 2014 2014 spring discharge Assal since 10/2012 ADCP data

Assal Spring Flow (ADCP) - rainfall Beirut airport

1.8 900 843.81 1.6 800

1.4 700

1.2 600

1 500 470.83

0.8 400 flow (m³/s) flow

0.6 300 (mm) rainfall cumm

0.4 200

0.2 100

0 0

2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 /2 2 2 2 2 2 /2014 /2013 /2013 /2 /2013 /2 /2 /2 /2014 7 5 5 7 8 0 6 0 /11/ /12 /0 /0 /0 /09 /1 /12/ /01 /0 / 1 1 1 1 0 9 0 9 8 9 9 0 0 31/12/ 30/01/ 02/03/2013 01/04/2013 0 31/0 01/07/2013 3 3 2 3 29/11/ 2 2 28/02/2014 30/03/ 29/04/2014 29/05/2014 2 2 time < 100 l/s ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring spring discharge Kashkoush since 07/2010 WaterWater Scarcity Scarcity 2014 2014 discharge only ~25% of discharge in previous WYs

Monthly Discharge Kashkoush Spring

25,000,000 water year 2010/11: 54 MCM water year 2011/12: 84 MCM water year 2012/13:66.4 MCM water year 2013/14: >15.3 MCM 20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000

5,000,000

0

1 1 1 2 3 10 12 13 14 010 011 012 013 201 201 2012 201 2012 2 2013 201 2013 2 2013 2014 2014 2014 b 2011 c 2012 ug 2 ec 20 e ug 2 ec 201 eb ug 20 e eb un ug 20 ec eb un ug 20 A Oct 2010D F Apr Jun A Oct 2011DProtectionProtectionProtectionF Apr Jun ofofofA JeitaJeitaJeitaOct DSpringSpringSpringF Apr J A Oct D F Apr J A KfWKfWJeita Jeita Project Project Serviced area •S Jeita • (S Sheile) Phase I : 45,000 PE Without pumpage • Phase II: 92,000 PE • Aajaltoun •Daraya • Kfar Debbiane • S

EIB/AFD project EIB/AFD project

Kfar Debbiane, EIB/AFD project Boqaata, ~ 150 Mio USD Bqaatouta, Kfartay only KfW project r partly covered ~38 Mio USD cto olle nt c by KfW me arp Esc

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring KfWKfWJeita Jeita Project Project

BGR prepares EIA for all components of KfW Geo-risks: wastewater scheme related to impact on water - flooding resources and impact from geohazards - landslides (collector line, WWTP site, effluent discharge site) - rock falls - land subsidence - cave collapse - sinkhole formation - earthquakes

WWTP Mokhada

retention wall ~ 1 Mio USD

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring KfW Jeita Project KfW Jeita Project Environmental Impact Assessment

proposed rerouting escarpment collector

Rock overburden over Upper level: 60-80 m

Proposed construction ban

probable former cave planned route escarpment collector collapse area critical zone cave collapse ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring GroundwaterGroundwater Flow Flow Mean travel times

10 days traveltime

36 h 264 h 150 m/h

144 h 42 h 62 h 96 h

70-200 m/h 36 h 33 h 62 h

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Groundwater Vulnerability GroundwaterGroundwater Protection Protection Zones Zones COP Method (modified)

Very high = Zone 2A / 2 High = Zone 2B

very high 70.9% high 9.5% moderate 0.7% low 0.2% very low 18.8%

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring for Jeita, Afqa, Rouaiss, GroundwaterGroundwater Protection Protection Zones Zones Assal and Labbane springs

71% zone 2

2a 10.1% 2b 11.7% 2 49.2% 3a 4.5% 3b 24.5%

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita - dO18 Isotope data Isotope data 18/11/2010 26/02/2011 06/06/2011 14/09/2011 23/12/2011 01/04/2012 10/07/2012 18/10/2012 26/01/2013 -28.00

-33.00

-38.00

-43.00

-48.00 snowmelt snowmelt snowmelt snowmelt

-53.00

Kashkoush Jeita Afqa Rouaiss Assal Labbane

- deuterium/oxygen-18 - tritium/helium - CFC (chlorofluorocarbon)

D/18O > 800 analyses -6 springs - rainfall – 6 stations @ diff elev. ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita -SpringSpringSpring snow sampling campaigns StableStable isotopeisotope rainfallrainfall samplerssamplers

decrease in heavy isotopes with increasing elevation

First comprehensive Stable Isotope study in Lebanon 1591 m

1307 m

821 m 1036 m

471 m 92 m ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Mean Mean Discha Discha rge rge IsotopeIsotope data data Measur WEAP GW Mean Mean ed model Catchm Size Elevati Rainfall [MCM/ [MCM/ ent Aquifer [km²] on [m] [mm/a] a] a] Afqa C4 101.5 2,012 1,613 123.2 131.2 Rouaiss C4 65.8 1,919 1,613 - 89.4 Assal C4 14.6 2,174 1,807 24.2 21.5 Labbane C4 9.5 2,171 1,900 - 14.6 Jeita J4 86.7 1,019 1,296 - - Average catchment elevation Jeita C4+J4 307.1 1,701 1,541 166.4 171.3 of C4 springs: 2000-2300 m

Average catchment elevation of Jeita spring: 1300-1600 m

30-40% contribution from higher elevations 1019 m

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring OtherOther Environmental Environmental Tracers Tracers Special Report No. 15 (GEYER & DOUMMAR, 2013) Helium - Tritium Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and SF6 samples from Jeita, Daraya (Jeita siphon terminale), Assal, Labbane and Kashkoush springs

Location Date Tritium Helium-3 Helium-4 Helium/ Tritium Age

TU ccSTP kg-1 ccSTP kg-1 Years Jeita 17.09.2010 3,03 ±0,31 6.65E-11 4.85E-05 0,9

Daraya 17.09.2010 3,00 ±0,18 6.85E-11 4.97E-05 1,6 tunnel Labbane 18.09.2010 3,26 ±1,32 5.82E-11 4.20E-05 1,7

Assal 18.09.2010 3,27 ±0,23 5.81E-11 4.24E-05 1,5

Kashkoush 19.09.2010 2,99 ±0,24 6.91E-11 5.03E-05 0,9 ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WaterWater Balance Balance

n io t a r t il f n i r e iv Afqa & Rouaiss r % spring 3 2 contribution: 50 MCM/a 29% of Jeita’s J4 contribution: discharge 66 MCM/a 38% of Jeita’s C4 contribution: discharge 68 MCM/a 39% of Jeita’s Aquitard discharge contribution: 40 MCM/a 23% of Jeita’s ProtectionProtectionProtectiondischarge ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring 40 WaterWater Resources Resources Management Management Proposed Storage & MAR Dams

MAR dams for Jeita spring (increased spring discharge during dry season)

storage dam – outflow during water shortage only

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WaterWater Resources Resources Management Management Proposed Storage & MAR Dams

Proposed Dam Storage [m³] Function Infiltration met by runoff capacity Kfar Debbiane 7.3 MAR > Jeita spring High 6.6 MAR > Jeita spring Very high Zabbougha 3.0 MAR > Jeita spring High Boqaata 4.1 MAR > Jeita spring Very high Daraya 9.0 storage Low Baskinta 6.0 MAR > Faouar Very high Antelias spring

MAR – managed aquifer recharge

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WaterWater Resources Resources Management Management Kfar Debbiane MAR dam Storage volume and GW infiltration of Reservoir in MCM

TotalTotal infiltration:infiltration: ~~ 1818 MCMMCM

Jeita: increase of annual discharge by 10% to 189 MCM/a

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring 43 WaterWater Resources Resources Management Management

WEAP Climate Change Scenario

• Modeling period: 2010 to 2040 • Based on the A1B scenario (*) - Most commonly used - Based on: Beirut, Cedars, Dahr el Baidar and Zahleh • Selected forecasts until 2040:

Precipitation (%) Temperature(°C) kc Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter -15 -20 +2 +1.75 +4.4 +3.1

(*) MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (MoE) (2011): Lebanon’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. Republic of Lebanon, Ministry of En- vironment, 191 p.; Beirut/Lebanon.

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring 44 Results WEAP Climate Change Scenario Discharge of Jeita Spring: Reference vs. Climate Change Scenario in MCM

Climate Change: Jeita discharge 129 MCM/a

-25%

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring 45 WaterWater Resources Resources Management Management Results WEAP Climate Change Scenario Snow cover on the C4: Reference vs. Climate Change Scenario in m

-46% snow cover

> earlier water shortage

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring 46 WEBMLWEBML Water Water Supply Supply System System

85% in winter 45% in summer [m³/d] H – Winter E – Summer

3.1 m³/s

needed: approx. 200.000 m³/d ~ 70 MCM/a deficit in September-December: ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpringpartly < 60,000 m³/d WEBMLWEBML Water Water Supply Supply System System

[m³/d] Spring capture very old, H – Winter leaky, capacity insufficient H – Winter E – Summer

conveyor very old (140 years), leaky, capacity insufficient, only one line (high risk of damage)

Too much water running off unused

capacity insufficient, no space for extension, capacity insufficient, no treatment of only one line, no repair possible organic constituents, (high risk of damage) lab capacity insufficient

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita old system

Proposed new system

monitoring

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring leakage There is only one conveyor line ► in case of damage Beirut may be out of water for months

Conveyor must be protected from flooding

polluted water can enter collapse flooding

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Dbaye treatment plant

116 years old cannot be expanded (no space) only sandbed filters (only partly functional) + chlorination no treatment of organic constituents (pesticides, hydrocarbons) and heavy metals possible formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons laboratory not fully functional and too small

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WEBMLWEBML Water Water Supply Supply System System

Study of transmission main Jeita – Dbayeh (GITEC, 2012) current tunnel too small In case of damage Beirut would be without water ! (max. capacity: 3.1 m³/s)

loss in existing canal: 30%

Jeita Dbaye high risk of landslides / rockfalls

second tunnel needed (redundacy)

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WEBMLWEBML Water Water Supply Supply System System – –what what should shouldbe be done done ? ?

30-50 Mio USD • Improve capture of Jeita spring

• Establish a new raw water conveyor (pipelines/new tunnel) with increased capacity (7 m³/s) (2 separate lines because one line could be damaged; redundancy)

• Establish dam with medium capacity (Daraya dam: 9 MCM) to overcome water shortages at end of dry season

• Do not allow illegal connections and illegal uses (“irrigation”)

• Increase capacity of treatment & improve treatment process

• Establish water quality monitoring & increase laboratory capacities

• Reduce water losses in Beirut

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ConclusionsConclusions

The geological stucture and tectonics are virtually unknown ► a Geological Survey should be founded

The amount of groundwater available and the boundaries of GW catchments have never been studied. There is no institution that has the capacity to cover all aspects of water.

► a Water Resources Agency should be established to deal with - water resources monitoring (quality/quantity) - water resources assessments - water resources protection - demand management and allocation - planning of water projects

Wastewater is the main pollution source, but still no agency wants to deal with it. ► a National Wastewater Authority should be created, responsible for: - planning and implementation of WW projects - operating and maintaining WWTPs

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ThanxThanx toto allall whowho havehave contcontributedributed toto thethe project:project:

Project team:team University Göttingen: - Jean Abi Rizk - Dr. Joanna Doummar (tracer tests, - Eng. Renata Raad micropollutants) - Philip Schuler - Dr. Tobias Geyer (He/3H isotopes, CFC) - Elias Saadeh - Prof. Martin Sauter - Rony Tabet

BGR STE: Partner institutions: - Dr. Kai Hahne (geological mapping) - Eng. Ismail Makki / CDR - Dr. Anke Steinel (WW BMP & standard) Director Planning - Dr. Jobst Maßmann (WEAP model) - Dr. Fadi Comair / MoEW - Dr. Paul Königer (stable isotopes) Director Water Resources - Leo Stöckl (hydrology) - Eng. George el Kadi / WEBML - Dr. Rebecca Bahls (tracer test) Technical Director - Dr. Annalena Hesshaus (tracer test) - Eng. Maher Chrabieh / WEBML Director Dbayeh Treatment Plant - Dr. Paul Souaid / WEBML Director Water Lab

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ThankThank youyou forfor youryour kindkind attentionattention www.bgr.bund.de/jeita

Dr. Armin Margane – Project Team Leader Raifoun, Saint Roche Street [email protected] +961 70 398027

ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring