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Overview of Project Results

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Overview of Project Results Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) Federal Institute for Geosciences Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW) and Natural Resources (BGR), Water Establishment Beirut and Mount Lebanon (WEBML) Hannover, Germany German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project OverviewOverview ofof ProjectProject ResultsResults Final Project Workshop 11 July 2014 Dr. Armin Margane, BGR ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring OutlineOutline •• TasksTasks •• DescriptionDescription ofof ProjectProject AreaArea •• ProjectProject ResultsResults relatedrelated toto -- ComponentComponent 11 (Wastewater(Wastewater Sector)Sector) -- ComponentComponent 22 (GW(GW ProtectionProtection Zones,Zones, Awareness)Awareness) -- ComponentComponent 33 (Monitoring(Monitoring Quantity/Quality,Quantity/Quality, Balance)Balance) -- ComponentComponent 44 (Improved(Improved JeitaJeita SpringSpring Capture)Capture) andand Conveyor)Conveyor) ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Activities Activities Goal: Major Risks for the Drinking Water Supply in the Greater Beirut Area are reduced by implementing measures to protect the groundwater contribution zone of the Jeita Spring from pollution. 1. Integration of water resources protection aspects into the investment planning and implementation process in the wastewater sector (geoscientific advice in wastewater sector) 2. Integration of water resources protection aspects into landuse planning (delineation of GW protection zones) 3. Collection and use of monitoring data concerning quality and quantity of water resources 4. Support of the partner institutions concerning the implementation of urgent protective measures ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Jeita Spring is the main Source for Water Supply of Beirut ~ 75 % of Beirut‘s water comes from Jeita Protection of Jeita Spring must be a national priority Awareness Movie ProtectionProtectionProtection„Beirut Waters“ ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Data Availability DataData AvailabilityAvailability Groundwater • Insufficient and inadequate meteorological stations/data (not heated > no snow data) (previously >100 stations, now 35 stations in LB) • No groundwater monitoring > no water levels > no GW model • Spring discharge monitoring stations not adequately designed, maintained and monitored • Surface water gauging stations not adequately designed and maintained ► lack of institutional capacity, funds and staff Water resources assessment needs monitoring system for all water balance components • rainfall / snow • spring discharge • runoff (surface water) • groundwater abstraction • irrigation water use (return flow) • domestic water use / losses (return flow) ► no data > no correct water resources assessment ► wrong water resources assessment leads to wrong planning ! ► failed investments in the water sector ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring CurrentCurrent Planning Planning in in the the Water Water Sector Sector None of the Components of the Water Balance is monitored Water Resources Availability was never assessed correctly wrong Information leads to wrong Planning ?? interaction ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring groundwater Project Area 406 km² ProjectProject AreaArea catchment Nahr Ibrahim surface water catchment 249 km² 2628 m Nahr el Kalb Status: May 2012 15 km NE of Beirut ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WhereWhere does does Beirut Beirut’s’s drinking drinking water water come come from from Importance of Snow itit isis timetime toto actact !! Cretaceous plateau (1,800 – 3,000 m asl): ~4 m snow (2011/12: up to 10 m and more) December – April Very important for GW recharge (~ 81%) Snow is the lifeline of Lebanon Climate change may lead to a significantly lower groundwater resources availability Regional climatic scenarios predict less rainfall (15-30%), higher summer and winter temperatures (up to 5°C) ► shift of orographic snow line and thus less snow and runoff, more evaporation ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ► water shortage in dry season WhereWhere does does Beirut Beirut’s’s drinking drinking water water come come from from – – GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge - no major surface water runoff - rapid infiltration into Cretaceous aquifer - high GW recharge from snow melt dolines C4 limestone (upper aquifer) ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring WhereWhere does does Beirut Beirut’s’s drinking drinking water water come come from from – – GroundwaterGroundwater recharge recharge doline GW recharge via dolines average GW recharge in C4: 81% ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring High karstification in Cretaceous limestone (Faqra) ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring prevailing wind direction Area > 1600 m ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring SnowSnow CoverCover Snow Cover LandsatLandsat TM7TM7 19.01.200219.01.2002 deposition of snow predominantly on W-facing slopes Jeita spring Protection of Jeita Spring ProtectionProtection ofof JeitaJeita SpringSpring Lebanese restraining bend B eqa’a Valley DST Syria: 80% GWR (Russian studies 1980s) Antilebanon LandsatLandsat TM7TM7 01.02.200101.02.2001 Based on new geological map prepared by BGR GroundwaterGroundwater System System Upper Aquifer Lower Aquifer ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring Specific Problems Specific Problems Jeita Catchment • High rainfall (on average 1450 mm/a) • high level of karstification ► high infiltration / low retention capacity ► high spring discharge peaks during January to April (up to 60 m³/s), low flow during dry season (min. 1 m³/s) > water shortage in Oct/Dec • high GW flow velocity (up to 2,000 m/h) • rapid and uncontrolled urban expansion (approx. 200.000 inhabitants) ► severe deterioration of water quality over the past decades Main pollution sources: • wastewater (no WWTPs yet) • waste (often illegal disposal) • gas stations (54 inside GW catchment; 30 near catchment) • quarries (sandstone, cement, decoration stone) • Jeita – Dbaye water conveyor (up to 140 yrs old) ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring ProjectProject Area Area = = Groundwater Groundwater Catchment Catchment July 2010 Assumption (UNDP 1970): SW = GW catchment 75% recharge 249 km² 50% recharge ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring TracerTracer Tests Tests ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring d t l ne i ke r Groundwater Flow Mechanism au GroundwaterGroundwater FlowFlow MechanismMechanism f oc l ou b ow Tann l f - h infiltration (23%) into ne R: ~97 MCM n Jurassic aquifer Ja surface water by by infiltration zones ed Q: ~123 MCM ock lt bl fau low zh f me Qa recharge in Upper re u x Cretaceous le f y aquifer b d e k A: ~24 MCM c lo b w o L: ~14 MCM fl Upper Cretaceous: J: ~172 MCM Jurassic: 81% GW recharge K: ~70 MCM 59% direct GW recharge groundwater investigations by BGR have permitted for the first time to assess the availableProtectionProtectionProtection water resources ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita in SpringSpringSpring the Jeita catchment 22 llee fifi rroo PP 3 3 e e l l i i f f o o r r P P 1 1 e e il il f f o o r r P P PPrrooffiillee 44 ProtectionProtectionProtection of ofof Jeita JeitaJeita Spring SpringSpring GeologicalGeologicalGeological CrossCross Cross SectionsSections Sections Groundwater Flow Groundwater Flow key elements to understanding of groundwater flow : ¾ ¾ ¾ analysis of tectonic system ¾ geological mapping tracer tests stable isotope analyses controlled by - - structure (base) and tectonics Protection of Jeita Spring Dead Sea Transform (DST) Groundwater contribution zone ≠ surface water catchment 50% of Jeita GW catchment is in Nahr Ibrahim SW catchment ProtectionProtectionProtection ofofof JeitaJeitaJeita SpringSpringSpring - multiparameter probes SpringSpringJeita GrottoMonitoring Monitoring (+500) - gauging stations (weir, ADCPs) - direct discharge measurement (> 300 dilution tests) old system, not functioning Labbane spring Jeita spring Kashkoush spring Daraya tunnel Multiparameter probes parameters: Water level Temperature EC pH ORP DO (ammonium) (ISE) Protection of Jeita Spring +ADCP +ADCP TelemetricProtectionProtection data transfer ofof JeitaJeita SpringSpringAssal spring Spring Monitoring Spring Monitoring 1.8 1.6 1540 m asl 1.4 1.2 flow (m³/s) 1 0.8 Assal – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 A ssal Spring Flow (ADCP) 31/10/2012 ADCP : every 07/11/2012 14/11/2012 21/11/2012 28/11/2012 15 min snow 05/12/2012 12/12/2012 multiparameter probe: every 19/12/2012 26/12/2012 snow Protection of Jeita Spring time melt 02/01/2013 melt 900 800 09/01/2013 700 16/01/2013 600 23/01/2013 500 20 min 400 30/01/2013 300 06/02/2013 200 cumm rainfall (mm) 100 13/02/2013 0 Spring Monitoring Spring Monitoring 60,000,000 50,000,000 water year 2010/11: 115 MCM 40,000,000 water year 2011/12: 183 MCM water year 2012/13: 162 MCM water year 2013/14: >44 MCM 30,000,000 Jeita – Monitoring by ADCP & multiparameter probe Monthly Discharge Jeita Spring 20,000,000 discharge only 10,000,000 Long-term average: 172 MCM/a ~26% 0 Aug- 10 of discharge in previous WYs Oct- 10 Dec-10 Feb-11 Apr-11 Jun-11 Aug-11 Oct-11 Dec-11 Feb-12 Protection of
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