Northern Hemisphere Version]

[NORTHERN HEMISPHERE VERSION]

GETTING STARTEDASTRONOMY IN AN EASY GUIDE TO EXPLORING THE UNIVERSE

INCLUDES A MOON MAP AND STAR CHARTS

FROM THE EDITORS OF

SkyandTelescope.com Your First Steps Northern Hemisphere Version ®

SkyandTelescope.com in Astronomy

Astronomy doesn’t deserve DID YOU KNOW THAT YOU can see a galaxy way around the sky. They also give you a 1 2 ⁄2 million light-years away with your view that’s right side up and straight in unaided eye? Or that you can see craters front of you, making it easy to see where its reputation as a tough, on the Moon with ordinary binoculars? you’re pointing. Binoculars are fairly inex- These and countless other wonders await pensive, widely available, and easy to carry expensive hobby to get into. your gaze every clear night. The first step and store. They’re also versatile; you can is simply to look up and ask, “What’s switch from terrestrial to celestial viewing in You just need to begin with that?” And when you do, you’ll take the an instant.And their performance is surpris- first step toward a lifetime of cosmic ingly respectable. Ordinary 7- to 10-power exploration and enjoyment. What’s the binoculars improve on the unaided eye the right advice. best way to get started on this exciting about as much as a good amateur telescope adventure? improves on binoculars — and at a far lower cost. For astronomy, the larger the Read It and Reap front lenses are, the better. High optical When It’s Time for a Telescope, The joy of astronomy comes from finding quality is important too. But any binoculars Plunge in Deep your way around the starry sky and already knocking around the back of your Eventually you’ll be ready for your first tele- understanding what you see. A great place closet are enough to launch your amateur- scope. This is no time to skimp on quality. to start is your local library or bookstore. astronomy career. The telescope you want has two essentials. Browse the astronomy shelf for beginner’s One is high-quality, “diffraction-limited” guides that will teach you about the Use Maps and Guidebooks optics. The other is a solid, steady, smooth- Moon, planets, and constellations. Check Once you’ve learned your way around the ly working mount. You may also want large the magazine rack for Sky & Telescope, the night sky, binoculars can keep you busy for aperture (size), but don’t lose sight of port- hobby’s essential monthly magazine. It years. With good maps and reference books, ability and convenience. Remember, the offers practical tips for observers as well as you can identify dozens of the Moon’s best telescope for you is the one you’ll articles on many fascinating astronomical craters, plains, and mountains. Binoculars actually use. topics. will show you the ever-changing positions Many telescopes have built-in comput- Another great resource is the World of Jupiter’s moons and the crescent phases ers and motors that will point them to any Wide Web. Start at Sky & Telescope’s site, of Venus. They’ll also reveal most of the 109 of thousands of celestial objects at the SkyandTelescope.com, or you can use any “M objects,” the star clusters, galaxies, and push of a few buttons. These are a lot of search utility to look up topics such as nebulae cataloged by 18th-century fun to use and can help you locate sights “amateur astronomy” or “stargazing.” astronomer Charles Messier. Binoculars will you might otherwise overlook. But it’s still let you split scores of colorful double stars helpful to know your way around the sky Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes and allow you to follow the fadings and — especially if your batteries run out! Go out on any clear, dark night and famil- brightenings of numerous variable stars. It’s true that telescopes can cost many iarize yourself with the star patterns over- All this and more is possible — but only if thousands of dollars, but it’s also true that head, using the constellation maps on the you know where to look and what to look some good ones can be had for only a few following pages. for. Moreover, the skills you’ll develop using hundred dollars. Can’t afford the scope If you live in a brightly lit city or town, maps and guidebooks with binoculars are you want? Save up until you can. find a place where there’s less light pollu- exactly the skills you’ll need to put a tele- Another year of using binoculars while tion (or at least a spot free from the glare scope to good use. building a savings account will be time of nearby lights) so you can see more you’ll never regret. stars. The ability to look up and say, Seek Out Other Amateurs “There’s the North Star!” or “That’s There’s nothing like sharing an interest with Relax and Have Fun Saturn!” will provide pleasure — and a others. There are hundreds of astronomy Don’t get upset if you can’t find a particu- sense of your place in the cosmos — for clubs worldwide; Sky & Telescope’s Web site lar object or because the view in your tele- the rest of your life. includes a directory of them. Call a club scope is less than perfect. Learn to take near you to find out when it holds meetings pleasure in whatever your eyes, binoculars, Start with Binoculars or all-night observing sessions called “star or telescope can show you. The more you Binoculars are an ideal “first telescope” parties.” These events offer a wonderful look, the more you’ll see. Set your own for several reasons. They show you a wide opportunity to try out different telescopes, pace, and revel in the beauty and mystery field of view, making it easy to find your learn new skills, and make friends. of our amazing universe!

 2003 Sky Publishing Corp. Finding Your Way Northern Hemisphere Version ® Among the Stars SkyandTelescope.com

Here’s how to use our bimonthly your neck up, is the bright star Vega. It’s Looking Deeper star charts to identify your part of the little constellation Lyra. Take the maps out often, and try to learn a You’ll notice that east is left of north on new constellation each night. You are evening stars and constellations. our charts, not to the right as on maps of establishing the landmarks you’ll need for the Earth. This is because the charts are finding your way when you start using CAN YOU SPOT THE BIG DIPPER? Orion? The used while looking up, not down. binoculars or a telescope. Pleiades? Your exploration of the universe Once you know at least some constella- begins with learning the stars in your Tips for Success tions fairly well, you can start exploring evening sky. But different constellations are Find a dark viewing site and bring a dim the sky a lot more deeply with optical aid. visible at different times of year and hours flashlight to read the map by. It’s best to For this you’ll need larger star charts that of the night, depending on your latitude use red light, which helps preserve your show more close-up detail. and which way the night side of our planet night vision. The maps here show stars as faint as is facing. When you start out, look only for the magnitude 4.5. This is about as faint as The accompanying charts will help you brightest stars on the map, those depicted you can see with the naked eye through get oriented. They’re designed for sky- with the biggest dots. Mentally blank out suburban light pollution. Also plotted are watchers in midnorthern latitudes such the fainter ones if you are in a city or sub- some interesting objects for binoculars or as the United States, southern Canada, urb (or in bright moonlight); they will be small telescopes: star clusters, nebulae, and and Europe. Each represents the entire invisible or nearly so through the “light pol- galaxies. When hunting for these faint sky at the dates and times printed on it. lution.” But wherever you are, remember sights you’ll have an easier time if you use Find a chart appropriate for your date, that there is a much bigger difference larger charts that show stars to at least as and go out within an hour or so of the between bright and faint stars in the sky faint as magnitude 6. (Higher magnitude time listed. than is suggested on the chart. numbers mean fainter stars.) Remember that the chart is a very People who get serious about using a How the Charts Work reduced representation of the real sky. To telescope will want even more detailed sky The round edge of each chart represents see how reduced, hold your hand at arm’s charts — ones that show stars as faint as your horizon, with compass directions length with your fingers fully spread as magnitude 8 or so. Sky Atlas 2000.0 by Wil labeled. Turn the map around so the edge wide as you can. One of these “hand Tirion and Roger W. Sinnott is the set marked with the direction you’re facing spans” from thumbtip to little fingertip is most widely used. The latest edition shows (north, east, or whatever) is right-side up. a little less than the length of the Big 81,000 stars to magnitude 8.5 and 2,700 The stars above this horizon on the map Dipper. Compare this with the size of the galaxies, star clusters, and nebulae. will now match the stars you’re facing. Dipper on the charts. You can work your Clear skies! Ignore the rest of the map for now. way around by remembering this rule: The map’s center is overhead (the One hand span in the sky is slightly less Greek Letters on Star Maps zenith). So a star that’s plotted halfway than an inch on the chart. Pretty tiny! The brightest stars in each constellation from the edge to the center can be found The maps are drawn for an observer at are named with lowercase Greek letters. A about halfway up the sky. That is, it will be 40° north latitude (for example, Denver, constellation’s most brilliant star is often halfway from horizontal to straight up. New York, Madrid). If you’re far south of called Alpha, the first letter in the Greek Dot sizes indicate star brightnesses — there, stars in the southern part of the sky alphabet. The letters are used with the the larger the dot, the brighter the star. will appear higher than the map shows, Latin genitive form of the constellation Example: Let’s try the July/August chart. and stars in the north will be lower. If name, so the Alpha star of Centaurus is Turn it so the horizon labeled “Facing you’re far north of 40° latitude, the reverse called “Alpha Centauri.” West” is right-side up. About halfway from will be true. Here is the lowercase Greek alphabet as there to the center is the bright star The Moon and planets are not plotted used by astronomers: Arcturus. Go outside around one of the because they’re always changing position. dates and times listed, face west, and look Find the line arcing across each chart α Alpha ι Iota ρ Rho halfway from horizontal to straight up. labeled “ECLIPTIC.” This is the line near β Beta κ Kappa σ Sigma There’s Arcturus! which the Sun, Moon, and planets always γ Gamma λ Lambda τ Tau To the right of Arcturus, in the north- travel. It’s called the ecliptic because it’s δ Delta µ Mu υ Upsilon west, is the Big Dipper. Turn the chart so where eclipses can occur. ε Epsilon ν Nu φ Phi the “Facing NW” horizon edge is right- If you see a bright “star” near the eclip- ζ Zeta ξ Xi χ Chi side up. When you hold the chart correct- tic that’s not on the map, you’ve located a η Eta ο Omicron ψ Psi ly, the Dipper’s handle stretches toward planet. To figure out which one it is, con- θ Theta π Pi ω Omega the upper left and its bowl is at lower right sult the latest issue of Sky & Telescope or — just the way it looks in the northwest- visit SkyandTelescope.com and use our ern sky. Nearly overhead, as you crane Interactive Sky Chart.  2003 Sky Publishing Corp. Evening Stars in

® Jan/Feb Every issue of Sky & Telescope Northern Hemisphere for latitude 40° N. SkyandTelescope.com magazine contains a full-color star chart for the current month. When to Use This Chart How to Use This Chart Early Jan. 10 p.m. Go out within an hour or so of the time listed at left. Late Jan. 9 p.m. Turn the chart around so the edge marked with the Early Feb. 8 p.m. direction you’re facing is right-reading. The stars Late Feb. Dusk above this horizon on the map now match the stars in front of you. The map’s center is overhead (the

The chart is also useful in early October at 5 zenith). So a star plotted halfway from the

N g o n i r t c h a

a.m.*, early November at 2 a.m., and early F edge to the center can be found December at midnight. in the sky about halfway from horizontal to

*Daylight-saving time straight up.

C Facing NE Facing O

η ο

& Alcor &

CYGNUS

Mizar

Deneb

D ipper Thuban ζ

Little

Facing NW Facing

β ε

AJO

U IN

RSA Dipper

R S

R A

S Big

CEPHEU Pola ris

δ α

LACERTA

β M81 M82

CAMELOPARDALIS CASSIOPEIA

SUS

α α

INOR A LEO

luster

ouble

LEO

PEG M31

α Sickle

Capella

A 34

Great

F Square

URIGA β

a α

β s

c Algol

C e

astor ANDROMEDA i

Kids n β

P W ollux g R α

CANCER e

M33

g Zenith E u

ES M β

lu M i a

44 s

3 TRIANGULUM M PERSEUS GEMINI 8 α c s M 3 6 37 a t

F Pleiades M35 β ARIES PISC

CANIS E C L I P T I C MINOR γ HYDRA Aldebaran Hyades α Procyon α α TAUR US γ Alphard Betelgeuse α α ORION Bellatrix MONOCEROS δ S Mira ζ ε U M42 T E β C κ Rigel M47 β α M46 Sirius α β ERIDANUS CAN M41 IS M β Facing S δ AJO LEPUS R ε η Star magnitudes E PUPPIS α –1 0 1 2 3 4 Facing SW COLUMBA

VariableOpen star clusterGlobularGalaxy clusterPlanetaryDiffuse nebula nebula Facing South  2003 Sky Publishing Corp. Evening Stars in Mar/Apr ® Every issue of Sky & Telescope Northern Hemisphere for latitude 40° N. SkyandTelescope.com magazine contains a full-color star chart for the current month.

When to Use This Chart How to Use This Chart Early Mar. 11 p.m. Go out within an hour or so of the time listed at left. Late Mar. 10 p.m. Turn the chart around so the edge marked with the Early Apr. 10 p.m.* direction you’re facing is right-reading. The stars Late Apr. Dusk above this horizon on the map now match the stars in front of you. The map’s center is overhead (the

*Daylight-saving time zenith). So a star plotted halfway from the edge to

N g n o i r c t a h F the center can be found in the sky The chart is also useful in early about halfway from hori-

December at 5 a.m., early zontal to straight up. δ

January at 3 a.m., and µ

early February at 1

CASSIOPEIA

CEPHEUS Facing NE Facing

a.m. α

acing

DRACO

Cluster

Double M92

MINOR M34

HERCULES URSA

Algol

Polaris

Dipper

α Little

R M13

L β

Thuban PERSEUS

O C

Pleiades

R O

R M82 & Alcor &

A Mizar

Dipper O

Capella

M81

A Big

η α Pointers

Kids

MAJOR

BOÖTES

M51

M38 β

γ URSA S

M97

SERPENS U

M VENATICI

CAPUT

CANES

AURIG

yades

H β

M37 t a

M3 LYNX

e i

BERENICES

M35

Aldebaran g α Zenith

Castor

E COMA Arcturus

n β a i MINORLEO s c

GEMINI

t a

Pollux α

Bellatrix

γ F

γ α

Sickle M44 Virgo VIRGO β Galaxy δ ORION Cluster ε R LEO egulus CANCER α Betelgeuse ζ

M42 β CANIS MINOR C α Procyon l T I e I P ig L R E C

α SEXTA Spica NS α s CORVUS α iriu α S CRATER Alphard MONOCEROS47 M β LEPUS 46 M A M41 H Y D R IS R N A JO C A δ M Facing S

ε η Star magnitudes PYXIS E IS –1 0 1 2 3 4 Facing SW ANTLIA PP PU

VELA

VariableOpen star clusterGlobularGalaxy clusterPlanetaryDiffuse nebula nebula Facing South  2003 Sky Publishing Corp. Evening Stars in

® May/Jun Northern Hemisphere for latitude 40° N. SkyandTelescope.com Every issue of Sky & Telescope magazine contains a full-color star chart for the current month. When to Use This Chart How to Use This Chart Early May 1 a.m.* Go out within an hour or so of the time listed at left. Late May Midnight* Turn the chart around so the edge marked with the Early June 11 p.m.* direction you’re facing is right-reading. The stars Late June Dusk* above this horizon on the map now match the stars in front of you. The map’s center is overhead (the

*Daylight-saving time zenith). So a star plotted halfway from the

g o n i r t c h a F edge to the center can be found in The chart is also useful in early the sky about halfway from February at dawn, early horizontal to straight

March at 4 a.m., and up.

early April at 3 α β

AURIGA

CASSIOPEIA

a.m.*. N Facing

LIS

O L

M NW

A C β

Facing Facing

Castor

CEPHEUS

GEMINI

Polaris

β µ LYN α

Pollux

Dipper

MINOR 82

M Deneb Little

URSA

M44

ε DRACO

Y β AJOR

Thuban G

M URSA

U γ

S LEO

MINOR χ & Alcor &

CANCER Vega

Mizar DELPHINUS

ζ M

Big

Dipper

M Albireo

LYRA

F M51

SAGITTA

M57

a s

Sickle

n W HERCULES Zenith LEO

Altair

Regulus

g CORONA CANES M13 E

BOREALIS VENATICI

i α a

c s BOÖTES S a t M3 E AQUILA F A

IC M

η N

α O Denebola E C R

β α α E B Virgo S α Galaxy E SERPENS Arcturus C R Cluster A P CAPUT U E D N A S

M11 C OPHIUCHUS M5 I M10 T SCUTUM M12 P VIRGO I L C E M 17 Spica α

M η 24 M 23 CRATER σ LIBRA SAGITTARIUS CORVUS Antares δ Fa M cing S SCORPIUSα 4 HYDRA Star magnitudes

E –1 0 1 2 3 4 ε Facing SW λ θ

LUPUS CENTAURUS

VariableOpen star clusterGlobularGalaxy clusterPlanetaryDiffuse nebula nebula Faci th  2003 Sky Publishing Corp. ng Sou Evening Stars in

® Jul/Aug Every issue of Sky & Telescope Northern Hemisphere for latitude 40° N. SkyandTelescope.com magazine contains a full-color star chart for the current month. When to Use This Chart How to Use This Chart Early July Midnight* Go out within an hour or so of the time listed at left. Late July 11 p.m.* Turn the chart around so the edge marked with the Early Aug. 10 p.m.* direction you’re facing is right-reading. The stars Late Aug. Dusk* above this horizon on the map now match the stars in front of you. The map’s center is overhead (the

*Daylight-saving time zenith). So a star plotted halfway from the

N g

o n i r c t h a F edge to the center can be found The chart is also useful in late April in the sky about halfway

at dawn, late May at 3 a.m.*, from horizontal to

and late June at 1 a.m.*. E straight up.

radiant

S meteors

CAMELOPARDALIS

Perseid

Facing NE Facing

Cluster

Facing N Facing Double

CASSIOPEIA

81 8

M M

MAJOR

URSA

α β

Polaris

ANDRO

γ MINOR

31 β

URSA

CEPHEUS

M Dipper

Big

EDA

β Dipper

Little

δ Thuban α

& Alcor &

Mizar LACERTA

LEO

TIC

µ ES

of Pegasus of

reat Square reat A

VEN C η

M51

DRACO

β β

eneb

Denebola

3 3

PISCES

M M

PEGASUS

F t

CYGNUS

a s

COMA

Vega

c e

BOÖTES

α M92

ε n BERENICES Zenith W

M13 g α

E n χ LYRA

a Albireo

c M57

CORONA

BOREALIS

a β t

M15 M

27 F ε

DELPHINUS Arcturus SAGITTA

EQUULEUS VIRGO

HERCULES AQUARIUS Altair α α α SERPENSCAPUT 5 AQUILA M

α η SERPENS M12 CAUDA Spica M10 C I T M11 P I SCUTUM OPHIUCHUS L C E CAPRICORNUS M17 η M24 M23 M25 δ M20 M22 α Facing S M8 LIBRA σ Antares M4 SAGITTARIUS Star magnitudes M6 E SCORPIUS Facing SW–1 0 1 2 3 4 ε M7 ε λ CORONA AUSTRALIS

θ VariableOpen star clusterGlobularGalaxy clusterPlanetaryDiffuse nebula nebula Facing South  2003 Sky Publishing Corp. Evening Stars in

® Sep/Oct for latitude 40 N. Every issue of Sky & Telescope Northern Hemisphere ° SkyandTelescope.com magazine contains a full-color star chart for the current month. When to Use This Chart How to Use This Chart Early Sept. 11 p.m.* Go out within an hour or so of the time listed at left. Late Sept. 10 p.m.* Turn the chart around so the edge marked with the Early Oct. 9 p.m.* direction you’re facing is right-reading. The stars Late Oct. Dusk* above this horizon on the map now match the stars in front of you. The map’s center is overhead (the

*Daylight-saving time zenith). So a star plotted halfway from the

g N n o i c r t

h F edge to the center can be found The chart is also useful in late June at in the sky about halfway

dawn, late July at 2 a.m.*, and from horizontal to

MAJOR

URSA

late August at midnight*. β straight up.

AURIGA

Facing N Facing

81 M

82 Capella M

E K

Dipper

s ε Facing NW Facing

Big

& Alcor &

Mizar E

η A

A LIS

INO

Thuban M

olaris

P β

URSA

P PER

leiades

Algol

luster

D SEU

ouble Dipper rus

Little

rctu β

S A CASSIOPEIA

BOÖTES

γ TR

DRACO

CEPHEUS

IA β

U δ

α ANDROMEDA

EALIS

Hamal RON

γ 92

13 M

µ M

BOR CO

M31 M

β 33

LACERTA

IES

Vega s

Deneb LES

n α

α W

α C g Zenith γ

LYRA

PISCES Great Square n

i a β of Pegasus

c H s χ M57 a t β

CYGNUS Albireo CAPUT

P α SERPENS CETUS E α M ira G 27 M

A α

SU DELPHINUS M15

SAGITTA 12 M Circlet S γ

ε EQUULEUS Altair α 10 M η SERPENSCAUDA AQUILA

OPHIUCHUS 11 M AQUARIUS η M17 β SCUTUM CAPRICORNUS 4 M2 3 M2 M25 E C L I P T I C

σ M22 Facing SE Fomalhaut

α Star magnitudes

PISCIS –1 0 1 2 3 4 AUSTRINUS Facing SW SAGITTARIUSε

GRUS

VariableOpen star clusterGlobularGalaxy clusterPlanetaryDiffuse nebula nebula Facing South  2003 Sky Publishing Corp. Evening Stars in

® Nov/Dec Every issue of Sky & Telescope Northern Hemisphere for latitude 40° N. SkyandTelescope.com magazine contains a full-color star chart for the current month.

When to Use This Chart How to Use This Chart Early Nov. 10 p.m. Go out within an hour or so of the time listed at left. Late Nov. 9 p.m. Turn the chart around so the edge marked with the Early Dec. 8 p.m. direction you’re facing is right-reading. The stars Late Dec. 7 p.m. above this horizon on the map now match the stars in front of you. The map’s center is overhead (the

The chart is also useful in early August at zenith). So a star plotted halfway from the

g n N i o c r a t F

dawn, early September at 3 a.m.*, and early h edge to the center can be found

October at 1 a.m.*. ε in the sky about halfway

iz r

r from horizontal to

ig straight up. MAJOR

URSA

Facing N Facing α

E M

β 81

Facing Facing

82 DR

HERCULES HERCULES

LYNX

MINOR

URSA Dipper

Little

Polaris

P α

ollux

Castor

Vega

β CAMELOPARDALIS

CEPHEUS A

M R

IN L M57

β α

Capella I

CASSIOPEIA µ

AURIGA

γ Cluster

Albireo

β M

M Double

β χ

38 36

α Deneb

α A Kids

CYGNUS T

γ PERSEUS E

C β M

MONOCEROS F

3 LA

β t

SAGITTA

4 Algol

M27

c e

B i M31 e

n telge γ Zenith W

g ANDROMEDA TRIANGULUM

use E α

α M33 Pleiades

c α β β Altair H s

yad a α AQUILA t ORION

F A

lde η γ α DELPHINUS

b M15 Bellatrix a A ra R

δ IES ε TAURUS

ζ ε Great ofSquare Pegasus PEGASUS α EQUULEUS

M42 PISCES κ

β Circlet R E LEPUS igel C L I Mira P T CETUS I C

E R ID A AQUARIUS N U S CAPRICORNUS β

Facing SE FORNAX

Fomalhaut α Star magnitudes SCULPTOR –1 0 1 2 3 4 Facing SW PISCIS

AUSTRINUS

PHOENIX

VariableOpen star clusterGlobularGalaxy clusterPlanetaryDiffuse nebula nebula

Facing South  2003 Sky Publishing Corp. ® Exploring the Moon

SkyandTelescope.com

The Moon is by far the most rewarding ce- (growing) crescent, we see the parts on the Refractors and Cassegrain reflectors give lestial object for a small telescope. Even a right edge of the map. At first-quarter phase mirror images when used with a star diago- very small instrument will reveal its bleak, we see the entire right half, and so on. nal; so does any other instrument contain- blasted landscape of mountain ranges, To use this lunar map, turn the chart ing an odd number of mirrors. If you find plains, hills, valleys, and craters. Even until it matches your view. Note: Some tele- this to be a problem, take out the star diag- binoculars show many features, and there scopes give a mirror image, which will not onal and view “straight through.” A correct are enough interesting sites on the Moon to match this map no matter how you turn it. image is much easier to compare with any keep a telescopic explorer busy forever. map. You’ll notice right away that except Once the map is oriented, it will be when the Moon is full, it is divided simple to identify the major craters, by the terminator, the line sep- mountains, and other features. arating lunar day and In time, the geography of MARE night. Here is where FRIGORIS this alien world will detail shows best. Aristoteles become as familiar Plato When the Moon to you as that of Atlas is a waxing SINUS ALPS Hercules our own. SINUS MTS RORIS IRIDUM Pico LACUS SOMNIORUM MARE Piton

CAUCASUSMTS IMBRIUM MARE

Archimedes SERENITATIS MARE Aristarchus PALUS CRISIUM SOMNI

OCEANUS Eratosthenes APENNINE MTS MARE MARE Plinius UNDARUM SINUS VAPORUM MARE AESTUUM MARE TRANQUILLITATIS SPUMANS Copernicus Kepler MARE SINUS MEDII PROCELLARUM FECUNDITATIS Grimaldi Langrenus Theophilus Ptolemaeus Cyrillus MARE Alphonsus NECTARIS Gassendi

MARE Arzachel Fracastorius MARE NUBIUM

HUMORUM

alley

V Rheita Maurolycus Tycho UCO/Lick Observatory

Longomontanus

Clavius

 2003 Sky Publishing Corp.