T H E E L E M E N T S O F H E B R E W
BY
ENO H s RI E Th M C . B . . C A . . E , ,
- Professor of Sac52d La nguages in the Academy of the New Church
ACAD EMY BOOK ROO M 1922
PREFACE
' THERE ha s long been felt the want of a usable beginners book for those who are to take up the serious study of the
The wa i Hebrew language in our schools . old y of plung ng
he the w B the immediately into t text of Hebre ible , subjects student to a multitude of embarrassing difficulties that entirely disappear if the subject is approached in some gradual and con
sec u tive wh h wh h w . order , ic is at is attempted in t is ork
The work here presented is the result of many years of
I n the h experience in teaching Hebrew . course of t ese years the material in the vocabularies and exercises ha s been written out on the blackboard with infinite labor by the instructor and
w h fi the w h copied it in nite patience by students , it a necessarily
a e great loss of time . A very great saving of time will be g in d now that the work can be in the hands o f both teacher and students .
I t is Nothing especially original is claimed for the work . an a ttempt at amplification and improvemen t in form and arrangemen t of the Ollendorf method of cumulative approach
st The h n the exer in linguistic udv. p rases and sente ces used in
h n the B n cises ave been take from ible , from an old textbook , lo g
r h . out of p int , and from ot er sources
d the Tafel Acknowle gment for material is made to s, to
i he . nd esen us t . at Green , Harper , a G , especially to last Gr eful acknowledgmen t is also made to the many generations of students in the Academy Schools who have so patiently sat under the instruction of the writer during his long term of service as h teac er of Hebrew .
ENOCH S . PRI CE . B h P ryn At yn , a .
A u . 4 1 92 2 . g ,
PAGE The Hebrew Alphabet 9 The Hebrew vowels H alf V owels . The Manner of forming Syllables The U se of Shwa a nd the Cha tephs The D efin ite Article The Conju nction
Pa ssessive n n F n n The Pro ou of the irst Perso , Si gular The V erb Place Where
o n n n n The Pers al Pro ou , Si gular
fi 5 n . n n D D n r The Pre x The Pro ou i the ative Case . The emo st ative Pronoun or Adjective
n n n The Perso al Pro ou , Plural
ffi c n n n M n a nd F n n h oss ss v Su x , S o d rso , S gular , as ul m T e P e i e e tag">Pe i c i e e i i e , — The Suffix Pronou n Con tin ued i The n a ) and 7 l Prepositio s s, m j
The n n fi 5m h F n n ro o f x J : r po . T e r P mi al Su The P e sitive emi i e Plu al , Termination fi — ‘m n n n n n . n The Suf x pro ou c o ti ued . The Prepositio The Sig of the Ac cusative m
fi n un M l n a nd F n n . Con The Suf x Pro o , Third , Plural ascu i e emi i e The struct State
' The V erba l Suflormative
' The Suflormatives of the Preterite The Formation of Plurals ' — The Suflormatives of the Preterite Continued Possessive Suffixes for Plural Nou ns Perso n al Pron oun s in the Accusative Case Possessive Suffixes for Plural Nouns Continued ' — V erbal Suflorma tives of the Preterite Contin ued
n r D fi n . The Co st uct State . The ual Number . Suf xes with plural Nou s The Active Participle of Kal
F s ffi r The Preformative of Kal uture . The Pos essive Su x with Plu al Nouns 8 TA BLE OF CONTENTS
Preforma tives a nd Sufiormatives of Kal Future — Preformatives a nd Sufiormatives of Kal Future Con tinued ' — Preforma tives a nd Suflorma tives of Kal Future Con tinued
Preforma tives a nd Sufforma tives of Kal Future- Continued The Passive Participle of Kal The I mperative of Kal The I n fin itives of Kal — Explanation of the Forms of 5 p A Treatise Preterites
I mperatives
Participles The D erivative Binya n im The Forms of Nipba l The Forms of 5 315 Piel The Forms of 599 Pual ‘ The Forms of r von Hiphil The Forms of 5mmHo phal The Forms of nn Hithpael
I ndex - V oc abulary V oc abulary of the Book of Ruth THE HEB REW ALPHAB ET
The w - Hebre alphabet consists of twenty two consonants ,
w h five fi - s . it nal form , making twenty seven characters in all
S the h w e wh h w ome of consonants ave also vo el valu s , ic ill be
the treated of in proper place . Numerical F n Si n i fi at ion orm Sou d Name g c V alue — # M 1 0 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
TH E HE B RE W V OWELS
e s e Th Hebrew vowels are indica ted by certa in mark , call d
s n b w h of a a point , writte elow , above and it in the letters the lph
s ws : bet . They are a follo
Th e Lo ngVowels
Form Na me Sound
s h qa met like a in fat er . — tsere a ate .
c hireq ee feel . h c olem 0 old .
sh ureq oo tool .
Th e Short Vowels
Form N a me Sound
pa tta c h like qa mets very quickly uttered . h seg ol e in met . hi i short c req i in p t .
short cholem cholem very quickly uttered .
“ i o 1 q bb uts o in took .
Th e H alf Vowels
There a re c ertai n points in use in Hebrew which are ca lled
h h i sh s t n ha l vowels. T e fi st s s w so n f r of t e e a (T) , u ded ome hi g I h h e e ma . i e like the e in t e p ras th n t s a very short obscure , a nd is usua lly represe nted in transliteratio n by a very small a eleva ted above the line thus The other ha lf vowels are
n m e e s th the three in u b r , form d re pectively by ree of regular
n ts h w th shw w it h s : vowel poi ea c i a a ritten before , t u THE HEBREW A LPHA BET 1 1
Form Na me Sound
c ha teph qa mets like 0 in obey . fl
c ha teph seghol e in met quickly uttered . f l h c ha teph pa ttac a in a maint q
RE M ARK S ON THE ALPH AB E T
Six of the consonants of the Hebrew alphabet have each
h : = = h = = i two . w h b v n sounds T ey are as follo s a , 3 ; a g
= h them = k = kh = et c h . g , J g ; in ; 3 , D in Germ ni c ht = = h = t = h n h ix t thi . s s t rs ; 5 p , D p or f ; n , n in T e e let e a re for the sake of c onvenience formed into the mnemonic word
- be adhke ha th nd f th i r 11 5 3 713 , g p , a any one o em s refer ed to as T a begadhleepha th . he dot used in these letters is called dagesh
Zone and must always be used when a begadhkepha th begins a
r h word or a syllable af te a consonant . T ese six co nso nants and all the o thers in the alphabet except the gutturals may a lso ta ke
s rte h h he a dot called da ge h f o w ic doubles t letter .
The gutturals which cannot take da gesh f orte are as follows
“ N, 7 1, n, y and 1
F he h wo h e ive of t letters ave t forms eac . They a r as follows fi 3 , , , b , n a nd D , initial and medial and" nal ; i itial and medial , fi ; J , a , , fi ; 5 , t a nal initi l and medial and 1 nal ini ial and medi l , F fi : a nd X a fi . and ], nal , initi l and medial , and V, nal
THE MAN NER OF FORMI NG SYLLAB LES
Long Syllables
a bv ee w Rem I n an ave m ll“o n 5 1a . fig and ‘ ’ the the me m e s he h r A 7 lN bk is silent in sa ann r a t in hono . syllable such as " bt that ends in a vowel sound is ca lled a n open s l a ble c c lo l d sed s bl e. y , one en ing in a onsonant is called a ylla 1 2 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
“ N3 ba h ba h bane r; bean 113 bo re has bool .
ga b“ “ ga y 3 13 gove flu goor . la 3.
? 'fl ? ht ! da h Tl? da h F! da ne r l deen Ti ! dore P37 dook . ’ ' ' h h h h h h hee h oo . NU a ” D a Nn ay N i l ll l o mn “ F J! za hg U za the (th as in them) mzeeph it 2 0 3 " zoov .
j ' “ in chabg (c h as in German noc h) in chane 7 ’ l l c heel fin ch ore DWI choom .
" ’ ' " " I:ya h th (th as in them) wya ysh D i yome fl yure .
k " n RD ka h 7 D a h 3 kane 3 kee FIB koh 33 koo . , , 1 . 1
i ' ‘ i l h " l x lah i l a lave 7 lee N? ow 10 0 . ? ? 0
" " m m ma h HQ ma h D may D mee ia ow m oo .
' R; na h fig na h T J neir (c i as in n eighbor) neev NJ F noon 113 nophe .
‘ D? sa hs s'Q saykh (kh as c h in German nic ht) PD seen
s 110 Sogh (o as in go) 0 10 oos .
“ “ 3 3! a bv ma the (th as in them) ” 32 ee fly othe (th as in them) Say
h " o h I? pa z 15 pane B pee TIE po 115 po g . 3 g tsa hv bx tsale "X tsee Nix tsow 7 13 tsoo th ( th as
in them) . i h " D ka m N kay V keer 7 1 kole DT koo m . R P. P p P
“ ' ' ' h reev D ! ra m D ] rame D i l rome 03 1 room .
‘ " 02? sahm z'wsakhe (kh as c h in German ni c ht) PWseeth
“ ‘ i n them so the h (th a s ) nw nwsoot e .
h Sh h h D? sha m 1? ane [91Ws ote flaws oor .
‘ " ta h ta h ’ e z ’ m 31 13 7 n tale l n t a e Tin tore Imtoor . THE MA NNER OF FORMI NG SYLLA BLES 1 3
Short Syllables
“ “ 13 ac h nlseth D3 im IR on (the 0 ha s its na me so und . h“ but is quickly uttered) ?Toos (0 0 as in f oot) . ’ {13 ba th I3 ben 1 3 bor (for all o s see above under N)
“ Q3 bush . “ “ 3 3 gav 3 3 gev JJ gin (g as in get) Iagoz DJ gus (u as in bush) .
“ . - “ “ ‘ 5 “ “ J dag D dem I din 3 I dov I dook . , J J Q ‘ “ “ “ ' “ “ “ “
h v he met hin hom . 3 I a I:I (e as in ) JI I D.I 1 .I hoor
“ “ “ “ a z h kh s c h i n e m ni c ht zeh zim ” ak ( a G r an ) . II DI I ‘ ? I zoo l .
' “ ' J ‘ DI I cham (c h as in German nac h) I I cheh ? ” chil DII
“ ' cho m ? I I choo l .
i “ “ “ “ n? tal 3 13 tev JD tin 3 b toph Qt? toos . “ ’ “ I ya th (th as in them) 3 1 yekh (kh like ch in German
“ ' nic ’ ’ ht) J yin Wyosh yool .
F “ “ “ ]; kaph 3 3 kev 3 3 kiv 3 3 kor koosh .
' ‘ I I? lach (c h as in Ge rma n n oc h) lev liv [55 lot
“ ' J ? loo n
“ “ “ 1 D mar D mez D min ID mor 1 7 math . I' I 3 3
“ “ “ DJ nach (c h as in German noc h) J neh JJ nin FIJ noph
n o h T Ho t . “ “ “ “ “ v 3 D sa 3 D sev J D sin JD sogh ID so or .
“ ‘ “ “ “ “ 3 D avI J? eh 3 9 w 3 17 or (qa mets c ha tuph) w” oo sh .
“ ‘ “ ‘ “ 55 pal 5 peh 35 pin B no 1 9 poor
“ E ' “ “ “ IK tsad X tsc h fix tsith (th as in them) I! tsor 7 tsool . ' 3
‘ Wherever in this treatise on short syllables a c o oc c urs it is to be pro no n d k oo in En r oot u c e li e the the glish wo d f . l n o ur u n n n c a nd r c I sage 9 has lost its co so a tal for e , has for all p a tical n purposes the same pron unciatio as R. 1 4 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
“ “ “ “ “ h h em eh b If; qa t (t as in th ) 2 q Is?l qit Inqot ERqoo t . “ “ h “ Ij rath (th as in them) rev rib Zh rog 3 1 roov . ' ! “ “ “ “ Jwsa n 3 wshev I I” sid 3 ? shokh (kh like c h in German ' ’ ni c ht) 3 l) sook .
“ “ F “ an tal n teh mmtit mtoph 3 mtook .
THE U SE OF SH WA AN D THE CHATEPHS
Shwa (See p . 8)
h two s shwa fi igmerel m T ere are use of rst , it y a arker
the a wh it S is s wa for end of syllable , en is ilent , and called h
- t s . i ui esc ens silen hwa . q or ; e g y q tol ; second , it is
wh it the fi t sounded en stands under rs consonant of a word , wh it w silent shwa wh en follo s a , or en it stands under a conso
h sh or h oub da he te t e li n da hesh . w d . h nant it g f or g g , e g wit
e t t - - wi silen t s initial consonan , qat tale ; follo ng hwa ,
“ i ' “ i e - - h or e - - h h I? (I9)P yiq t la ; with da ghesh f t I? lflPqit t la . W en hw b v hw shwa is sounded it is called s a mo ile or oc a l s a . The
shwa mobile h the sound of is a very s ort obscure e , about sa me
as the e in the phrase the ma n .
Th e Ch ateph s (See p .
The Cha tephs are three in number a s follows
te h a mets fl ha te h a tta c h c ha te h se Cha p g ( ) , c p p and p ghol
fl th is s amets a tta c h a nd ( ) , at to say , they are re pectively g , p
se hol h w shw . g , eac ith a placed before it
The pronunciation of c ha teph qa mets is like a quickly pro
“ ° h - The o un e the w . . e . n c d o , as in ord obey ; e g 7 ” lee syllable 0
s containing c ha teph ga mets i always open .
I n the matter of sound ' c ha teph ga mets is exactly equival ent
' a mets c ha tu h wh h a mets st d t s to g p , ic is any q an ing in a onele s LESSON 1 1 5
° ° - - - r t . D ) wa a h m , o closed syllable , as (R£1 y q q lee When ga mets is followed by c ha teph ga mets it takes by attraction the the c ha te h a mets h a r same sound and value as p g , t erefore
’ " 0 two not double , but quickly pronounced o s , as D JJ Jfl 'v ° n - Wh a mets h mee . en g becomes a s ort obscure o , as above ,
° we call it q mets .
ha te h a tta c h s the S n s utto c k C p p h a same ou d a p , but very
a d c h - w quickly pronounce , as more ; its syllable is al ays
open .
Cha teph seghol ha s the same sound as seghol very quickly — it is voc a l shwa . . pronounced nearly equivalent to , e g
- l lo heem ; its syllable 1 s a wavs open .
LESSON 1
Th e D efinite Article
The fi he he de nite article of t Hebrew language is t letter TI, wh h rfi the w d fi w s ic is p e xed to or it modi es ; if possible , it is al ay
w da esh orte the th e w wh h follo ed by a g f in initial letter of ord , in ic case its vowel is a pa tta c h When the initial consonant c an
“ the w th e a me s v h v not be doubled , vo el of .I is q t ( ) or seg ol ( th e latter is rather rare .
N : The w h h OTE consonants hic cannot be doubled , t at is ,
da esh orte . cannot take g f , are N. TI, H, y and 1
R A K : h EM R T ere is no indefinite article in Hebrew .
Vocabulary
3 13 a child
D13 the 1 6 THE ELEMEN TS OF HEBREW
Exercise
i Th n 3 £113 1 2 7 ' 3
LESSON 2
Th e Conj unction
The conj unction more freque n tly used than any other is the
fi I ts w hw s a tt c h mets r pre x 1 . vo els are s a ( p a qa ( )
a nd sh ure the wh h . q (I) , uses of ic are to be learned by experience
The fi O f fi is n a nd signi cation a pre xed I ge erally , but a rational h rendering will sometimes require anot er conj unction .
The attributive adjective follows its noun and has a prefixed
fi a 3 the ood a ther the a ther de nite rticle , as “e 3 13 3 , g f , literally , f , the good one.
Vocabulary
" I “ 1 " I a city a tower
Exercise
‘ J 'ilal' l 3 1331 4 men wgin 3 b um3 13 g 2 13 13 1 3 13 1 5 -11e w1 sw7 “ PS? 6 men 1 5 1 msiren 3 3 a 5 LES SO N 4
LESSON 3
Th e Adj ective
Hebrew adjective agrees with its noun number
Vocabulary
great large
S Plur . ing .
- 3 1 51 13 mas ‘ 111513 3 mgm fem .
Exercise
‘ u 3 37 17 ; 3 3 1331 2 . n3 1 n 13 3 1
‘ ‘ - 1 17 7 - 1 3 7 3 3 37 13 ; 5 13 ; 6 . nz1 3 5 3 1 137 1
’ u 3 3 7 - . n 1 n 13 m 13 9 3 1 1 3 ma 3 1 0 3 W
LESSON 4
Th e P iv P i P ossess e ronoun of the F rst erson , Singular
The possessive prono un my is expressed by a suffixed pre ceded by a c hireq under the last c onso nant of the word to wh h the is sufli xe V 7 ic d ( ) .
REMA RK : This suffix is derived from the separate pronoun
” i s l See 6 h t s L so . 3 3 5 by using la t etter . es n for t is prono un
Vocabulary my city
J 3 I~5 a daughte r 1 8 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW my father (is)
a th e r , land heaven my son
Exercise 1 3 13 4 a far}; V3 3 3 3 11 3 1 1 13 2 ‘ ‘ n zm nan 3 3] nzfi ; 0 813 6 37 13 33 1 13 5
- ‘ 9 5 1 1 3 3 3 8 1 1 3 1 $1 13 n ma V T ? 3 1 3 1 3 z ‘ ‘ 5 13 33 511113 51 1 1 n zfi ga 3 1 17 3 1 0 n zm
LESSON 5
Th e Verb . Pl ac e Where
The root of a H ebrew verb is usually exhibited in its simplest
the h form by preterite t ird person , singular number , masculine
the a l h the it wa s gender of k or lig t form of verb , as or , ,
su ffixin or ha s been . This form is m ade feminine by g TI preceded
' 7 ’ a mets she i t wa s ha s been . by q ( as TII I TI, , or , , or 7 8 “ NOTE : The final TI of TI:TI is changed to n when followed by the suffixed TI.
h r he fi wh h fi a t Pla c e w e e is expressed by t pre x 3 ic signi es ,
I w ex eri n a a i nst . ts i , g , etc vo els are various , to be learned by p
T e w is hw ence . h normal vo el S a
Vocabulary he or was a t , it , TIc , in
' She or was ’ who wh h , it , TII I TI , ic 7 8 “ f fl
2 0 THE ELEMEN TS OF HEBREW
Exercise ‘ 1 1 17 1 11 W 1 N 1 ’ 1 ; 3 3 3 . mgm EI] 19g w e nnN m
- N N17 1 11 5 $1 t 5 11; 4 t h an rmN1 m 3 l? 3 1 ?
“ n t N17 ! 3 37 17 1 7 7 17 3 13 “ MN e zc m; mp if " m ?
3 1 7 152 1 TUTTI R’ m " PS7: ‘l ' l l f
LESSON 7 l Th P fi 7 Th P in e re x e ronoun the D ative Case .
Th e D emonstrative Pronoun or Adj ective ‘ The wh h is fi the 7 , ic used as a pre x , is derived from prepo
u to un to wh fi d the ffi sitio $6, or , and en pre xe to su x forms of
the ro no un forms w p , a dative case as near as may be in Hebre t h I to or e h . t e m s t e n e g . , form ? , or f , is compo ed of pronomi al
ffi fi wh h the su x , rst person , singular , ic is a remnant of pronoun i ” I he fi I he t . n t o DER, , and prepositional pre x 7 form t or
‘ “ or thee the 15 the the the f , , 7 same as in preceding ; I is derived
m the h fro pronoun second , singular , masculine , TWIN by c anging
' the h 1I to D , or per aps better , from flax supposedly a more
“ ' Th x n . e ? f 1 ancient form of ag form " is rom second ,
s o . ingular , feminine , as ab ve
The demonstrative ronoun when p , used attributively , always
' has the fi fi w w the de nite article pre xed , and al ays follo s noun , as
’ thi s ma n . 11 t Wfla, Vocabulary
- 1 5 4 to thee J ? LESSON 8 2 1
a woman
f " ! h h t ese , t ose
Exercise
' ° N n 101 “ 11 1 1 . n 1 nn ; 1 3 q 2 5 17 ; 93 111 ‘ S W7 Nan 5 Wm71 13 13 5 ma wzfn 4
‘ " w ; 11213 1 237 1 1 0 fl ag; H? was 9 mgm1 3 155 a 1199 " 113133 Wi n] a? 1 1313 mi n 1 1 5 1119 rm
7 -12 W8 nan
h 2 1 1 h n . . sh 3 h m e an e . n h . T ou a d d . T is a and t is
4 n h h h . . h . d d 5 h woman . T is ouse a t is gar en T ou art t e Th 6 . h . 7 . e t h woman . T is son son belonging o t ee .
LESSON 8
h l P Pl T e Persona ronoun , ural
Fo r the use the a see L 6 of personal or sep rate pronoun , esson
Note carefully in the vocabulary below the peculiar plurals
’ m B h h h a ma n a wo a n . s w s t e of wfl , , and figs, ot t e e ord take masculine plural termination D" ; the plural meaning women is distinguished from the one meaning men by dropping the initial N
N : The o f the the h r OTE termination verb in t ird pe so n ,
is plural , I . 2 2 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
11 3 111311113513
u ye : Yo {1413 13 113 13 women men D’ l s they were
h w . . a . . s D D bot and , as ell ; M ; Exercise
1 1 1 1 4 . n N 3 . u 13 1 11 2 1 3 1 13 1 111 1 1 9 , j 1 3 5 1 gq, ; m 3 , 3 3
' “ 1 1 1:1 O u 1 1 o . n 13 1 1 MN am WN . 913 1 n 5 wgn 3 3 5 E . c g
1 1 1 9 1 11 0 12111 a 5 1 1 -11
“ D 1 1 1 3 V ? In 02 D 1 ! ; 0 . mgg 1 r3
- 113NC11 1 113 1 2 LESSON 9
Th e P ssiv i osse e Suffix, Second Person , S ngular, M as culine an d Feminine
Fo r the a t the s s ffi S S deriv ion of pos e sive su x , econd , in gular
‘ h s 7 as t s th see L so . m culine , fl, y, and econd , feminine , I, y, es n
“ a two ho v as 3 a ki n is a A noun cont ining seg ls ( 117 5, g, c lled
o w a se hola te is w s t n the fi st fr m its vo els g , and al ay accen ed o r
sylla ble .
N : t h s wh is OTE Any noun containing wo s ort vowel , ich
t the fi s is te st se ola . accen ed on r yllable , called a gh
M w s s h sufii x asculine ord , uc as are made feminine by
h r . in t e th mets . g letter TI preceded by e vowel qa ( e g ,
a ueen . nQbQ , q
h fi f is mets Note t at the na l vowel . o a verb ending in TI qa
( 1 ) instead of the usua l pa tta c h LESSON 1 0 23
Vocabul ary
“ kin 1 1 a g 15 -5
3 7 a queen TI i7 r3
h h n fat er 3 1$ eart , la d V3 15;
’ father (prepared for suffix) my king to a man W6 13 my land ‘ K ' Ils thy father “ ’ to w . J of D a oman I ls form , I
“ “; has h h my city I he boug t , he boug t Tun
Exercise
m 51 3 3 5 1 3 1 1 3 2 5 1 11 1 3 1 p3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 13 3
1 1 3. 1p 3 1113 1 3 113 5 13 11 3 511 3. 4
1 1 11 1 1 1 D 11 3 7 . 3 3 1 13 3 3. 1 5 3. 3 3 3 3 13 3 3 5 1 1 13 9 3 1 13 3 1 3 1 111 11 13 3 1 11 1 1 1 13 3 3 1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 1
1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 11 3 3 3 3 51 3 33 3 1 1 3 13 0 . 113 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 33 13 11 3 13 3
i 2 M h h M s . . 1 . y garden large y fat er and my mot er were h h h 3 . t . 4 . k in the city . Thy fa t er and y mot er The ing and h h S. h n 6 . the quee . The king bo ug t a ouse from my fat er .
h is is My fat er large and my mo ther small .
LESSON 1 0 — Th e Suffix Pronoun Continued
ss s ffi h S s is The po e sive su x , t ird , ingular , ma culine , derived
se he its from the parate pronoun WITI, , by taking middle letter
’ uffix h S is r I ; the possessive s t ird , ingular , feminine , de ived from 24 THE ELEMENTS or HEBREW
' ’ she b s t See the separate pronoun fl n, , y u ing the ini ial i i L esson 6 .
The simplest form of the Hebrew verb is usually the ka l
"
h a s he sold ha s sold . preterite , t ird , singula r , masculine , IDD , or ' ’ ' h is suffixi she . . T is form made feminine by ng T! from K ni. ; e g , ' d she sol a s so . Tl lDD , d or h l I ' l l ?
N : w al li ht is OTE The ord k means g , and used to designate
the light or simple forms of the verb .
Vocabulary 1 a book
m P1? y book 13; a hand
mg; a staff
113 very
ol has s in; he s d , old
F1 3 she sold 0 T i l ?
Exercise
1 1 1 . 3 15 .3 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 3 3 3 “ 3 3 3 3 9 11 3 33 1 9 f ?
1 1 1 1 13 3 3 13 111 11 3 5 11 Nr1 19 3. 3 1 4 3 f 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3
- 5 1 3 7 1 1 3 111 3 11 13 11 31511 . 1 3 9 113 13 1 3 6 5 13 1
” 1 1 1 l 1 1 V12 ” l - 1 9 Hi 3. 3 8 . 1 N 3. 3 1 m . 7 3 3 39 9 3 3 39 3 m 133 1 N11“! 1 0 11 31
1 1 11 - . 3 3. 113 1 13 111 1 3 3 7 8 “ 1 3 13
2 . H His 3 . er . 1 His . . her . city king house and garden
h . 4 5 . s f h . My hand and thy and . The ta f whic (is) in my hand LESSON 1 1 25
LESSON 1 1
‘ Th e Pre osition s p my, 1p and 7
The e os t o with a c c o m me t n o t nstrumen pr p i i n US] , ( pa ni n , i
ta l t is used be o re nouns a s l l with the kin b ut i y) , f , f aen g;
in c o n nec tio n wi th pronouns it a lwa ys bec omes a pre fix wi th a
ro o nal suf a s whe it alwa s h s da esh o te o r p n mi fix , V3 17 , n y a g f r
the doubli ng da gesh .
The e os t o 7 om is used a s a se a ra te wo be ore pr p i i n 19, fr , p rd f
o u s but o re re uen l it bec o es a re x whe it l ses its n n , m f q t y m p fi n o
l s l t Whe used th s ffi r s it fina 1 by as imi a io n . n wi u x p o noun
l h s se d h h h s da s W th s me f a wa ys a a c o n D w ic a ge h forte. i o o
the pronominal suffixes it loses the I a nd wi th so me n o t ; this is
e r x r n e to b lea ned by e pe ie c a nd o bserva tion .
The e os t o is used a lw s be o re o uns b t c n pr p i i n $3] a y f n , u a
v l s ha e pro no mina u ffixes .
ro m o f thee f , ,
w t h b the i , y e 26 THE ELEMENTS OF HEB REW
Exercise was 3 1 1 5115 2 1 21 1121 ox; 1 mg 5 when 5 1; 1 913 4 1 13 5 1111 ox;
1 5 1; 1 m; 6 1 3 13 1; 01191 nag 1 5 151. 1 3 13 1;
1 . 13 1; 1 191 7 3 3151 1 1 1 1 1 13 1 ; 1 9; 319, ‘ m : 7 11 m 1 m m a y 3 p 7 7 ; m l Th h h e . w s n h r k . 2 T t . t r h s w y fa e a o o sebac . e c hild wa i m Th her h th f m 4 th e . 3 . h s w y mo t bo ug t e c u p o e . . S e wa i m h 5 ro e nd ro t ee . . F m a f m
LESSON 1 2
Th l fi l Th E Th e e Pronomina Suf x l . e Preposition TS. F eminine Plural Termination
The o ssess ve suffi our s der ved r the se a ra te p i x ll , , i i f o m p
ro o u 3 we . See esso 8 . p n n 1 1353 , L n
The re os t o n ea r is used se a ra tel be o re o u s p p i i n $3 3 , , p y f n n , k l f b u t ta es pro no mina su fixes .
The o u a brother bec o es e e s ular b a n n n Hit , , m f minin , ing , y
e t o a l use o f the e e l ura l ter a t o a s exc p i n f minin p min i n m, 11 111 3 ,
a si ster . Voc abulary
' lJ nea r her
nea r 7 3 55 o ur fa ther
nea r me our c ity
1 5x11 brother nea r thee sister
r him s lver o e nea i , m n y 7 7
‘ this ma n mmwwgq
28 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW lo ses the R; whe n used wi th pro no mina l suffixes it so me times L et s the s ’ u nto me nd so e t es lo se s it a s ’ to r ain R a ) R, , a m im , 7 , , T
r m o r f o e.
Vocabulary
' a lass a da sel D; , m
f r o , bec a use yo ur fa ther (to boys) OQ’ QR sign of the ac c usa tive
o u o ther to bo s a t to fo r y r m ( y ) Dn , ,
o ur a ther to rls ’ a t to for re y f ( gi ) lg J R , , (p fix)
o ur o ther to rls h wa lked we t y m ( gi ) e , n
“ ea t esh h a t m , fl lwa e e 7 ? a la d a o uth h w l t sa t , y 1 173 e d e ,
Exercise
‘ ' 3 1 ' 5 1 13 11 13 1 1 7 N . 1 23 3 N 3 N 3 3 N
1 1 1 - B 1 11 3 3 3 1 11 3 . 1113 11 1 1 3 11 11 , NN 3 N 1 :N 33 N
’ 1 1 1 11 1 1 7 1 13 19 N . 1 1 3 3 3 N . 1 N3 3 1 n 11 7 11 113 1
' 1 ' ‘ . r17 11 n 7 11 1. 7 2 1 a nN 7 3 s . 1. t1 1 13 23 7 3 N 1
‘ ‘ ' ‘ 1 1 x 1 x 1 w 1 . 3 1 1 N 7 N1 2 N N N 1 9
l Th m n h s h t h k 2 The h l h e a bo u t e b . d te t . a g oo . c i a e h m h m h h l T e n w l v r s u ht e . 3 . a o ed e e bo t e d mea t . i n a a g fi
4 The el is l r e n v r d a d e . . fi g a y go od LESSON 1 4 29
LESSON 1 4
Th e ffi T l l M l Su x Pronoun , hird , P ura , ascu ine an d F Th eminine . e Const ruct State
The suf o no u s th rd l ur l sc ul ne nd fe ne fix pr n , i , p a , ma i a mini , are der ved es ec t vel ro m the se a ra te ro o u s ma s i r p i y f p p n n an, c ul e a n d e e the b us the last c o so an t in in , V I, f minin , y, y ing n n h s . eac c a e See Lesso n 8 .
I n Hebrew o ne no u n is mo dified by a no ther by plac ing the modified no un befo re the nou n whic h in La ti n wo uld be in the Th geni tive c a se . e wo rd in the geni tive rela tio n is never c ha nged
for b u t ma h ve the e e rt l the m ed ou in m , y a d fini t a ic e ; odifi n n , however is lwa s c h n e hen it be it is then , a y a g d in form w c a n ; sa d to be in the c onstruc t sta te The c o struc t ever ha s the i . n n de n te a rt c le bu t is e de n te en its follow fi i i , mad fi i in s se by ing T modifier . he modifier ma y or may no t ha ve the de fini te a rtic le .
NOTE : Mo no sylla bles a nd seghola tes in the c o nstruc t sta te a re no t c ha ed fo tho u h m s ll ble m su fer a ng in rm , g a o no y a a y f sho te f i s w l The r i s he r ning o t vo e . modifie no u n s a id to be in t a bs te olu sta te .
Vocabulary
0 their king
wa roa d c usto h y , , m the ho rse of the a vineya rd . kmg 03 0 the kmg s horse a (gra pe) v1ne
“ the king o f the c ity NE! a serva n t their bo o k 0 1 5 0 he rode
“ he wa tc hed ua rde ke t , g d , p jaw 3 0 TH E ELEMENTS OF HEB REW
Exercise ‘ ‘ 13 1 211 511 1 3 1 51 13 1 11 1 1 7 11 7 3 1 3 N 1 . 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 N 1 11111117 1 511 1 11 1315 3 1 193 1 11 5 15 5 1 111} 1 111 51 13 0 191 3 4
’ - ‘ 1 1 1 1 ' 7 . 13 1 1 1 1 1} . w e 1 mo 7 11 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 N 3 1 11 N . 1 N 1 1 1 1 N
11 11 1 1 . 3 N 011: $ 3 3 13 11 11 3 1 5x5; 3 wj 1 5 1 1 1 7 7
1 3 1 11 1 0 . 1 5 1 9 . 1 1 1 2 13 1 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 13 1 13 1 1 3 3 1 O N 11 1111 1 1 171 1 1 1 3 1 13 1 13 1. 13 3 1 113 1 3 1p
1 . The r ho use the r rd h r 2 wa i ; i ga en ; t ei serva nt . . The y
4 . t . . h of the c i y 3 The mo t er of the c hild (is) a good wo ma n .
ta ble belo m h l r 5 t we The nging to y fa t er (is) a ge . The o r of th e i h c ity ( s) i gh .
Paradigms
‘ > “IZ Q a ho rse 010
my ho rse ’ Ql D
“
f f . f r . r m p o n su . m p o n su IDID thy king thy ho rse “ ’ r f f . . . o . s . r . su f p n u f . p o n ID ID his king his ho rse 10 10 her king her ho rse FLO’ID
’ our king our ho rse iJQiD
r f f . . o . su . r . s m p n Q Q m p o n u . D D1D yo ur QPQ yo ur Q kmg ho rse . f . r . s f . u ro . su f p o n f . p n IQQID
f ‘ . r . su . r f m p o n DD Q m . p o n . su . D D their Q their Q km ho rse g ‘ f . . ro . s r u f . f p n u 13 5 79 f . p o n . s ID D LESSON 1 5 3 1
LESSON 1 5
‘ Th e Verbal Suflormative
The pa rts su fii xed a nd pre fixed to a H e brew verbal roo t to
a ke u its e rso s u bers a n d e de s are c a lle res ec t vel m p p n , n m g n r d p i y suflo rma tives a n d reforma tives the a re der ved l ke the o s p ; y i , i p
Sessive suf es ro the se a ra te ro o u . fix , f m p p n n
" The verba l sufio r a tive I is der ved o the ro o u m TI , , i fr m p n n
” r ” I T s 3 3 b su os a o re a c e t o r H o 1 1 . h 3 y pp ing m n i n f m ints 3 3 , i
" ” h ffix he v r r h f the w e su ed to t e b ste a kes t e 1 . c . o PI , n n , m , S
5 ] . v r . wa tc hed r have wa hed e b e . o tc ; g , ” 171 I , . n
No te tha t the c o struc t o f the o u ’ a house is ’ n n n n fi, , n z ,
l h h s ll l e e the house of . No te a so t a t t e dis y a b e mi; bec o m s th mo nosylla ble n’ Z l The sa me rule ho lds go od wi th all dissyl la bles c on ta ining a pa tta c h in the first sylla ble a nd a n in s r h h r e ted yod wi t c hi eq in the Sec o nd .
Vocabulary
" r l ’ h h f I ha ve (ve ba termin . ) n t e o use o
ha ve wa tc h ” 5 the ho use o f th I ed , 1 1 e i . guarded ki ng I rode or ha ve ridden wine he wro te 3 11 3 the wine o f 1
" he sa d a n e e a fo u ta i mks y , n in
“ he saw the e e o u ta of fist ! y , f n in ,
' saw ha ve seen W wa ter wa ters I , TI EI ( ) a ho use a na me
D a vid 3 2 THE ELEMENTS OF HEB REW
Exercise
' ‘ 1 ‘ 1 1 1 15 7 1 15 11 5 . 7 1 15 N 1 . N 1 1 1 111 1 5 nN1. N1 5 5
" 1 1 1 1 1 15 15 :1 7 1 1 0115 1 1 4 . mo 53 1 3 . 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 N 1 1 5 N 35 51
‘ 1 015 5 e 1 1 1 . 1 1 : 1. 1 1 1 11111 N5
1 1 1 1 5 11 5 15 1 1 n11 1. 1 9 $ 1 1 12 7 1 5 5 1 nN 1 . 1 1 1 N N1 N 15 1 1
° 1 1 1 1 1 1 N 11 551 5 :N15 1 1 0 mo nN 1. N1 5 N9
1 ' 1 15 11 n 11 5 1 12 . 1 1 1 111 1 15 15 1 1 11 10 5 N . 1 N 1 5 ; 1 1 N 1 5
1 15 1. 1 1 1 3 1 555 1 1 1 11 1 5
1 k i D v . e s . I n The na m of the ing ( ) a id 2 . the na me of the
. h v uee 4 k . 3 e see rv a r Se a t . ing I n the q n and he n . The eye of
r w k v s ste . 5 . e er thy i The in of the ing is y good .
LESSON 1 6
Th e Sufformatives of th e Preterite
ro se a ra te ro o u thou a sc ul e de ved F m the p p n n ” as, , m in , is ri
whic h suffixed verbal ster o r s eter te the n, to the n f m the pr i sec o nd ,
l l e ver th u m s u a r asc u b o a n ha st wa tc hed . ing , m in , of the , as 11 :19t ( )
r u r ro o o u tho , fe e , e ved 1 wh c h F m the p n n minin is d i the 3 , i suffixed ve rba l ster o r s eter te sec o d s ula r to the n f m the pr i n , ing ,
thou w ha st wa tc ed e e o a h . f minin , as nj pg, ( m n)
‘ o Se a ra te ro o u ’ she der ve Fr m the p p n n N fl . , is i d the . l,
wh c h suffixed verba l ste fo r s reter te th rd s u i to the m m the p i i , ing l ' ar fe n e D she ha s wa tc hed . , mi in , as H I Q, LESSON 1 6 3 3
Vocabulary
shee oc k of shee 2 13? p , fl p 13 tho u hast he loved ha s loved , ants
ha ve he ave has ve I g , gi n 113 3
the bro ther of the TIN tho u hast O k w c h ing a t ed “ s c ere ho est u r ht in , n . p ig 123: she has J a c ob 3 17 2 :
wa tc hed a ba she , has L n 1g? wa tc hed $r11
Exercise
4 f rom5 11 1 2 1 11 11 11 2 1 15 1 111 1 1
1112 11 11 1 1911 3 11 111 4 3 1 111 1 1 11 “ 111 11 6 in: 7 01 1 1 15 1111 11 1 5
1 5 5 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 mm . 11:
1511 1512 9 9 1111 15 1 11 6151 1 11 1 111 5111 8 1 1 1111
' 1 1 x N 1 1 1 1 1 x 1 1r1N1 o . 5 N1N n 1 1 51 1 :11nN1 1N nN
oN' BN 1 15 111 1 15 N 1 1 1 5 651 7 1 1 1 5 15,
1 i e e . 2 c t f k s v a t . wer i . The i y o the ing ( ) ry gr The to s
f ki is a n h m 4 h h 3 . rv v r . se n o es n . e y ig The a n t o the g ( ) n t a .
T h k Th dst 5 . o u s r ho u a st so ld thy boo . di eat and thy Si t e did
wri te . 3 4 THE ELEMEN TS o r HEB REW
LESSON 1 7
Th e Formation of Plurals
The plura l o f a m asc uline n o u n is formed by the a dditio n o f
h s lla ble " to the s ula r w th c erta vo wel c h s t e y D ing , i in a nge to
e r e c e n l er s ru l l le r ed b e a d a t t c t o e . . th u r be a n y xp i n in i n ; g , e p a
o f a book is books . 1 95 , , The pl ura l o f a feminine no u n is fo rmed by the addi tio n o f
l to the s ul r s a r e the s lla b e a , a , a d n 3 , a rdens . y m ing n g , 11 1 3 g
The wo rd a ll it bec o mes e c l t c is wr te 5 5 , , if n i i , i t n
the a mets sta d n a c lo sed u ac c e te ll where q , n i g in n n d sy able is
a mets c ha tu a nd is to be ro o u c ed l ke a u c kl u ttered g f , p n n i q i y o , a s the o in ob ey .
REMA RK : A c losed sylla ble is a sylla ble e nding in a c o n
so na nt .
Vocabulary
’ books D r hteo us ust j QQ ig , j
a rde s tho se these g n 11 133 ,
d but et bec a use indee , , y ,
m . 7 0s
' — I l l IR c ities
Di g) a sto ne
nu} there
’ c lo th a a r D fiw , g ment
he took
3 6 THE ELEMENTS O F HEB REW
’ r m . ” 9 a d ove fine bea u t ul a r , if , f i TIE): beginning da a ” y , day 01 end
“ a wo d a th a ffa r ? r , ing , an i in ! an ass
Exercise
1 3:2 1 11 1 111 11 1 11 131 11 3 1 11152 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 ; 1 15 . 92 11
“ “ “ 7 1 15 11 9 1 111 111 3 1 3 1 1 1 1311 7 11 1 111 115 1 11 111 1 mm 1 1111111519 1 11 : 1 1111 111 4 1 11 :
1 1 1 3 11 15 1 11 11 15 11 11 1. 11 11 1 151 e . 1 111 1 11 5 1 1 11 ‘ 91 15 1 1 15 1 1 115 11 1 1 7 15 111 51 7 1 11 1 111 1 111 ; 15 1 1 1
’ 3 119 w1 15 1 1 1 15 9 5 1 11 1 111 1 1211 11 1 3 3 37 1 111 1
1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 ; . 1 11 13 1 1 11 111 1 1323 111 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1111 11 3 111 1 111 1111 1 19 1 1 1 11 1 1 1111 3 119 1 3
T her 1 . T 2 . h t he tower (is) higher tha n the ho use . y fa (is)
’
4 . l r h m h r e ha ve see k s arde . o de t a n y mo t e . 3 . W n the ing g n h 5 e ha ve l ve d t s c t . This ga rden is la rger tha n the c i ty . W i in i y
LESSON 1 9
Possessive Suffixes for Plural Nouns
The po ssessive suffixes for plura l no u ns a re the sa me as
h e r ul s see esso s 4 9 1 0 1 2 to b ut r alwa s t os fo sing a r ( L n , , , a e y prec eded by wi th a vowel system to be lea rned by experienc e a d l er r n a t inst uc tio n . LESSON 1 9 3 7
Vocabulary
l u s m books my (with p ur . no n ) y
“Q t thy (with l r o u s p u . n n ) f sun
to a ma n fl’ fiBD moo n thy boo ks 3 “ to a wo ma n 11 1 53? V " !
“ ev l bad w c ked i , , i y !
God
Personal Pronouns in th e A ccusative Case
1 11 15 us
Exerci se
1 1 1 715 1 2 11 111 WWI I ” N 0 1 515 15 1 3 11 1115 1 3 1 5 . 3
- ’ - in 1113 e 3 5 11 wp r m 1; " é p 1 T R ; 51 15 11 1 131 113 1191 13 1 33 4 1 1191; 13 11 111 1 0 1 1 3 3 1
' ‘ 1 1 - 3 3 1 1 11 1n15 11 1 9 0 5 5 . 1 mm 7 15 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 151 11 5 11 15 7 11 1 13 1} 15 7 5 1 5 1 1 1 13 1 “ 1 3 1 1 i 3 1 1 X ? 1 3 ; 1 5 1 3 8 TH E ELEMEN TS OF HE B REW
1 151 1 1115 13 1115 1 11 1 131 1 1 115 a 11 15 13 1 151
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . 5 11 21 1 15 1 2 15 1 5g 1 1 1 1 1 213 1 11 1 1 1 9 . 13 11
‘ 1 1 11 1 3 13 11115 11 N11. 1 ; 1 1 1 1115 11 151 11 131; 51 5 1113115 1. 151
- C111 1551 $1 13 c ram1 0 1 1121153 13 11 1 1 513 1 2
1 r hers b ro thers h ve bee M b o t a a rde . . y and thy n in the g n
2 s s r r d s sters re l . M te s a e oo a bea u t . . y i ( ) g , and thy i ( ) ifu 3
h rses r l r h rses re ll 4 m n M y o (a e) a ge and thy o (a ) sma . . The e
r 5 . r who (a re) in this c i ty (a e) go od . I we n t into the ga de n of
l r 6 . r e w s e t . 7 k . a a I n t s the ing The ga d n a in g c i y . the c i y wa w ’ h h . . t er w s ve r 9 . k a tower 8 . The o a y ig The ing s ho use wa s
nea r the tower .
LESSON 20
Th e Possessive Suffixes for Plural Nouns Continued
l e 1 Fo r instruc ti o n on this esso n See L sso n 9 .
Vocabulary
’ " l m . 013 l i with plu ra l no u ns yo u ha ve tended . 1 1 : 111 1 1911
' P I? ’ wha t ? HQ 1 1 111 why ?
" ; a fo rest W yo u (ha ve) da ughters (11 3 )
DON “ ) to or for us yo u ha ve Seen “ lam ! a yea r LESSON 20 3 9
to or for you
to or for them
ho uses U ’ n; (11 1 1)
Exercise
1 1 111 1 1 1 111 131 11111111 1 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 3 3 1 3 11 35 1 1
1 11 1 1 1 1 111 1 3 11 11 1 1 5 5 r mn1 2 1 _ ‘ 1 ' 1 1 11 1 5 1 1 51 1 | 5 1 J V 13 1 11 1 1 1 11 15 1 1 1 15 1 11 115 1 115 4 11 1 111 1 1 51
1 1 111 1 111 1 51331 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 13 11 111 5 1. 1 5 5 1 51 1
' 1 n1~ 11 1 m 11 1 1 1 11 1 11n1 115 e 5 5 1 g 11 1 1 11 5 ,_ 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 113 5 3 13 1111 11 1 5111 11 51 1 1 11 1 11 51 7 1 1 1 111
1 1 } 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 112 13 1 1 0 11 11 ; 1 11111 1 13 1 119 1 11 9 . 13 1 11
’ 1 1 51 1 1 13 1 1 1 131 5 11 01 1 51 11 1113 1 11 1111 1 1 1 1 111 w1 115 1 1 13 11 1 1 1 1 1 51 131 1 2 1 1 1 1 119 1 1 13 11 1 1 1 111
1 1 1 1 1: 1 1 1 mg 51 13 13 1 1 13 1 1 1 1. 11 1 1115 1 3 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 1 - 1 511 1 5 1 11 511 1 1. 11 1 4 1 1 1 11 51 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1
1 11 1 111 1 - 11 1 I ? “ 35
Y h v e e shee wh c h belo to m a ther . 1 . o u a e t nd d the p i ( ng) y f
h 4 e ? . 2 His h l re ood . 3 . W no t wr te W . c i d n are g y did you i
6 She ke t te b u t s ster no t . . wr e . We wro r did i t 5 . , ou i did has p
her bea u tifu l ga rme nts . 40 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
LESSON 2 l — Verbal Sufformatives of th e Preterite Continued
The sylla ble l sufiixed to the verba l stern fo rms the preteri te h l l t d ura a s the ha ve ke t. o ir , p , common , y p The rigin of
h s is t S 1 6 1 8 . i 1 not known . ee Lesso ns a nd
Vocabulary
’ th ha v v l f — r e e rba su . k s ho s s y ( e ) 1 7 the ing e
° they ha ve gua rded ho uses (b tté em) they ha ve lo ved 13 mg the ho uses of
' ’ they ha ve seen iN l m y f a t h e r s (n abso rbed) ho uses ' the kings of ’ 3 7 D he has left ‘ the kings of the N W J 3 7 3 he has lea rned al l h thgstzn es "JJ u ust ; a n u ust of R (13 N) nj nj , w c ked ma n
1 i ' ‘ the sto nes of the n lwn US N a neighbo r J” field
Exercise
8 17 m J 2 . 1 J3 3 1 1 J3 3 J 1 V1 3 , 33 33 ] 3 3 3 1 3 3
' ‘ 1 J J 1 m J 3 J 7 1 3 3 1 3 c 3 3 3 . J J mm
“ ‘ ’ ’ J J J J ~ J J J 7 3 5 . 3 3 1 3 n 7 J1 J J 4 . 1 7 ' 1 3 3 1 1 7 l ? 1 3 3 3 3 3
- ‘ J J ~ J . 3 1 3 m it 6 . 1 v 3 J3 7 3 1 1 J m 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 ; 3 7 - 3 ” ' ‘ DJ 7 J 3 J 3 J 3 7 uJ J J 3 J 3 3 3 a . 1 3 33 13 3 3 e 1 1 3 g " 4 ' 7 3 3 7 1 0 3 3 13 3 3 3 3 J 1 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 73 J1 3 7 RE
J ’ J ew 33 1 N3 J3 2> l J TDRH . 3 1 J3 3 3 3 3 " D 3 3 3 n 1 V 3 7 8 3 3 3
’ ‘ J J x 37 3 1 N3 1. 3 J 3 1 33 3 p 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 . 3 J J iJ J J3 LESSON 2 2 4 1
3 1241 3 5 3 J3 33 J 3 3 3 3 13 3 mix-3 3 J3 rv 3 J 3 1 3 3 33 1 4
1 M st rs h ve he . 2 T . he s b l y si e a seen t king . book e o nging
h T r to t y bro ther (a re ) good . 3 . he ighteo us (a re) be tter tha n
the w c ke . 4 T e T h s rv ts f the r . he d . 5 i e a n o king a e wise . d resses o f thy sister a re fin e
LESSON 2 2
Th e Th D l N . ffix Construct State . e ua umber Su es
w l N n 2 1 ith Plura ou sf (See Lesson )
I n Hebrew when o ne no u n modifies a no ther it a lwa ys follows the o d ed o u a n d the d ed o u is c ha ed o r m ifi n n , mo ifi n n ng in f m if it c a n be c ha nged ; thi s c ha nged fo rm is sa id to be in the c on struc t s te h , m a ther ta e . . c ou nsel w e od ed b , g , n m ifi y 3 J y f , . § bec o e h v h h r e ‘ s 1 , the c ou n sel o a n d we a e t e as 3 13 11 7 , m 11 3 1 f , p 5 3 5
’ he c t ou nsel of my f a ther (my f a ther s c ou n sel) .
Segho la tes a n d mo no sylla bles a re n o t c ha nged whe n fo l lowed b a o r a l d er the a re everthe less sa d to be y n m mo ifi ; y , n , i — ' the c o struc t sta te as é the kin o the la n d 1 rp in n , V1 55? 1 &3 , g f 12
h e 14 . u nc a nged . Se Lesso n
R N r e v r h the de te a rt c le b u t is EMARKS : 0 c o nst uc t e a s fini i , ,
e ve rtheless a e de te b the od e r the o d e r ma o r n , m d fini y m ifi ; m ifi y m n v l a y o t ha e the de fini te a rtic e .
The a r s f h o r a rt s o f a a ls a t ura ll p t o t e h u ma n body , p nim , n y i n a rs a re e re e H e rew b a d ua l stea o f a lura l p i , xp ss d in b y in d p f r f th he rd a n e e o r a ou ntai n o o e wo rd e . . ro t wo S7 , m ; g , f m P , y , f
’ r ounta i ns b u t whe we ha ve the l u ra l JS e es a , o , p D J , y (m ny) f n ro predic a ted o f a pe rso n the wo rd is a lwa ys two eyes . F m
l : ’ a oot e ha ve two eet. 7 1 1 f , w D SJW, f 42 THE ELEMENTS O F HEBREW
Vocabulary
’ ea rs la o d ess , nr n g n j y n gw. 3 3 3
ee t a ter 1 e f 3 3 3 1 f 1 3 3 . eyes he has hea rd 37 3 3
ha ds a t r n nfi: a p s u e 1. 3 1 3
r f w h 1 ” ou su . t 0 ha s a r d b e a ra d ( i 1 ) l l : he fe e ( e n f i ) m: o u r kings 13 l n they ha ve fea red m1
- o u r fa thers (pa rents) p igint; he h as known 37 1
c o u nsel ngy Pha ra o h 3 311 5 thaifitgl sel of my J 3 33 nxg Goshen Ml ea r : 3 MAN f mm ” 1 3 1 51t
c o a l w v d , a 11 5 1 o c e 510 a mm n a 3 1 3 . . n i
r e o rrow g i f , S r mn
Exercise
w as m en 1 23 1 37 1 3 93 m es 1 9 1
JJ x' 3 3 3 o ax-3 J1 3 > . n ngt 1 3 3 33 n m 3 3 ‘ n ewsw e on? m; w " ‘ ' J J 3 NJ 1 N3 J N? o 7 3 3 rJ 3 . mx? 1. 1 3 3 33 3 3 V 3 1 35
‘ ’ J 3 $ . 3 4 3 3 3 rJ xv7 7 3 3 3 3 3 .1 3 J 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 . n 3 3 ‘ 13 N nJJn 7 J 3 3 13 J 3 3 3 11 3 3 3 3 3 13 5 3 J 5 J 3 3
' ’ ‘ m J J 3 7 J 3 7 3 3 3 W m 6 o f m1 J fiJ . 3 7 3 1 3 ; 3 3 3 7 8 7
’ ’ ‘ ‘ - 3 7 3 JJ x3 n J1 J 7 Jp 3 3 3 3 1 a 3 3 8 . 3 J 3 3 3
44 THE ELEMENTS O F HEBREW
m . WV ” hea rt w r . e a e 13 4 keen “ 0 3 f . 3 11 3 3 the mo u th
m . 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 mo u th of
f 11 11 3 3 113 13 my mou th
m 3 1 3 3 3 3 his mo uth
3 11 3 3 13 her mo u th
c o rrec tio n mn tongue
da rk ess da rk 3 3 1 n ,
J ehovah (the Lo rd) ” in
Exercise
' ” 9 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 11 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 $3 3 2 . 1 1 3 J 1 3 3 3 3 3 1
1 l 1 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 1. 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 f 3 q
1 m 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 -3 3 : 1 3 3 13 3 3 3 13 . 3 3 3 113 3 5 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 11 3 3 3 3 13 3 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 43 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 . 3 1
5 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 17 3 1 13 1 3 3 3 3 ] . 1 3 3 3 3 6
1 1 8 . 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3
1 1 3 1 3 3 3 13 3 3 9 . 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 13
3 1 J3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 . 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 0 3 3 3 1 4 :3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 13 7 17 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 513 1 3 13 :3 13 3
2 s r i r . . b e wr . s w t o a t . 3 1 . The boy i ing The y i ing The
4 s ers k w me nd k rl es to a rde . . s t o a ow gi go in the g n Thy i n , I n
r thy siste s . LESSON 24 45
LESSON 24
T ffi Th e Preformative of K al Future . h e Possessive Su x with Plural Nouns
While the pre teri te o f the Heb rew verb is fo rmed by mea ns
' o f sn orma tives o r a s the a re a lso c a lled a orma tives the fi , , y , fi ,
' tu re i r e e s f b th re orm t ves n n rma tives fu s fo m d by m a n o o p f a i a d s fio ,
b u t the prefo rma tives preva il .
ro the se a ra te ro o u I is der ve the wh c h F m p p n n , i d S , i
e ed to the verba l stern usuall c o c d w th the t ve pr fix , y in i ing i infini i
c o stru c t see esso a s WD , to kee o r s the ka l u tu re , n ( L n Q p , f m f
l r s l ee st , s u a c o o as fibtflt, ha l will , k . fir ing , mm n , f g I , p ‘ The l u a l o ssess ve su fii xes used w th l u ra l o u s d f er p r p i , i p n n , i f
ro tho se used w th s u la rs the th rd lu ral asc ul e f m i ing in i , p , m in a n d e e tha t the who le ro o u D o r is used stead f minin , in p n n TT 17 1 in
ee s o f the fina l 0 o r ] o nly . (S Les o n
Vocabulary
w ll sha ll I i , R yo ur boo ks sha ll w ll kee WD I , i , p WQS j I sha ll ta ke ” (” ) P P- AS ? thei r wo rds a f fa i rs 1 sha ll give 13 3 (13 g)
I sha ll dwell BWR (3 222) he ruled
’ a t o n eo l m . 03 n i , p p e r w l yo u ( ith p . ) ’ a da lD ? y
” D to - da th s da U ? y , i y th r l ei ( p . ) , t rouble so rrow 11 T , , d istress 46 THE ELEMENTS O F HEBREW he ru led over l ke as l ke a s i , i ,
rec ous c o stl p i , y , so ul
Exercise
13 3 5 1J 3 3 1J 1 3 J 1 3 3 3 3 2 . 3 3 $3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1
' 1 3 3 3 1 3 J 7 J 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 . 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ” 3 3
‘ 4 3 q 7 3 1 53 3 1 13 33 V1 3 3 3 13 3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 1J 3 33 J
‘ 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 . 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 3 V 9 3 1 3 7 8 3 3 3
3 J 3 J J3 ' 3 3 11 1J 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3
‘ ‘ 13 1 13 3 3 1 13 3 3 1 3 7 3 J 3 1J 3 3 ; 1 3 3 J 3 3 6
J ' - J J J 1 J . 3 1J 3 1 3 3 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 . 1 3 3
3 1 3 5 3 J 1J 3 3 1 3 3 a . 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
1 3 1 3 3 1113 1J 1 3 3 9 J 3 3 3 J 3 J ' 3 1 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 13 3 3 3
5 0 13 31
1 i l 2 Th s k s h re re l . boo oo t e w u . ll . d o b i g , f I i y it I wi keep h ll 4 . 3 . s ee r a s k . . h ve see r my wo d I the ing I a n all yo u boo ks .
h u es a re l r Y r o s a e b u t o u r ho ses a re s ll . 5 . o u u a ( ) g , ( ) m LESSON 25 4 7
LESSON 2 5
Preformati ves a n d Sufformatives of K a l Future Contin ued
‘ ro the se a ra te ro o u thou asc ul e is der ved F m p p n n , TQS , , m in , i the wh c h re ed to the verba l ste see esso o r s n , i , p fix m ( L n f m
' ' the ka l u t u re sec o d s ula r asc ul e a s thou ma n f , n , ing , m in , WDWFI, ( )
” wi lt sha lt kee . ro the se a ra te ro o u so et es , , p F m p p n n Fm, m im
o u d la c e o f thou e e the a nd the la tter o f f n in p Us, , f minin , n wh c h re e to the verba l ste as desc r be a bo ve a nd the i p fix d m i d ,
o r er suffixed to it to ethe r o r the ka l u tu re sec o d s u f m , g f m f , n , ing
' ” ‘ ‘ l - a r e e as thou wo a wilt sha lt kee . , f minin , VJ WI l, ( m n) , , p
Vocabulary
_ p| he bec a e o r wa s w se OD m , , i D tho u w lt sha lt i , c o n tempt
3 a er the a er o f 1 3 3 m nn , m nn 3 1 3 tho u sha lt keep ” W? poo r J ug
' tho u sha lt sa y WDNlJ l go (impera tive) th o u sha lt give return (impera tive) 3 m tho u shalt ta ke deed a c t o roduc t o , i n , p i n 3 3 17 3 v - z their Sisters a stra nger 7 3 l to o r fo r us he o ressed , , pp Wil ?
D he oc ked der e 17 i ? m , id d 1 5 to o r f r o u , o , y he ha s do e he a de l? ? n , m
i r r ’ there s , the e a e W to o r o r the , f , m I” ? he has j udged 48 THE ELEMENTS or HEBREW
Exercise
‘ 3 J 7 J 3 3 3 3 533 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 J 3 3 3 3 53 3 3 1 3 ‘ 1 7 8 ? 7 3 1
J J ‘ J J ' : 3 1 11 3 11 3 7 3 3 3 3 3 11 2 . 3 7 3 5 3 , 3 3 3 33 3 3 1 ‘ 1 3 91 3 13 1 1 3227 1 mm7 3 3 1 3 3 13 1 11 m
‘ ‘ 3 3 J 3 3 3 7 3 3 J 3 13 3 J 1 1 1 3 3 J 3 3 J 3 :3 3 7 3 3 3 3 13
' ' 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 J 3 13 3 3 J 3 3 3 D’ WJ‘ZS1 ,1 s 3 1 4 m 3 93 3 P1 3 1 6 £120 1 917 11 as 5
J J ' ‘ . 3 19 7 13 7 8 1 3 3 3 7 . 1 J - 3 3 3 3 3 3 r z f 3 $3 3 1 3
11 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 0 . 13 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 53 v - t 3
l h 2 . l e e t e k es his le . w d l . e The ing j udg p o p I i not j u g , n i r 4 h l 3 r h teo us kee la ws God . . s a t tho u j udge . . The ig p the of
l l h ll th s boo k b u t Tho u a so ust kee His a ws . 5 . a bu , , m p I S y i ,
th o u sha lt n o t .
LESSON 26
Preformatives an d Sufformatives of K al Future
Con tinued
— r e ra te ro o u he is de r ved b F o m the S pa p n n 3 13 , , i the y the — t ra nsmu ta tio n of n whic h prefixed to the verba l stem (see
s 24 o r s ka l u ture th rd s ula r asc ul e a s Les o n ) f m the f , i , ing , m in ,
" ’ h he wi ll sha ll kee . ro se a ra te ro o u s e fibw, , , p F m the p p n n N n, ,
— ‘ — h is derived the n by the tra nsm u ta tio n of . I whi c pre fixed to
v rb l te o r s ka l u t ure th rd s ula r e e the e a s m f m the f , i , ing , f minin ,
'
she will sha ll kee . a s fibwn, , , p LESSON 26 49
REMARK S : I t is to be c a refully no ted th a t whe n the le tter
n ma sc u line is followed by a nything else tha n the le tters o f its
- own ro o u it a lw s bec o es a a n d it is l kew se to p n n Ni t l , a y m i i
be no ted tha t when the le tter Tl fe minine is fo llowed by a nything
else tha n the le tters o f its o wn ro o u n ’ it a lwa s bec o es p n R n, y m
a n.
Vocabulary
he sha ll w ll t e , i im
S he ha ll w ll S , i seed
he shall w ll kee " h has r a ed , i , p fibw e e p
she sha ll w ll k h s , i , eep a rve t
he will give yo uth
she will give old a ge
he will ta ke a nything
she will ta ke he ha s sown
he w ll sa Q ’ h e c o ed truste i y ( W lS) nfid , d
she will sa y WUNfi stra ight
innoc enc e he was a nxio us
innoc ent HOW
sec ure sa e o th ess no t , f rm; n ingn , Y
Exercise
‘ so ”3 c 1 ; 7 3 1 ? . m 1 1 , 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 53 3 5 3 ’ w 1 3 3 3 3 2 5 0 THE ELEMENTS O F HEBREW
1 - 1 4 . 3 13 3 1 3 ou mxvh 1 M ! 3 3 1, 33 r; 225 t 11 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 33 3 3 5 . 3 3
1 13 3 11 33 3 1 1 3 3 3 6 3 1 13 3 13 3 3 3 - v 13 3 1 1 3 3 3 ‘ 3 3 1 1 1 7 7 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 a . 3 3 13 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 - 3 3 1 1 3 11 3 5 3 3 9 . 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 13 3 3 1 1 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 “ 3 3 1 : 3 3 3 V T
- 3 311 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 13 1 3 3 3 13 3 3 3 3 1 0 313 3 1 1 13 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 513 1 3 1 ? w 1 15 .
’ 2 l . h h ll r er s n se k s e . Thy bro t a o t e the ing ga d n . The
h e u m ll w c ke sha ll no t ule rig t o s ( a n ) wi trust in God . 3 . The i d r
v r sh r s s w ll o er the j ust . 4 . Thy sister need no t fea ; for e t u t ( i trust ) in the Lo rd .
LESSON 2 7
Preformatives an d Sufformatives of K al Future Continued
se r te ro no u we is der ved Fro m the pa a p n aj a , , i the J , whic h prefixed to the verba l stem (see Lesso n 24) fo rms the ka l
u ture rst s ula r c o o a s bwl we sha ll , wi ll kee . f , fi , ing , mm n , fi , p s o
Vocabulary
we sha ll we sha ll le t us T; , , we sha ll w ll ua rd we sha ll ta ke , i , g
“ ' w sha ll sa we sha ll o us o . e y g , let g IZ Q
3 how befo re (in time) v ? !
5 2 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
sec o d lura l e e a s ou wo e will sha ll n , p , f minin , fi j é tpn, y ( m n) , , g s
keep .
ro the ro o u the a sc ul e is der ve b tr F m p n n On, y , m in , i d y a ns
t o o f the wh c h re ed to the verba l ste wh le a t m uta i n n, i , p fix m , i
he sa e t e a is suffixed o r s K a l u ture th rd l ura l t m im 1 , f m , f , i , p , m asc ul e as P the en will sha ll kee . See Re ark m in , “ W, y ( ) , , p ( m
v lso Re a k esso a bo e , a m r L n
ro the se a ra te ro o u the e e a re der ve F m p p n n nan, y, f minin , i d the sylla ble Tl; a nd the le tter n by the tra nsm u ta tio n o f
the le tte r wh le a t th e sa e t e suffixin th l Prefixing n, i m im g e sy
to the verba l ste o r s the K a l u t ure th rd l ura l lable fi , m , f m , f , i , p , t
e e a s é the wo e will sha ll kee . See wn, ) , , f minin , figj y ( m n p ( Remark Lesso n
re ull tha t wh le the sec o d lu ra l e e n No te c a f y i n , p , f minin a d
lura l e e a re e a c tl a l ke o r a n d c a n be the third , p , f minin x y i in f m ,
z nd d st u shed c o o s t o ro c o te t alo e rec ogni ed a i ing i in mp i i n f m n x n ,
still the prefo rma tives a nd su fio rma tives o f the two fo rms a re
deri ved fro m e n ti rely difieren t pro no u ns
Vocabulary
u sha ll w ll o u sh a ll o yo , i y g — 3
sh a ll w ll the sha ll o they , i y g
o u Sha ll 0 h ” y they will sa y serve
they sha ll kee p vo u sha ll see LESSON 28 5 3
rou d earth l hu l t g n , ” g mi i y
ll v r w ll oo d w , a o 3 h u ble ee k i , g i f 11 1 m , m
c hos has c hose o u d has o u he e , n he f n , f nd
t ac e sur ac c o ntemp f , f e c a la mitv a brea k ) the , ing 1 92 n
ra r ho o r we ht 1 3 c e , a vo n , ig 1 ? g f
r e exa lta t o 1s p id , i n 1 ; if
Exercise
1 3 113 13 3 3 11 3 13 1 3 113 3 3 3 11 3 3 3 3 3 1 13 3 3 3 1 4 3 11 3 1 3 93 1 11 3 3 13 13 3 3 3 11 3 13 3 3 3 3 11 13 3 3 3 3 3 1 13 1 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 13 3 3 1 3 1 3 33 3 3 ‘ 3 - 3 ‘ 3 3 3 3 V V I P 7 3 7
3 1 13 3 3 1 1 1 - 5 3 13 3 3 1 1 3 3 “ 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 “ 3 3 3 t :
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 . 3 3 3 3 1 1 13 1 3 ‘ 3 " 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 fl f 3 3 l ltflfl 1 1 33 W1 1 )? D’ DDHH 4 7 1 1 ] 1 1 - 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 111 1 1 1 3 ‘ 1 3 3 1 13 3 1 5 1 7 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 . 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 3 3 . 3 1 11 1 11 3 3 13 e 13 3 1 1 1 3 3 ; 3 13 . 1 3 3 3 3 1 113 a 3 113 1 13 3 1 13 3 1 113 1 1 3 3 1 13 5 7 ‘ 3 3 1 13 1 3 1 3 9 3 1 7 1 1 3 5 3 3 3 . 1 1 13 3 ‘ ‘ 3 3 3 3 3 3 o l ? 3 ‘ 3 1 . 3 1 3 3 13 7 3 1 3 1 3 3 " - 7 3 7 3 3 7 7 ?
1 Y r k el r u 2 . o ust o sa e c o u s o u a re ts . . m not f the n of y p n
h l re h rk he r r s Goo d c i d n ea en to the voi c e of t i pa en t . 3 . Thy
h ll h r e he r 4 bro t e rs w ea ke vo c t a re ts . i n to the i of i p n , Thy
sisters will wa lk in the wa ys of the Lo rd 5 4 THE ELEMENTS O F HEBREW
LESSON 29
Th e Passive Participle of K al
The passive pa rtic iple of K a l is formed by the inse rtio n of 1 l l be twee dd e a st rad c a l ste a s m ke t. n the mi and i of the m , 1 1 g, p This fo rm is ei ther a true pa rtic iple (verba l a dj ec tive) o r a no u n ; in the la tter c a se the wo rd here used a s an exa mple wo uld mea n
r l is s e t See t . t . esso Th s r e one who i k p . ( ac pa L n i pa tic ip
a de e e a s is o ther ad ec t ve ea s a e e m f minin , any j i , by m n of f minin
U se w th er l r le termina tio n . d i the p so na p o no u n the pa rtic ip fo rms a passi ve periph ra sti c c o nj uga tio n in the prese nt tense ;
he i s e she e k pt; 3 1 13 3 i s k pt .
Vocabulary
he c o c ea led hid 1 1l n , 5 “ 1) 1 ? 1
he re oved se ara te ” im m , p d UJ T ? P q r gua ded ' “ ’ r 0 o r erl a ore - t e D E N )m f m y , f im J ) “
' ‘ he de ol shed destro ed ni nn m i , y I w O
h l a c J NJW e e se , a c e te “ p d p d n . 1 o 1 -
3 he ha te has ha ted 3 1 1 d , Niw
Exercise
" 7 3 3 3 13 3 113 5 3 2 3 3 13 3 3 3 33 1 3 13 3 1 4 3 1 3 4 3 3 3 1 13 11 3 1 3 3 7 3 33 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 . 3 11 3 3 1 3 3 13 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 1 . 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 13 3 3 1 3 13 1 3 1 1 3 3 . 3 3 3 6 . 1 ' 3 3 1 3 l 7 ' l 13 3 3 1 LESSON 3 0 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 “ . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3 3 1 3 3 3 7 7 ‘ 3 1 1 ' 3 l f 3 3 ! 8 1 3 3 3 3 ' 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 13 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 113 3 1 3 3 9 . 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 8 3 1 - 3 1 3 1 . 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 1 0 3 13 1 3 1 3
1 1 1 111- W 3 1 3 3 19 1 1 1 3 1 . 3 1 1 3 53 1 1 11 1 1 1213 3 1 1 11
1 h h i l 2 l h . . T These us s re em s e s use s s . h e a o i o ( ) o d . o d i d
All ks v h 4 is 3 . hese re e . m e t good boo a gi n to t ee . The o n y
h h h h l s ven t ee a nd t o u ma est bu a t n t ou ease t . gi , y y ny i g p
LESSON 3 0
Th e I mperative of K al
K l m er t ve se ers s n ul r umber m s The a i p a i , c o nd p o n , i g a n , a
c ul e e er is orm sa me as t ve c onstruc t see in g nd , in f the the infini i (
Lesson a n d in o u r model is fibvfl keep thou this is z made fe min ine by su Ffixin g a whic h is deri ved fro m the prono un
thou when the fo rm bec o mes keep thou Observe tha t in the fo rm 1 b?) the c ho lem o f the la st
ll ble is sh rt n d c l se rest l r l bu t sy a o a o d , ing on the fina adic a ;
whe n we su ffix we m ust pro no u nc e the last radic a l wi th the
f th s kes a w su o t of c hole nd su fix ; i ta ay the pp r the m O , a it in c o nseq uenc e brea ks down to a shwa ( a) ; tha t wo uld gi ve us the
o r " 1 wh c h is u ro o u c ea ble the re o re rst shwa f m p? i np n n , f the fi bec o mes a c hi req ( 1 ) a c c o rdi ng to the rule tha t when two shwa s c ome t e her a t the be n ni n o a word the rst shwa bec omes a og t gi g f , fi — c hi req d uo ru m shwa c o n gruen tium prim um muta t ur in c hireq .
REMARK : When tivo shwa s fa ll to gether not a t the begin
i l n se v l the wo r rst s s e t a d c o o c a . ning of d , the fi i n the nd 5 6 THE ELEMENTS O F HEBREW
era t ve is ade se on l u ra l masc ul ne b ad The imp i m c d , p , i , y ding
verba l l ura l ter a t o mas ul ne s ula r a s the p min i n 1 to the c i , ing ,
' f kee e N te r le v f h hir o u e t e c . l VJ V}, p y the a bo o r eq
era t ve is ma e sec o l ura l em n ne add n The imp i d nd , p , f i i , by i g
er ved r m r , o o o un JEN, e wo men e figd i f the p n ” y ( ) , to the imp r a t ve ste as 5 kee e i m , ” 11 W, p y
Vocabulary
“ lbw? " It” ? k im . i eep ( p ) ta ke ( mp . ) mm;
3 3 3 he remembered 1 2 1
’ eac e hea lth 3 1 N p , 015 . ? lov im e ( p . sa ke th re o r an for the of , e f e tl $ t
k f 11 3 3 3 N he fo rsoo ”HQ;
” w ll o 1 f . he be o d m , it , i g J ig
1 3 7 law 3 1 13 i go ( mp . ) he prospered
hea rt 3 2?
l in r c now ra o u ease te e . , I p y , if y p ( j ) NJ
Exercise
“ 11 15 " 15 1 2 3 1113 3 1 13 121 1 113 3 3 151 1 11 513 3 3
‘ 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 . 3 13 1 3 13 3 - 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 LESSON 3 1 5 7
J m" ot fi s n 4 5 “ m“ k i - a s 91 i n ! w t e r 1? Wea ? aim-nu] fl'rjs ah v- nu rm an ? 15 we ran d k t i ’ 5 13.? p ma manmg in mg s fipi e . mga ' “ u m ? 37 5 ar n 7 mg; a . gg y 1 5 ms up? u; mm " ‘ 7 o e u rmn 37 53 5 awnin n am W m c m - g E s ? 7 g 7 1 1 s 2 g; n 7 8 g ; S ; '3 ms w askip? merit? waswas 9 winsnow u; 31m; 1 0 mn fi g s" fivgg' 5g' ngz i m} a " $ S5 : n S5 W 3 1 1 . min whe a , 225 aQS n rm ? m viva arr ? 1 225 ' q an ? new
1 S u the law o f God a nd observe ll h is r . t dy , a t a t w i tten l 2 l h w b h . F k v here a nd t o u t e a . o rsa e e a nd do d t in , i ppy i goo ,
rk he v e f a nd hea en to t o ic o God .
LESSON 3 l
Th e I n fin itives of K al
The in fin itives o f most Heb rew verbs a re two in u ber n m ,
re c lled res e c t vel the a bsol u te a nd the c onstruc t The a nd a a p i y .
ruc t is usua ll c o s ere rst as uc h as th s u r shes c o nst y n id d fi , in m i f ni the stem upo n whic h a re engra fted the fo rms o f the imperative
f m s verbs a nd the fut u re o o t .
The infinitive c onstruc t is the simple stem o f the no rma l verb wi th a Shwa ( s ) in the first sylla ble a nd a c ho le m in the h m e . s r sec on a s WD }, to ke T o a ta ke a re o r a suffi d , Q p i f m y p fix x
The re w ll a lw s be re o s t l th f h . a o a b u t e su o r bo t p fix i y p p i i n , fix may be either pro no mi na l po ssessive o r the pro no mina l a c c usa
tive di rec t o bj ec t . 5 8 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
The i n fi nitive a bso l u te is fo rmed by inse rting a 1 between
the sec o nd a nd la st radic a ls a nd using the vowels qa mets (r )
a n d c ho le m a s T n to wa tc h kee . (i) , i g}, , p REMARKS : The in fini tive a bso lu te is used mostly a s a n
e verb n is ne rl l s r l te s v a a d a a wa s o t a ns te . V in n i d , y y a d in A .
“ “ The following is a n exa mple o f the use o f this fo rm : lbw? Tin?
l wi l e c it . to kee he l kee th o k o r ee n e will , p , p fl , k pi g, h
Th . l r l . h ee he c . e V wo u t s a e t s se te e H e s ll k p t flo k A d a n t i n nc , ha
su rely keep the floc k.
Vocabulary
“ my; to ta ste g m to kee o bserve y p ,
“ f . in rs to fine u n sh fi t; , p i my
t to w sh be w ll m i , i ing na to be c o e to g g; , m pa ss to despise ON 7 ;
" 119? in kee ping 93 323 to o wa lk g , rom tha kee f , n , ping may;
fla to o r fo r keeping flaw}? g? s to say “ Tins as keeping mp: 11 i pa la te k to do , wo r work la b r n o . f . may , , 1. t e ngg} a fool 5g? we ll to S it , d ‘ 1IW}: power (ha nd) I:
sac r c e off r l1 l ifi , e ing FIJ I h l to see , be o d l r w abs . ea s , a eea ble s eet DH p ing g , ];
to e ther ’ be ho ld ! (in terj ec . ) g WH
60 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
Exercise
- ' l e w r n enn t D ill ma 1 ik ? e, u We i a? ? ' n' ' c m i “ ' . a l ; n; wagng N5 1l 53; xgnzp 2 an - mym muni 4 . 1 5 nnq5 nnzq men 5; n n a - . ngt ys m p5g nin ! ; nnsm 5 anti mg ; a5 g 7 f agaix5 an95p 53 5113 1115 mars 6
1 T ver . h k h h 2 s e i v . wa boo t o u ast se nt me s ery goo d . I y
lad to find th t th h m I f u w sh it a o u ast o r tte e . 3 g no t f go n . yo i
I w ll a lso wr te to thee ever eek i i y w .
LESSON 3 3
Vocabulary ‘ ha ess l l , b essed ess ea ol a e n ppin n m3 f , f i g gy he (has) stoo d m w ther a de a ll o ff 5 y i , f , f 3 ; l sea t dwell lac e he has ros ere suc , ing p ( ) p p d , n x z' c eeded 0 sc of er sc o r er c ha f f , n V 5 f mm m b u fo r " F t , , R 3 he has r ve a bo ut sc a t ) if D d i n , m tered del ht leasure w b r a th s r t ig , p ind , e , pi i 11 3 1
ed ta t e , utter to a r se sta d u m m i m ” at! i , n p p
' b day da l ’ ud me t y , i y DQi j g n he ha s la ted r ( ) p n 511 2} a Sinne (m . ) ' bro k r o , st ea c o re a t o assembl } m J Zé ng g i n , y rm!
ru t rod uc e " er sh f i , p 1? p i 7 3 $
h t nig 1. 535 LESSON 3 3 6 1
Exercise
“ “ m m were nxxza we VHS-l w
M in - O 1 3 m 13 3 7 x N5 O'Nrn a N 2 . g; N5 3 5 12mm p; g
' ' ' z n " 1 fl n we mm3 . nzZi ew e i t ' 1 513 53 ] 5LT N5 inj sg) inns in’ M s nrgNO7 9 3 55 53] m an “ MN was- ON i s wine- m13 N5 4 n' wa D’ l' ' r - i 3 s Rto l l roa t m m N5 5 5 . m " ; - ; J ‘ m i 1 n W P 7 3 p z D’ W i i " g O’ i x n n j j T mmnng mi nin s . p q
EX PLANATI ON OF THE FORM S OF
PRETER ITES
” H e vi sited no ma rk o f e rso u be r o r ender it is WP? , p n , n m g , the s le stem o f the wo rd it is thi rd erson si n ula r number imp ; p , g
l Th d esh len e a nd ma sc uli n e ender a s it were b de a u t . e a h g , , y f g in
he th s nd o llow o r s is a e re ac c e t bec a use the t D in i a f ing f m m id n ,
rst lette r is be a dh- ke ha th a nd h as o th to do w th the wo rd fi g p , n ing i
as a verb fo rm .
‘ T She vi sited the wh c h a kes th s o r th rd sin WP? ; .I i m i f m i ,
ul r e e is de r ve ro m the th rd s ula r e n e ro g a , f minin , i d f i , ing , f mi in p
’ l Th m v r th l t d c l i o u she . e a ets u de e a s a a s a n n k f , q ( ) n r i 1
c o nnec ting vo wel ; this c o nnec ting vowel d raws a way the stre ngth
o f the pa tta c h u nde r the middle radi c a l P a nd lea ves it a
' hu a this req u i res the pla c ing o f metheg (1 ) wi th the qa me ts
v o f the rst rad c a l to d c a te tha t it is st ll o en a nd lo ( ) fi i D , in i i p ng ,
a nd no t a c lo sed ga mets c ha tu ph ; thi s o r a Simila r thing ha ppe ns
wheneve r the verba l afiorma ti ve is c o nnec ted to the ste m by a
vowel .
1 Thou ma n didst vi sit the wh c h a kes th s 3 1 9? ( ) ; n, i m i
o r sec o n s n u la r ma sc ul ne is der ved ro the sec o d f m d , i g , i , i f m n ,
‘ I t to be t c t u er t t t e t the r s is dis in ly nd s ood ha , wh n his and following fo m
a re t r te ere t E reterite or ast te se it r ansla d , as h , wi h an nglish p p n , is as a matte c e e c e c e t ese r be er ec t l u er ec t or of onv ni n only , sin h fo ms may also p f , p p f , , e u e to utu re verb u tu re t e e e be resent r wh n s bjoin d a f , f ; h y may v n p in thei rc e h c tr u r u r S r fo when t e sense of ons c tion so eq i es . imila things may be said h r Ten se s i o r of t e forms c alled f u tu e. may be a d t be a ve y insec ure q uality S r Th r s r r r r e t c e . e e c e ete ite e e a e e er in mi i v bs v b all d p , how v , g n ally s uc h
when u nq ualified ; so also with t hose c alled futu re . 6 6 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
s u la r a sc ul ne ro o un 1 thou Th s ma n . e hwa u er ing , m i p n 3 x, ( ) nd
t he last radic a l is introd uc ed in a c c o rda nc e with the theo ry tha t
n o H ebrew c o so na n t e c e t it be al c a n sta w tho u t n , x p fin , nd i a
vowe l s o te Hebrew it is however uiesc en t r s le ign , in p in d ; , , q o i n t
l r he re a nd s a s tua t o s . , in imi i i n
131 9? Thou (woma n ) didst visi t; the n whic h ma kes this
o r sec o d s ula r e i e is der ved fro m the sec o d sin f m n , ing , f m nin , i n ,
l r 1 thou wo u a e ne ro o u ma n . g , f mini p n n 33 , ( )
T visited the ’ wh c h a kes th s fo r rst s u HE? I ; n, i m i m fi , ing
la r is der ved ro m the theoretic a l rst s ula r ro o u , i f fi , ing p n n Tux,
l e f he rs s n l r r All r s f a c o t t u a o o u I . o o the in p fi , i g p n n $313 , f m
m e r fi rst perso n a re c o m o n as to g nde .
The vi si ted the wh c h ma ks th s fo r as lu ra l y ; 1 , i r i m p ,
is a l ura l ma rk for verbs a nd is e e rless it is so et es p , g nd ; m im I) ;
h r l r he o rm here c ns dere is t u a l b t c o mm n a s to e der . t f o i d i d , p , u o g n
l m n t ee r s l m F r vowe a n e e s th u r e n ne . o rra g i d , ing a , f i i
n Ye men vi sited the D wh c h a kes th s orm nj ps ( ) ; B, i m i f
ec o nd lu a l masc ul e is er ved ro m the sec o d l ura l mas s , p r , in , d i f n , p ,
1 n h n h l w ms c ul e ro o un D e me . T s a d t e ol o o in p n 33 , y ( ) i f ing f r a re a c c ented on the last sylla ble ; the ga mets therefo re o f the first
m l r r n c e l s wa ob le . v o un ll ble is re c e b a h i e . oc a o o sy a p a d y , i , p d , in ac c o rda nc e wi th the rule tha t O pen ga mets c a n no t sta nd in
t he third sylla ble fro m the ton e o r a c c ent .
113 Ye (women ) vi sited; the 113 , whic h ma kes this fo rm
l u ra l fem e is er ved ro the sec o d l ura l e sec o nd , p , inin , d i f m n , p , f mi
F l r e t see n e ro o un 1 e women . o r vowe a ra e n in p n 133 , y ( ) ng m
a bove .
1 We visi ted the 3 wh c h ma kes th s o r rst , mpg ; 1 , i i f m fi
l r l r ” we lura l is der ve fro the rst , u a o no u t, p , i d m fi p p n a
68 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
the fo rm o f 1 ‘s; the short c holem o f the ste m WPB is bro ken 3 :
dow b ta k the last rad c a l wh c h s o rts it t ro o u nc e n y ing i , i upp , o p n
" w h h f r h s , c o b a t o t t e a o r a t ve see et. 3 s . t u in m in i n i f m i ( p , , , I
a nd bec o mes shwa qui esc en t o r sil en t; then the shwa belo nging w th the rst rad c a l o f the ste is c h a ed to short c hi re i fi i m ng q,
a c c o rding to the law o f Hebrew phonetic s tha t when two shwa s
c o me together a t the first pa rt of the word the first shwa is c h a nged — into c hi rc o duoru m shva c ongruenti um primu m muta tur i n
r c hi eq.
3 V i si t e men the wh c h a kes th s o r sec o d 7 95 y ( ); i m i f m n ,
lura l a sc ul e is the sa me as tha t in the th rd l ur l f the p , m in , i , p a o
reteri te th s o r is sec o d asc ul ne bec use it is no t use p ; i f m n , m i a d
h l r f fo r t e se ra the th bec a use o a n d st c t s . a ny ing , a n y i in ign
- ri V i si t e women the wh c h a kes th s o m g [fag y ( ); m, i m i f r sec o d l ura l e e is der ved ro the sec o l ura l e n , p , f minin , i f m nd , p , f mi
nine pro no u n ning ye (women ); fo r the shwa u nder the thi rd
l e ret. 2 . . ra c a se . di , p S m
Futures
‘ ? IPQ H e will vi sit; the prefo rma tive whi c h ma kes this
o rm th r s ula r sc ul e is der ve ro m the th rd s u f i d , i ng , ma in , i d f i , ing
‘ la r a sc u l e ro no u m he b the t ra s utat o o f , m in p , y n m i n . l
' to whic h a lwa ys ta kes pla c e when a nything fo llows a dis
l l Th th ret c a l vowel o f utu re re or t in c t y masc u ine n. e eo i f p f ma tives is shwa ( z a s to why here a nd in the fo llowing it is
2 . . c hi re s I m era tive . s q, ee p , f
She wi ll vi si t the wh c h akes th s fo r th WPDB ; n, i m i m ird ,
s ul r e e is der ved ro the th rd s ul a r e e ing a , f minin , i f m i , ing , f minin
ro o u ’ she b c ha the to wh c h alwa s ta kes p n n N U, , y nging n n, i y
‘ m n l plac e when the fe minine .l for a tive is NOT fi a . EX PLANATI ON OF THE FORMS OF K A L 69
WPQ B Thou (ma n ) wi lt vi si t; this fo rm is a ppa rently exa c tly l ke the a bo ve b u t th e whic h ' ma kes it sec o s ula r mas i , n, nd , ing , c ul ne is der ve ro the sec o d s ul a r m sc ul e ro o u i , i d f m n , i ng , a in p n n
1 thou ma n th us n o t ro the sa e so urc e as the th e 3 N, ( ) , f m m n in
a bo ve .
” ‘ — Q H Thou woma n wi lt vi si t the wh c h ma ke th s IP ( ) ; n, i i
o r sec o d s ula r em e a re der ve r the sec o d f m n , ing , f inin , i d f o m n ,
S ula r e e ro o u W thou woma n fo r the shwa ing , f minin p n n ills, ( );
l l r r f . m r v 2 s . u der the m dd e ad c a see et. 3 s . a n d i e a ti e n i i P p , , , p , ,
I t is to be O bserved th t where tw shw s m t e her no t f . a o a c o e o g t a t the beginning o f a word the fi rst is no t c h a nged into a c hi rc o
2 . l see im er . s a n d the a st o f tw th us c to e the r is ( p , , o o ming g
w m b le . . r a lwa s sh a o i e o o u c ed . y , i , p n n
‘ Q sha ll vi sit the wh c h a ke s th s o r rst s u IP QSI ; k , i m i f m fi , ing la r is er ved ro the rst s ula r ro o u 1 I the re , d i f m fi , ing p n n $3 , ; p
fo rma tive N here ta kes seghol ( v ) instea d o f the usua l c hi req o f the ut u re refo rma tives bec a use the c h ra c ter o f is suc h f p , a N
th a t it ha s a stro a ffi t fo r a so u ds a n d here a ttra c ts se hol ng ni y n , g a s being mo re nea rly rela ted to a so u nds tha n 1 8 c hi req; R
r l ra rely ta kes sho rt o c o sed c hi req.
" l !n They (men ) wi ll vi sit; the 1 whic h ma ke this fo rm
th rd l ura l a sc ul e a re der ved ro diflfieren t so urc es : the i , p , m in , i f m
pre fo rma tive is pro ba bly derived fro m the sa me so u rc e a s the
refo r a t ve o f the u tu re th rd ula r asc ul e a el p m i f , i , Sing , m in , n m y ,
ro a he b c ha i the to 1 th s wo ul a ke th s o r f m Nm, , y ng ng n ; i d m i f m
ma sc uli n e b u t si ngula r; it is then ma de pl u ra l by the plura l sign
5 . Fo r v 3 . t m . 2 . e t o ned a bo e a t ret. a nd a i er ] m n i p , p , p , p , m
w r le c l ee ve l l c es sh a u nde midd ra di a s a bo in simi ar p a .
- ' — Fi Q I The women wi ll vi si t the 3 wh c h ma ke gJP E y ( ) ; 1. 11 , i
th s o r th rd l u ra l e n e a re der ved ro the th r i f m i , p , f mi in , i f m i d , 7 0 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
l ura l e e ro o u the women b c ha i the p , f minin p n n ” 33 1 y ( ) , y ng ng l ‘ t t u . a o a s t 3 s . . i ni i n n in f , , f — H Q Ye men will visit the wh c h a ke th s o r WP B ( ) ; 1 n, i m i f m
sec o d l ural asc ul e a re as th rd l ur l asc ul e n , p , m in , , in i , p a , m in ,
ro d ffere t so urc es a el the a ffo r a t ve is th e l u r l f m i n , n m y , m i 1 p a
s the re o r a t ve is ro the sec o d l ural sc e ign ; p f m i n f m n , p , m a ulin
ro o u 1 e men w thou t the l ura l s th s o r p n n D 3 8 , y ( ); i p ign i f m
wo ul be c o use w th the th r i ula r e e d nf d i i d , S ng , f minin a n d the
sec o d s ula r c ul e f h s e n , ing , ma s in o t i ten s .
‘ — fi B Ye women will visit the J wh c h a ke th s n Q ( ) ; . l n, i m i
o r ec o l ura l e e a ea rs to be the sa e s he f r f m S nd , p , f minin , pp m a t o
ma tives o f the th rd lu ra l e e b ut these re er ve i , p , f minin ; a d i d fro m
the sec o l ura l e e ro o u 71 1 e women fo r nd , p , f minin p n n 33 13 , y ( );
shw l l a u er a st ra d c a see 3 . . nd i , p , f
W ? We sha ll visi t the wh c h ma kes th s o r rst P ) ; J , i i f m fi ,
l ura l is der ve r m he r l r l r 1 o t st u a o ou we. p , i d f fi , p p n n 1 13 ,
PA RTIC IPLES
. " I E V i siti n th s o r is a de ro the root o f the wo rd P g; i f m m f m ,
"
e . h . , t e three c o so a ts D w tho ut vowels b us the i n n n IP i , y ing
vowels c holem a n d tsere use th s wo rd o r th s ro o f in i , i f m
the verb is a true a rti c i l e a verba l nou n o r a verba l a d ec tive , p p , j ;
" its r h c a l use , however is th a t o f the verba l o u ; t us I E p in ip , n n P mea ns on e vi si ti ng o r a vi si tor (masc uline) ; in thi s use it is
dec l e l k m r ’ d e a n a sc ul e o u e . . , vi sito ; 0 in i y m in n n , g y WP? vi si tors ’ vi si tors o ‘ m vi si tors it ma be e e ; 7 PB, f ; j , y ; y f minin ' PQ
a ema le visi tor a nd the is dec l ned as a e e a Q, (f ) , n i f minin
''
o u f . e . . s n ; , vi sitor o . l , vi si tors, , tc , etc ; a a n n a E f , f ni PQ ' adj ec ti ve it is dec lined to a gree wi th it s no u n a nd is u sua lly ON THE D E RI V ATI V E B I N YA N I M 7 1
‘ l ’ od sit h . G vi su l ed w th t e de te a rt c e , e . l Bfl D 5 bt pp i i fini i g , P U l i n mo re str c t God the One visiti n . g, i y , , g WHPQ V isited; this form is made by inserting 1 wi th its
h us v wel shure be ee the sec o d a nd th rd ra c a ls o mogeneo o g tw n n i di ,
As to ec t o it is l met er he rst ra c l . a nd p a c ing ga s u nd t fi di a infl i n ,
trea ted in a simila r ma nner to the pa rtic iple j ust a bo ve .
THE D ERI V ATI V E B I NYAN I M
ro the ste o f the a bove s ste c a lle tha t is the F m m y m , d sP, , li ht c o u t see 63 a r se b ea s o f c han es g nj ga io n ( pp . i y m n g in the ste severa l o ther sets o f or s fo r resen t ur o ses it m , f m ; p p p w ll be su fli c ien t s ix The e r s a re s o llows i to a y s . s fo m a f ‘ N ba l P el Pua l n Hi hil 5 99 ; ip , $329 i , $325 , r y a p , H h l h l o a n Hi e . p , a d t pa
These e er ve m the ver he ha s done na m s a re d i d fro b 5325 , , o r worked wh c h w s r erl u sed b ra ar a s the a ra , i a fo m y y g mm i n in p di m e h b t the o r s o f the verb b u t wh c h wa s la a s de g x i i ing f m , i id i o n ac c o u t o f c o ta the uttura l letter wh c h let ter n n ining g y, i a fiec ted the v wel s s e n d br u h a b u wha t re er o y t m , a o g t o t , in f e c e to a verb c l c hec k s u ds a re c a lled irre u n o nta ining o n y o n , g
I he r la rities . n a c c o rda nc e with the J ewish ha bi t o f ta king t fi st wo rd o f a n ser e s a s the na me f tha t ser es the head o r o f y i o i , f m eac h s ste c o u r e o f r s f the verb was y m , nj ga tio n o s t fo m o
a de a a e f r th t set f r s a n d fo r the c o rres o d m n m o a o fo m , p n ing set f r f n n ll er E h f hese ets ta s o o s o a a v bs . c t s c o f m y a d a o n in , t a s a reteri te a n i n ni tive a n i m era tive a u ture an d a in 7 , p , fi , p , f , P_
r c pa ti iple .
REMARKS : I t is diffic ul t to find a sui ta ble na me fo r these sets f r The n h r l be c alle c the o o s . c a a d d on u a ti ons f m y y j g , in 7 2 THE ELEMENTS or HEBREW se nse in whic h tha t wo rd is u sed in the gra mma rs o f Arya n l es fo r the a re v r a t o s o f the sa e w r no t va r a t a nguag ; y a i i n m o d , i n
a ers o f in flec tin ff ere t wo r s c a use b so e t h m nn g di n d , d y m ing h l pec uli a r in t e fo rm of the ste m . They c a n sc a rc ely be c a led moods for ea c h set c on ta s w th it so eth n a lo o us t , in i in m i g a n g o
The e h r r s lle h h moods . w s a a a c a d t e t a t is J i g mm i n m , hea v s o n ac c o u t o f the rea ter le th o f the ste ea c h a s y . n g ng m in , t r h h f the l c o a ed w t t a t o i ht. mp i 7 , g P_
We sh ll c a ll the d ffe e t s f the verb lud K al a i r n fo rm o , inc ing , h i m h f h t e n ni . . e u l e r B a e t b i di n s o t ve b . y , i , g
THE F ORMS OF 5179; N I PHAL
" H e wa s vi sited th s o r has n o a rk o f e rso ln ; i f m m p n ,
u ber o r e der bu t is th rd s ul r a sc ul e b de a ul n m g n , i , ing a , m in , y f t ‘ i h see 3 s . t is st u s e ro b the re ed ( 7 P, , , di ing i d f m PP y J p fix
" to the radic als IPB ; it is c alled Niphal fro m the c orrespo nding
r f Th s r ) i n fo m o (see p . i fo m WP? s ow the ste m of
" the Nipha l bi nya n o f the verb IPQ . The Nipha l is sa id by the gra mma ria ns to be reflexive in its fo rc e ; 7 PQ J wo uld ac c o rdingly
ea he vi sited himsel o r or himsel th s is so e t es true m n , f f f ; i m im , b ut experienc e ha s ta ught tha t it is more freq ue ntly passive tha n re exive Ni ha l m be c o s dere o be the a ssive o f K l fl ; p a y n i d t p a ,
‘ J th us : he visi ted he wa s vi sited . WP? , IPQ
The erso s a nd u be rs o f Ni ha l reteri tes a re o r e p n n m p , p , f m d in exac tly the sa me ma n ner a s the perso ns a nd n umbe rs o f
r r 62 hes r re r h K a l ete ite see . t e o s the o e eed no urt er , p ( pp f m f n f
expla na tion . ON THE FORMS OF N I PHA L 3
IN FIN ITIV ES OF N I PH A L
To be visi ted; this fo rm is c a lled the Nipha l i nfinitive c onstru c t fo r rea so s s la r to those the c a se o f K a l i n ni tive n imi in , fi c r c f onst u t (see p . it is fo rmed u po n the stem o th e Nipha l
reteri te ) see a bove so tha t stead o f we ha ve p WP? ( ) , in WP? )
to th s new ste is re ed as the c h r c te r st c o f the WPQ) ; i m p fix W. a a i i i nfinitive a n d fu tu re syste m ; this wo uld give us the n
r th le f . . 2 s . ac c o d to e ru o two shwa s see 68 i m er . ing ( p , p , , f ) we sho ul ha ve I bu t the H eb rew la ua e does n o t a llo w d WP? )E, ng g
' a to sta n d a o s t o suc h a s th s ves bu t a lwa s a ssi mi J in p i i n i gi , y la tes ma kes i t like t the o ll w c s t th s c se ( ) o f o ing o n o na n ; in i a , there o re the bec o es a wh c h is d c a te b ro t he f , J m 5 , i in i d y d pping
J a nd inserting da ghesh forte in the giving the fo rm WP? U.
N ote c a re ull tha t there a re the sa e u mber f c o so a t a n d f y , m n o n n n
) vowe l ele me nts in WP? D a s in the u n c o nt ra c te d fo rm WP? U . This do ubled first ra dic a l is fo u nd n o w th ro ugho u t the rest o f the Ni hal s ste a n d is to be c o t ua ll re a rde d a s c o n p y m , n in y g t he a ss l e f he Ni h l s e a ining t imi a t d J o t p a t m .
REMARK : Ano ther expla na tio n o f the ste m o f the Nipha l system is th a t the o rigina l pre fix wa s the sylla ble Jn gi ving
fo r the ste wh c h bro ke do w to ) the reteri te WP? )U m , i n WP? in p
' s ste b the lo ss o f a nd to 1 I the i n ni tive a nd y m y n, WP? in fi
u tu re s h f sy tem by t e a ssimila tio n o f J .
WPQH To be vi sited; thi s fo rm is c a lled i nfinitive a bsol u te
see a bove . it d ff ers r the Ni ha l i n ni tive c on struc t ( , p i f o m p fi h in aving c holem in stea d o f tsere wi th the middle radic a l .
WP? ) To be vi sited; thi s fo rm is a n a ddi tio na l i nfiniti ve
a bsolu t h h f r h l . . e w c d e s o r ro t e Ni ha 3 s . see 69 , i i f in f m f m p , , m ( p ) in ha ving c holem instea d o f patta c h wi th the middle 7 4 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
r c l Note I orm c a re ull stud a s it sta n s a s e a di a . TH S f f y in ying , d id
fro m the rest o f the system .
FUTURE SYSTEM OF N I PHAL
I mperatives
W. B e thou ma n visi ted th s o r is sec on s n ula r WP? ( ) ; i f m d , i g , masc ul e l ke the c rres o d o r K a l b e a ult an d in , i o p n ing f m in , y d f , l ke th t r lso i is the sa e as the i n nitive c onstruc t o f its i a fo m a , t m fi
‘ wn s e The o ther th ree r s f the era t ve a re o yst m . fo m o imp i inflec ted in exa c tly the sa me ma nner a s the c o rrespo nding fo rms
in K a l; it is therefo re unnec essa ry to expla in them further .
Futures
) H e will be vi si ted th s o r is a rked th r s u lar WP? ; i f m m i d , ing ,
a sc ul e the sa me a er s he c rres o n o r in m in , in m nn a t o p ndi g f m
u r h h r r l K a l f tu e (see p . t e da ghesh forte in t e fi st adic a (5 ) is the sa me a s tha t expla ined in the Nipha l i nfini tive c onstruc t
is see . the ste o f th s s ste as sa d a bo ve ( p m i y m , i , the sa e as the i n nit ve c r c l the orm i onst u t, a e U, a nd m fi n m y , WPQ f ) WP? is WPQUZ c o ntrac ted by wha t is c a lled the a bsorptio n o f the wea k c o so a t o r ull the u tu re th rd s ula r n n n W. ; m e f y , f i , ing ,
a sc u l e is the o r c o tra c ted b the a ss la t o m in , f m WP? )U) n , y imi i n o f to the rst ra d c a l th s c ase a nd the a bs r t o o f J fi i (in i o p i n W. ,
T F r r l h to WPQ . o p ac tic a purpose s it Will be suflic ien t to say t a t the ste o f the re a utu res is ever o r e tt the m m ining f W B , n f g ing P' da hesh orte the rs r The r re r s re g f in fi t adic a l . ema ining fu tu fo m a inflec ted in exac tly the sa me wa v a s the c o rrespo nding fo rms o f 6 h K a l (see pp . 8 it is t erefo re u nnec essary to expla in them
rth r fu e .
7 6 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
a t u r ll l a c o t ued ra ther tha a o e ta r a c t o n a y imp y n in n m m n y i n , ‘ h h e . . B , he s oke he lea n ed . No te t a t t e ea g , W W p ; DPZ g m ning o f Piel must usually be ta ke n fro m the c o ntext in whic h it is
fo und .
I N F I N I TI V E S
WP? To be c onti n uoulsy vi si ti ng; Pi el i nfini tive c onstruc t. m r . h a to c No te well it d ff e rs ro m Pi el et. 3 s . a v l k , i f p , , , in ing p
f r h h r r c Th s o r is instea d o c hi c o wit t e fi st adi a l . i f m
he m m F r s e s e u s b ve . t ste o f the futu re syste . o ignific a nc e j t a o
To be c onti nuousl visiti n Pi el i n niti ve a bsol u te . WP? y g; , fi This fo rm differs fro m the c onstruc t in ha ving c holem instea d
r The l ve so lu te o f tse e wi th the sec ond ra di c a l . Pie infiniti a b is s h s h r o metimes t e a me a s t e c o nst uc t .
FUTURE SYSTEM
I mperative
WP? V i sit thou (ma n ); this is the sa me in fo rm a s the
A h h r s r s i nfin itive c onstruc t. s wi t t e c o re po nding fo m in K a l a nd
N s r e Th i ha l it is ec o d s u la a sc ul b de a ult . e re a p n , ing , m in y f m in ing impera ti ves a re inflec ted in exa c tly the sa me ma nner as the
c o rrespo nding fo rms o f K a l .
Future
H e will c on ti n uousl vi si t a rked th rd s ular WP? ) y ; m i , ing ,
l k er rr r r a sc u l e e a a s c o es o d o m o f K a l utu e. m in , in i m nn p n ing f f
The preforma tive ha s th ro ugho ut its o rigina l vowel shwa ( s )
f r n stea d o ha v it c h a ed to c hi e as K a l see u t. 3 s . m . i ing ng q in ( f , , ,
n e e c e o is a e the c se f the rs erson p . o x pti n m d in a o fi t p si ngu ON THE FORMS OF PU AL 7 7
la r i a s uc h a s does no t ad t o f sim le shwa z bu t c a n , n m N mi p (
ke n c om ou nd shwa a s m o r n th s c ase it ta kes ta a y p , ; in i
c ha teph pa tta c h by a ttra c tio n to the ste m vowel u nder the
rs r l th us we h ave fo r the uture rst s ula r fi t adic a f , fi , ing
I n a ll o ther respec ts the inflec tio n o f Pi el fu tu re is exa c tly like
the inflec tio n o f K al futu re; it is therefo re u nnec essa ry to expla in 6 it further . (See pp . 8
Th e Participle
B ei n g c on ti n uou sly vi si ted; Pi el pa rti c iple; stem the
sa me a s tha t o f fu t ure system ; ma rked by D wi th the regula r
pre fo rma tive shwa x
TH E F ORM S OF $3253 PU AL PRETERITES
H e wa s c onti nu ousl vi si ted th s o r is th rd s u WP? y ; i f m i , ing m A la r asc u l e bv de a ult see K a l ret . 3 s . . . s , m in f ( p , , , p in
Piel the c ha ra c teristic o f this binya n is the do u bled middle
Th s e e rs sts h r h u t tho u t c ha e ra d c a l . e t t o u o w i m WP? p i g i ng , wi th the exc eptio n o f the infini tive whic h ha s c ho le m in the fina l sylla ble WP? I f there a re two in fin itives they bo th ta ke the sa me fo rm .
FUTURES
” m s ? H e will be c on ti n uousl vi si ted . The th rd s ula r a WP y i , ing , c l e h e h h h r ll l I ll he r u ta kes c a t a tta c t e st s b e . n a o t in , p p in fi y a f l respec ts the inflec tio n o Pua l is ide ntic a with tha t o f K al . 7 8 THE ELEMENTS O F HEBREW
THE FORM S OF 51 1 a H I PH I L
PRETERITES
’ The h r er WP? U H e will c a use (some one) to vi sit. c a ac t istic o f this binya n is a pre fixed (W. ) fo rming a c lo sed sylla ble
7 w th the rst r d c al a n d a n serted a ter the sec o d rad c a l . i fi a i , in ( ) f n i
B u t the dro ps o u t whereve r there is a c o nso na nta l termina tio n
'
H 1 I. a nd the sec o d ra d c a l ta kes a ttac h ; e . . W ? n i p g , P
I N F I N I TI V E S
h he The in finitives ta ke pa tta c h in the fi rst sylla ble . Bo t t c o nstruc t a n d the a bso lu te reta in the inserted b u t while the
’ ’ n t r . c o struc t h as c hi re D the a bsol u te ha s se e, W ? n q, WP U P
IM PERA TIV ES
The impera ti ve s ha ve tsere wi tho u t in the fi rst a nd fo u rth fo rms ; the ( J ) a nd c hi req a re re ta ined in the sec o nd a nd t hi rd
fo rms . FUTURES
’ h r is WP? ) H e wi ll c a use (some on e) to vi si t. T i s fo m J c o ntrac ted fro m The ( ) a nd c hi req persist th ro u gh
' ou t the ut ures e c e t where the e e ter a t o f , x p f minin min i n (nJ ) 7 o c c urs ; the re the ( ) dro ps o u t a n d the sec o nd ra dic a l ta kes
H tsere e . . TI ? . ; g , )WP
’ ’ r r The The pa rtic iple is WP? Q c o nt a c ted f o m WP? Up. inflec tio n o f Hiphil is ide nti c al wi th th a t o f K a l . ON THE FORMS OF H O PHA L 7 9
THE FORM S OF 5 13 533 H OPHAL
I ? H e wa s c a used to visit. H o h a l is a ss ve o f Hi hil WP § p p i p , b ut freq uently the signific a nc e see ms to be abo u t the sa me as th f K he h r ter s i h mets a t o a l . T c a ac i tic s a prefixed (W. ) wi t ga
c ha tuph ma king a c lo sed sylla ble wi th the first radic a l .
IN FIN ITIV ES
E ther there is bu t o ne t ve o r b oth c o struc t a n d i infini i , n
l h he t ve is he s me r as th e a bso ute a re t e sa me . T infini i t a fo m th r l m l f h r terite s u a r asc u e t e e . i d , ing , in , o p
FUTURES
is r e r 1 Th e art c le WP? ) c o nt a c t d f o m WP? j j . p i ip is c on trac ted fro m WP? nD The inflec tio n is the sa me a s
h r h tha t o f K al t o ug o u t .
THE FORM S OF 5125 a H I TH PAEL
I Th e W H vi it d h mse or is wn terest. WP? J. e s e i lf i n h o i n c ha rac teristic s o f this binya n a re a prefixed sylla ble (an) a n d a
l l r l The tsere h h e dle rad c a l is do ub e midd e adic a . wi t t mid i
o u d o l th rd s ula r asc ul e o f the reteri te the f n n y in i , ing , m in p ,
The si n ifi o ther fo rms ha ve pa tta c h wi th the middle ra dic a l . g c c e o f th s b a is e er ll s e k re exive to do th e a n i iny n , g n a y p a ing , fl ( thing indic a ted by the verb to o neself) o r middle voi c e (to do h h ' t e t ing in o ne s own interest) .
IN FIN ITIV ES
n The The in finitives a re bo th the sa me fo rm WP? rJ . tsere persists wi th the middle ra dic a l th ro ughout the rest o f th e
syste m . 80 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
IM PERA TIV ES
Th f h r e I TI e stem o t e impe a ti v is WP? J .
FUTURES
? WEED H e will vi sit himself is c o ntrac ted n nn
PA RTIC IPLE
The pa rtic iple WP? IJD is c o ntrac ted fro m h f Hi h l i h h T e inflec tio n o t pae s t e sa me a s t a t o f K a l .
84 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
‘ 3 v . ka l . , 2 s . f . love thou . 3 0 . a13 imp , , ,
l . 2 l k . f. ove . . v . a l e 3 0 W. JJ IWx imp , , p , , y
m . rie v 2 n . s . a nd lo e . 3 J nix , f , r .
v . hen the e i n tha t la c 2 . ad t e. 8 rtzt , , r , p ’ m . . u l a 2 2 . D JT§> HN n d a (tw ) ea rs. 1 m . b ot . 2 a he . n . s . , r r
m . m . . 1 n . d one u a 7 . W017} j , i 1 2 a s ster . . ning n . S . f . ” 1 bro e o . 11 . c o s . the th . 6 FIN n t , r f
’ ’ l . . h f . l . . . 3 m thei s ste s. n . w t os. su m i DH nJ nR p f i p , , p , , r ( r
‘ r . . 2 2 . t S a nd W11 8 p ep a nd adv af ter . ’ f . nd . 1 . s . e 8 . 11 q n ,
f . one. 7 n um . ad . 1 nuts j ,
’ ? 2 7 . nterro . adv . how W& i g , ' m . a ma n . . WN n . s. , 7 1 m . ten . 3 . k l re . 3 s . he t v . a t a e ha s ea PQR p , , , , , t ~ 1 . 3 . re . to unto 7 1t p p , ,
7 . l . hese. . e o ns ro . t W? I:t d m p n p , m l . d 1 . Go . 9 n . p
1 . f . m e . s . oth UN n . , r
i t t 2 i su os n ha 8 . c o . DR nj f , pp g,
m . m w h f . 2 l . . o r m t e . n . s . . t os . su ou h D? ” f i p , , p , , y r ( )
"
l . m a s sa . b v . ka ret , 3 s . . he said , h id I is p , , “ l 1 3 . k . . to sa . v . a a bs 11mg inf , y
3 1 . k l i f . c s . to sa . v . a n o WDN n , y
' 1 I e 8 ro mo c . w lJl lJN (13 N 13 113 ) p , P , z
h rase we a re kee in m . 23 . 0 a JJIWJEQ p , p g ( ) ” 1 . I . 6 ro . s . c . DJts p n , , , , " ’ ? h rase I a m kee i n I a m the kee e . 23 . mil ? Jt$p , p g, p r (m) ’ fi men . . l m . 8 D yJtt n . p . , — I ND EX V OCABU LARY 85
r 1 2 . e . n ea . p p , r ‘ m 5 1 re . w th ron . su f . n ea me. See ara in th s 95 p p i p , r p dig i l 1 2 . esso n .
4 . k l f . 1 . . 2 v . I s a l will e a u t s c . h l ta k HPQ HP? , , , , , ,
. m . m r . . S . a th wa a n ne 25 nWRn , p , y,
7 ‘ . f . r 4 s . ea th la nd . . 1 t n , , ‘ K . s . . w th os . su f . 1 s . c . m la nd , m c ount . 9 . WS n f i p , , , , y y ry 4 1 . . 2 . v . ka l fut . , , s , c , I sha ll , will dwell .
v f . 24 WD > . ka l u t . , 1 s , c . I sha ll , will , kee . . W$ WPQ , , p
r . w h c . el ro . ho w i h P g p n , , “ m 11 . . . e 3 . s ha in ss blessedn ess. 3 we , pp ,
1 ro . , 2 s . f . , thou . 6 . 311s p n , ,
‘ ' HR 11h5 (proc litic ) this word is not tra nsla ta ble ; it i ndic a tes tha t the word following it is in the a c c u sa tive rela tio n to the
v f 1 er he se en e . 3 b o t nt c .
2 . m r . . 6 . o s thou . ” I?“ p n , , , ,
R ron . , 3 , s . f . , ac c . her . See a ra here . 1 9 . NO p , , p digm
'
f . r . 1 9 . r . 3 . h m. See he e o s a c c . i r d 111Rp n , , , , , pa a igm
‘ ' 1 . . . m 1 9 . . here . ro s c ac c me. See a rad 11Rp n , , , , , p ig
2 . s . WON , , m 1 . . See d here . 9 ro n a . t ee. ra p , c c , h pa igm
2 . s . WDR , , f
D 2 l . . QDR , p , m r d m h r 1 9 . See a a e e . ro . a c c . ou . p n , , y p ig
2 l . 1? 1:1R , p , f . 1 S e r . . J R ro n . , 1 , l . c . , a c c . , us . e a a 9 J D p p , p digm 8 m . l . . e . ro n . 2 ou p , , p , , y , y 2 . 3 e kee . WWW015115 ye (m . ) a r ping m l . . em. See r d m . th or ro 3 a c c . a a DIJR 0 3 1215 p n , , p , , , p ig
1 . here . 9
'
1 . 1 1R0 r n1 1s See paradigm here . 9 1: 1 7 8 ?
f . . or ron . 2 l . e ou . 8 W. JIj ls p , , p , , y , y 86 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
r e 23 e a e ke in . 111p 111113 y p g .
24 . l f . 1 . . s e. v . ka ut s c I ha ll will iv 113 § > 113 J , , , , , , g 3
w en re . re i n a t wi th h p p p fix , ,
1 7 . h a rmen t. 11 . s . c . c lot a W1}! , , g 2 m e . s . c ont m t. 8 113 n . . , p
m c 28 he ose. . v ka l re t . 3 s . . h . p , , , , 2 m . e c on ed t usted . 6 . v . kal ret . 3 s . h fid 11 193 p , , , , , r
m 26 . ad . s . . sec u e sa e. 11 193 j , r , f
2 . dv . be o e. 7 te . a 0 31193 mp , f r m 5 . . s . . a house. n , 1 m . he ouse o . 5 . . s. . c o st t h n , n , f 4 m . son . . . s . a 13 n ,
1 0 . m f . f . . h s . er son . s . . w t u 3 s h nJ3 n , i , , , ,
m . . f . o . 1 0 . w h s f . s i s s n . s . t u 3 h 1J3 n , i , , , ,
' '
l . . d u ters . 20 . . f a h 1 11J3 n p , g ‘ m f . . . 4 . h . 1 s m son . s . . w t su c J3 n , i , , , , y 1 m . s m . 3 . . s . e h ea t n , fl , 3 1 l . w r . i n ee n . . v . k i ka f c o st . th e WDV?3 in n i 3 p f , p g 4 f . . . s . a d u hte . 113 n , a g r 1 w . . . er ter . 0 . . S . . th suf 3 s f h da u h 7113 3 n f i , , , , g 5 1 f . . m t r . 0. . . hi s u h e 11 s w th su 3 s . da 1113 . f i , , , , g
f . r . 4 . . . h s . s . m u hte 11 s . t u 3 c da f wi , , , , y g
2 1 . . . . c o st . th houses o . n p m n , e f
‘ ’ 3 13 the houses of my father (my fa ther s houses) . 1 m l . 1 . . houses . 2 . 0 15123 n p , J
- 2 . . m . r de o . a o n . s i exalta ti n 8 113 3 (g ) n , p ,
m . . hi . . s t ll 5 . adj , gh , a — I N D E X V OCABU LARY
f . hi h l . 5 ad . s . ta l . WW3 J j , g , I
m . e bi . . . ea t la 3 7 1WJ adj s . , gr , rg , g
3 . bi . . f . ea t e ad s . la W?1WJ j , gr , rg , g ’ 3 l m . e bi . . ad . . ea t O 7 1WJ j p , gr , la rg , g
bi . . . . e t e 3 d l . f a 1119WJ a j p , gr , la rg , g I r D 7 c om a r . ad . la e tha n la e om . 1 1WJ p j , rg r ( g fr ) 4 a lso lik se. . DJ c o nj . , , ewi
d . 8 . h . . a n c rr . n . s well a s bot o c o j , a ,
n . s . c . a a den . 5 . 13 , g r
'
l 1 . . f . dens. 7 1 11JJ . , a r _ n p g 1 4 . . s . c . a vi ne a e vi n e. n , , gr p 2 m u . 5 . . s . . a st a n e so o ne WJ n , r g r , j r r
22 . r m . s en . . . 3 . Go h 1s n p ,
j
2 he was a nxi ous . 6 JRW . ’ m he . or s W . l . m . w th suf . 3 l , , t i ( ) w d , DW 3 Wn p i , , p r 4 r 2 . affa i s .
’ f . r . r l . f l . f hei wo ds . m th su . 3 t . w WW n p i , , p , , ( ) , 1U 3 .
r 24 afiai s . .
. D . 1 . n r . 3 . . a vid 5 W1W p m , 23 . s . m . o ed e. nJJWn , kn wl g . 1 4 m . . d c ust . n s . c . wa oa o WWW , y, r ,
1 3 . f . er . 0 . f . h ro . su s W. :p n , , , ,
m 6 . f . s e h s . 1 verba l ro . su for 3 s h a fl: p n , , , f ( )
‘ ‘
1 . the e te a rt c le re the. UWU d fini i p fix ,
m . e i e u ered . 3 . t d t k l re . s e m d a m v . a t h t t W. JPI p , , , , , ’ 2 hi s m n . 1 . h e s . r . t a . w t o o TimWRUn i d m n p n , 88 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
1 ex ress o of ownersh the house whic h belon s to W [1 3 p i n ip , g QQE - U
me. 7 .
-
m . e t n . r 3 s . h ha o e 6 . . t fil l l p o n , , , , ,
’ f . ne. r . 3 s . she tha t o 6 . x n p o n , , , , ,
l . s . m e i k re 3 . h t w s . 5 . v . a t a W. za p , , , , , ,
S me o 1 . o be c o 3 l inf . s t t ss . . v . ka a b a H }? , , p 1 3 l . . e er a ve n . 8 k l ret . c th w e h be . v . a e 1 33 p , , p , , y , ” 24 hi s da . . v . o t D1 W. ad , t d a y, y
1 be c ome o s 1 . l . 3 v . ka . c o s to t a s . [11 13 inf n , , p
l r 1 . een e e e . 1 l . w w v . k re . e ha ve b w . a p t , , p , c , , 8
he . . k l re . 3 s . f . s i t wa s 5 v . a t W. IJTU p , , , , , , “ 1 w l . 3 . v k l . a bs . to o k . a a 117 0 inf , g ,
k l . s . m . he s on e h v 3 ha e wen t wa l ed . 1 1 . a ret k 3 . 2 7 ] p , , , , g , , 1 7 m 3 l . . e . . ro . th 8 i, Wan p n , , p , , y r l h . r . e s on . w t ka ac t a t re s n rese t tense 0 p an p i p xp i g p n , 2 r ee . 3 . they (m . ) a e k ping
l f . he . 8 . ro n . 3 . t 1Up , , p , , y ! 3 1 e . be o . W. JW. in terj c , h ld
0 ' ' k l e h c t . r . ress r se e se ro . w t a a a t e t t n 11 1 l l ul p n i p xp ing p n ,
f . i . 3 they ( ) a re keep ng 2 . m 2 k l re . 3 s . . he d moli s ed destro e v a t e h d . 9 . DWI? . p , , , , , y
‘ ‘ ‘ l v d a nd moreover now 2 . c o n un . re ar ous o te . 1 1 1 j p fix ( i y p in ) , , , ' 2 2 l . 1 l m . 3 . n the h e . . v r l su ff rm . a d av 1 e ba o , , p , , p , , y ( )
t is n f . h . 7 mo s . r . 3 . HR? de p , .
' i c e o ri n 1 m . a sa c e . s . 3 n , r fi , fi g . — I ND EX VOCABULARY 89
is mo ns . r . s . m . th . e o 7 . W. I d p n ,
v k l r . . he em e 3 s m . em ed . a et b . W3 ! p , , , , r r ’ l . e time o o J n . m . old a ld a e. D JPI p , g , f g 1 ad . s . m . old a ed . 8 . “21 j , , g
l . . he s 2 . wed . v ka r 3 s m . o et . 6 31 3 1 p , , , , 2 . eed . . . s m . s 6 l n ,
v l he e l t o o 3 2 . . c d eb e. . ka ret 3 s . m . ase e or r 7 Wl:| p , , , , , f f , f . 1 3 . . la te 3 s m . a . . ln n , p
1 . . s m . a n a ss . 8 b . W1 g n , wi 2 v l r . . h c me w s s 3 . e r e. . 3 . ka et , s , m , e b a o a , 5 0 13 p , 2 . s . m . a c e avor . 8 . n , gr , f
m . s n ne s . a i . 3 3 . Rt?” n . , r
li le u n m . de ht as 9 . s. , e. 3 3 . V 13 g , p r
“ a thi ness da densel a . m . da kness c k da k k . et d . s wn n j , r , r ; r , y
da rk 2 . 3 .
2 ad . s . m . ood . . 3 1m j , g
‘ S . d . r h r . 3 ad . s . f oo ee a a e e . W. gita j , g p digm
i r 1 . bette tha n l . . . c om a ra t . ad r oo o 8 3 1m p j , ( t g d f m)
k l . to 3 1 v . a c o s taste. . OK”? inf . n ,
1 ' f . l . 1 1 s w . m . . ro . su . s u e th 9 p n d i n p , y
1 ' m 1 n . . 4 r . w th . s . o suf . 3 . us p n ed i , y
he shall will 2 r f r . . . . o m 3 s 6 . p e , , , m , , 5 l fu . 3 s he sha ll will s 2 > v . ka t , , . , m . , , a . 6 . WDx Wpl$ , y 90 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
~ 1 k l 2 l u . e . s ll wil sa v . . 1W a f t , 3 , , m . , th m ha , . 8 . pl t p y ( ) , y 1 . s . m . a ha nd e 1 ow . 0 W n , , p r .
k l r . 2 v . 2 a et 3 s . m . he knew has known . l p , , , , , .
. l . tw . o s 22 ua m ha nd . an:n d , ( ) . 1 . f . . f . 2 ro s 3 s s l . u n h r . 0 . u e s . e U:p n , , , , d p ,
l . r . su f . 3 . m s u s . l . thei r 24 . o u ed w h . p n , , p , , it p ,
f . l . f . l . 2 ro su 3 . s h us . t ei u e w t h . 4. p n , , p , , d i p , r
ehova h the Lo 2 J rd . 3 . a. z ,
f . r . u 3 s . . 2 o s m w h u . l . i . use t s h . 0 p n , , , , d i p , s
v r l r . n l 2 e r r . h . sha l will ba e o m a suffo m 3 l . m . t e m 8 p f d , , p , , y ( ) , . .
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v . n . . 1 : 1 5 . e a e behi d . 1 11 21 q pr p , ft r ,
n r . . f . n e o d um o . 1111111 ,
1 1 in w? : te o . a v . ho 3 1 8 d . 1 3 rr g , 1 c o nst . of a imitive su bsta n tive used a s a n adve b 1 11 ( pr r ) ,
1 nothi n 2 not 3 not esen he e i s not 4 wi hou 5 g; ; pr t , t r ; t t; .
with efix when he e is not when it does n o i t 4 4 . t ex s . : ( pr 3 ) t r ,
1 e h m 2 5 ha a dr ea su e a bo u t bu . : 1 7 . 11 3 11 p , y r
n he e : i o . w ? te a v . 2 1 . rr g d , r 9
1 a ma n : 1 1 . $11 , a husba nd . 1 06 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
1 3 1 to eat, to ea t u 2 to devou to c onsu me 3 to en o to 7 11 p; r , ; j y,
ta ste .
n . v . a iv not n . e ad ec t e a do not 1 : 1 3 . 7 11 g (pr ) , , y, 4
. to or ow s : 1 . e a d a ai n . 7 5 11 7 11 pr p , , f , t r , g t
n hese. 3 : dem . o . 1 7 pr , t .
r Th l l n God . e u a ma mea n the fa lse ods of the hea the c abs p r y g ,
bu t usuall it is the lu a l o f xc ell nc as 1 y p r e e e , , 3
'4 ' ’ fo r ehova h H I Go D Tl 7 11 1 J e s d .
” r m God 18 kin o r the God o f the kin eg ( y g , g) , El m o . n . i elec h hus n f a mi 1 2 a o N o . : . pr p , , b d
1 to be dumb 2 to be silen some one a c e a i n ( ; t) ; , rt
one whose na me is no t s o ken c o nc nin whose na me we , p , er g 1 r il n in a lw wi 1 : a e s t o ed a s h . 1 e 4 . ; j y t 3 7 9 q v .
1 n f . m i . he w h f a o t su . m th : mo e 1 8 . 011 , t r , D11 y r .
n i i . n v he he 2 : 2 1 te o c o . a d . w ? D11 rr g j , f , t r .
"
n f . m id s n . a a e va a maid 3 :9 , 1Q 11 , r t , . . '
D p > Q 1 to o su o sus a i n 2 to be s a ed u su g §k 1 §1 ( pr p , pp rt , t ; t y p, p
o ed unsha ken rm a i h ul ul i ndeed th us ue a v . p rt , , fi , , f t f , tr ) , d , tr y, ,
c e a i n l rt y.
1 . ar 4 : t . v a n u se. 1 6 p > 1pk > 1p11 ( . r .
to be uic k rm s on Pi 1 to ma ke rm 2 to ma ke s on Yp13 q , fi , tr g; , fi ; tr g;
to ” Sta” 4 m ke s u o n 5 to o i h . ; to a t bb r ; determine up n; H p ,
o on H i to uic k 2 e onesel t be th a . 1 be to en h n str g; p , q ; str gt f ;
3 to ma k onesel s ubbo n 1 : 1 8 e f t r . .
1 o s :8 . 1 13 11 t ay.
" n wh e i 2 e o a v e ? w ? . i t . d h he 1 9 1311 rr g , r t r .
’ m n ho o e s . o . 1 . I 2 J s t f s c . . 1 : 1 . 11 r r p r pr , , , , I on . 1 s . c . . 23 311 pr , , , ,
1 08 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
l l w n 5 3 > 19 > 19 7 to a u , to c over to c o c ea l a dv . 19 z1j 3 1 ( r p p , ) , tl i n sec e c e . : e 3 7 . r t , s r y 1 1 n o m n o t u l wi h . t n t l : 1 1 . sua l t ef o b ea n a a l . 3 11 7 3 ( y pr , y s , 3 l > 3 to bui d a son a c hild . 1 : 1 . 13 112 ( ) ,
ui t on 2 1 to b ld o c s u c to e o e. 4 : 1 1 1123 , tr t; r st r .
to be u ic k il Bo z a l i — n b n ( q , ag e) a ( ac r ty sec o d h us a d 2 : 1 . o f Ru th) .
in i li n m i 2 d u s . o s t to o n : ra t t O n . 7 . 1 3 > 1 ( . p , pe ) , r g R P_3
1 to eek 2 to de i e ea e l to u ue to c a u e 3 to $ s ; s r g r y, p rs , pt r ; P_3
d m 4 to a sk to en ui e to beseec h o en ea to i n e e a nd; , q r , , t tr t; 5 t r
roga te.
l to ll u o n n i . t b one 1 to knee ; c a pon G d; iph . a d h thpa o less
i to c a ll u on God to c eleb a e to ene a e t a i se sel . v o f ; p p , r t , r t , pr ;
2 to prayf or a nyon e to be happy; 3 to bless; 4 to sal ute; 5 to c urse; 2 :4 .
1 i u f m d u h e . 113 > 1123 (to bu ld) a da ghter; with su . 113 y a g t r 1 1 : 1 .
J
o ed eem to bu i n a n esta e. 5 113 t r , y t l deeme one who has the i ht to bu i n a n v . su . a e 5 111 > 7 113 ( p r r , r g y
esta te . l 1 the edem i on o a n e a te 2 ela ion 113111 > 7 11§ (v . r pt f st ; r t 4 : 7 i ki nd ed . . sh p , r
be st o n to be o f va lue mi h a va li a nt one a (to r g , ) , g t , ,
lu l ma n 2 : 1 . o a on ma n a n i n en ia . her , str g , f t
to twi t to bi nd o e he 2 to bec ome la e 3 to be la e . $1 1 1 s , t g t r; rg ; rg
1 : 1 3 .
" t del a n whe e to so ou n 2 to ea a s indic a ted b 11a 1 o ay y r , j r ; f r ( y
e e 1 : 1 . tu rn in g a side) ; 3 to c ongr ga t . VOCABULARY OF TH E BOOK OF RUTH
to u n c ove to ma ke na ked henc e t e l :4 7 , o ev a . 3 . 7111 r , r
ls a v . o d d a bo h . . n D1 , t a .
to sc old t b u t 2 o o e. : 1 , j rga 6 .
n a to smoo the , to la e , to wi e off a n a ea a h e hi n 1j > 1j 1 ( p p ) , r , t r s g
floor . j
to c le ve to to c li n t : 1 4 a o . 1 p3 3 , g .
' n u n w c h c om 1 ( o t sed i ka l to s ea k 1 a o d , s ee , 3 , p ) , r p
ma nd 2 hi n ma t e a ai r 3 some hi n 4 c a use ui a t ; t g, t r , fi ; t g; , s t
law 5 c a use s 3 : 1 ea on . 8 ; , r .
us d o n l in i l to s : e 1 1 8 . e ea k . 1 3 11 ( y p ) , p
u n used oo t 1 to dis u b a i a te 2 to love D avid ( r , t r , g t ; ) , — beloved so n f kin : o ess th a . 4 1 7 . ( ) , J e e gre t g
to ha n down to be end ulo us to nod a nd wa ve ( g , p , r) ,
a 1 i n 2 m i ten hin d . endulous n odd wea k i n m o j p , g; , fir , p t , t ,
lea n h n l n 3 : 1 0 t c s e i n l nd o i n . e e de ot c ndi o oo . , r a t , p r 2 7 - m m n 1 : 7 . to t ead a wa oad a h c us o a n e . 13 1 ( r ) , y, r , p t , t , r
’ ‘ 1 1 n . 3 m . o s . h . . Nh l pr , , e :
/ t m u i n usi n o hu t buzz n to be s i ed c on o . o i h . D171 , p t rr p, f
1 : 19 .
’ n 3 o . f . s e. s . h fi fi pr , , , ,
1 to be 2 t s 1 : 1 bec me 3 t n c e to s . o o o ha e om a . ; ; pp , p
n w e i . h he 1 3 te o . adv ? : 1 1115 71 rr g , t r .
t to w l 1 : 1 o o k to oc e . 1 o r a ed . 13 71 g , , pr 4 ith to i 2 v . h e h la c e : 1 4 0 7 71 ad , r , t s p . .
n l n R h rn o r c o mo n nd t a a e . m e 3 . m . u i u s e o . sed f on pr , , p , ( g r) ,
1 :4 they. . 1 1 0 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
f in : 2 2 on 3 l h r . us h 1 1 r . , , . m. e e em e , e . . 11 913 p p , ( ) t y l f n 3 . o . he 1g pr , , p , . , t y.
behol ! in . d! see! lo 1 : 1 5 . terj ,
i n n o nc iv 2 to c ome hea v . e . e a t to c e e ( be y , , pr g , ;
to c n iv in h in h n to me i a t c on me a h . o c t e m c e d t t p e e d , e , e) ,
tion c ep .
T
n i f . h 1 9 m . . : d o . . 1 . 113 1 e pr s , t s
n m hi 2 : 7 m . . s . . de o . pr , t s . l i k sid s exc e to s be e . ha e to o u o ut r . n7 11> 7 11 ( , p r ) , p ep , pt l 2 to be old to w d n n a n ld ma n a n elde 1 1 . o o as a o u o . : 131 1 , gr ; , , r 2 l 3 2 1 to sc a e to di e e to win now to en i a e. : T1 tt r , sp rs ; , v t t . 13 1 1 i 2 o 11 > ( to sc a tter d s e se ; to sc a tte seed , t sow seed , $ 1 yj 1 , p r r )
1 seed 2 semen vi ile h nc s oc k ibe a mil 3 a la n ; r , t e e , t , tr , f y; p t
l n u 2 n o 4 : 1 . i a a a ion a oo sho s c ke . g, p t t , r t , t , r
l“!
to bea down to out h es 2 : bea to h . 1 7 . [93 11 t , t , t r
l “ ' n t de i : 1 8 a d o c ea e to s o to . 1 . ? 111 s , t p , s st
’ D’ lfll l o r 1119 11 (supposed to be from a root mea n ing reddish yel l w w 2 2 o hea . : 3 ) , t .
liv li li e li in o . e v . (t e) , adj a v , , v g
1 l i n a m o w en h wea h v ue a . $n> §m (t t ist) , str gt , t , rt , r y
n — m ac e with so t to surrou d ob . to e b 3 f ( ; pr p3 1"1 r ,
n o 1 the bo om 2 the eeli n a ec tions 3 the bo om e ed t s ; f gs , fi ; s
' or la p of a ga rmen t; 4 the hollow pla c e or i nside of a c ha riot 4 1 : 6 .
li o r m h 2 o divide to a rt (to be s ppery s oot ; t , p ) ,
i i i 2 : d v s n o i n 3 . a o r port o .
1 1 2 THE ELEMENTS or HEBREW
to th ow th ow own as o th a l a to ( r , r d , bef re e t r ,
th ow o h ha n in n i n n h h ut t d a c o . da e e e s ess o o . J u r f ) , pr p , r
th la nd f a h . 1 : e o J ud 1 .
” to b ehova h the Lo d e . 1111 1 ( ) , J , r
3 1 > to ow ho t o r wa m 1 da ; 2 ime; 3 a c e a i n e iod 1 l ( gr r ) , y t rt p r
o l 1 r a e o ime . 1 : ps f t .
to be d 1 oo . 3 : 3 19: g .
’ to be l l a b e to evai . : 3 3 , pr 4 6 .
“ :to f be e m . m to ea e fo s b . 13 g t ( r , r)
“ ’ hild n to a c o o rn . 1 : 13 ( beget) , ( e b ) 5 .
9 to d : 1 1 . 13 : ad . 7
t o t o ou or o h . I : 3 3 : g f rt 6 .
1 to e 2 to s a nd i n w t e : a a e o ev nc . 1 1 f r; t , r er e 3 .
“ 1 to des end o down 2 to be h o n to l 3 c wn dow l 3 : . a . 1? , g ; t r , f h w l I e st d God s a el . ( re e ) , r
1 exi sts is a t ha n d is esen ; 2 is 3 to have e ha s c o n V}: , , pr t ; (p r p
n wi 1 : 1 2 c t t ess . e ed h e) .
to sit down s tle t dwell to e o . , t ,
11 n f b . : 1 . o . . J esse so o O ed 4 7 W} pr p ,
1 to be redunda nt; 2 to be a bu nda nt; 3 to be left; 4 to exc eed
l t 2 4 e u e to be e c l en . : s 1 . m a i . e . x e r , ,
3
li e t u so a dv . k , h s , ,
’ n h bec u . 1 : c o . a or a se 6 . 3 j t t , f ,
l l i n a n to fin ish a l the who e eve h . 3 3 d 3 3 ( ) , , ryt g
1 to elea se to e ec 2 to c a th ou h to ni sh; 3 to c on 1133 r , p rf t; rry r g , fi m su e.
2 wn da u h e 1 to c o m lete fin ish e fec t ; to c o ) , 71 7 3 > 3 3 3 ( p , , p r r g t r
- : i . 1 i n la w (c rowned a t the wedd ng) 6 .
1 1 i ec e u n i u e a vessel 2 a men s l . a n o (p 3 3 3 ) y p f f r t r , ; g r t , V OCAB U LA RY OF THE BOOK OF RUTH 1 1 3
m 2 : orna men ts; 3 a boa t; 4 a n i nstrumen t; 5 a r s . 9 .
n Chilion c o n su m to nish to c onsume r . . ( fi , ) , p , ( p i t o n ) . 1 in o or su o 4 : 5 . to S sta su o t a . ( u , pp r ) pr p pp rt
i 2 i mi u s me D3 3 1 to ra l a t; to trea t gno niously; 3 to p t to ha . 2 : 1 5 .
F 3 > = to c ove to hide 1 win ; 2 bo de ; 3 the ski o a 13 113 ( r , ) , g r r rt f
en ga rm t .
1 to c u t to c ut down c ut o 2 to s ike a c ovena n or a ee 11 3 3 , , f ; tr t gr m 4 en . : 1 0 t . 7
l 2 n i 1 w i . L to abo ; to be ea ed o . ea h Wea ed 11213 ( r r ) , pr p ( r )
4 : 1 1 .
a n ll 2 middle d to be ho ow 1 hea meta h . 3 3 ( ) , rt; p
. a i i o t li 2 1 3 n e ene a a . z . p rt , t r rs , p r
2 1 : 1 o e d w ea . 1 . D > D to ea t , to ea t u od b a ; 3 h U3 H3 ( p) , f ; r t
i h : 2 n 1 1 . g t . 7 8 l s n i o r 1 to ass the ni h ; 2 to a dwell ema i n ; 3 h . I ? 113 p g t t rry, , r p
to behave on e el c ontuma c ousl 1 : 1 6 . s f e y.
' ’ i me l 4 : . v . a o e me o D 3 J adv . . 7 . 3 3 > 1 L3 (q ) f r t , f r r y
to bend i c li n e u s l : 1 n n one e . 3 8 . 13 ? , , t r f
1 to ke to sei e 2 ei e 2 a z to ec v a c c e . 4 3 t , ; r , pt : .
1 to a he c ollec 2 to l 2 2 e n . : g t r , t; pi . g a . 1 D
h a f a h Moa b the t e w ter i . . s ed o h e ( , e , e , t e f t r) , ,
n ame of the so n of Lo om hi l a h a lso the t fr s e der d ug ter ,
n a m i n 1 : 1 e f r n i i . o a eg o i hab ted by the Moab tes .
v Moa i s flz3 §Q > 3 §1Q ( . a b te s . “ a v ve exc e i n IR d . ed l . Q ry, g y “ 1 1 to ex end a li ne 2 to measu e 3 to a o ion . 3 : 5 PH: t ; r ; pp rt . 1 1 4 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
c o n t . om n v w ? + i rr a . h 3713 13 ( r fr $117 : 11Q taught te go . d y wherefore?
in “ t . e o o n . w ? . ha in wh ? : 1 1 . 1 1 te o adv . 1 1 3 rr g pr t , 1Q3 rr g y
to know 1 a c ua i n a nc e hi amilia i 2 a n ( ) , q t s p , f r ty;
a c uai n a nc e a i a el i 2 : 1 q t , fr end , r a t ve. .
to i 2 e n 1D > 7 ( be et to bea , 1 na iv , o i i n ; o n , T$ 3 1 g , r) t ty r g pr g y
o s i n 3 e i e i l l - c u 2 la v a m el me . : 1 1 ow o n n . ff pr g; r t s , f y, f try
' to di e ex i e 111Q , p r .
t i d o d ea h . 1 : 1 > Q e 1 7 . n Q n1 ( ) , t
o i M hl 1 :2 13 1 > 1 13 r1 t be s c k ro . n . a on the sic kl o ne . 1 1 Q ( ) , p p ( y ) Q to s ead out extend u e a men ma n le nngtfl > n3 19 ( pr , ) , pp r g r t , t ,
c loa k.
1 in o w te . ro n o? Q rr g p . h
' to ell a l 3 e or a e . 4 :3 . 3 Q s , j r f s
see 2 : 51s 513 111) 1 .
ll u ll : 2 to fi . . 1 1 ( ) , adj f f . .
to ivi r m > J d de e . o o . 1Q 1 Q ( ) , p p fr , f
o r es e c e uie 1 9 t es a . : . ( t) , r t , p , q t
to flow flow down 1 i n e i nes 2 bell 3 womb ( , ) , t st ; y; ;
4 mi n : hea d . 1 1 1 rt , .
l l li le a UD > 19 to be o lished , to be sha to be itt e , a , lO ¥Q ( p rp , ) tt
li tle while 2 : 7 t . .
i i ill i i 1 1 3 . d . b e : > to d d st to be b tte a . 3 D T1Q ( r p , , r) , j tt r
1 to low d i di ill 2 to be bi te 3 to be embi e ed 4 fij Q f , r p , st ; t r tt r ; m 2 hi to a ke li e bi e 1 : 0 . ph . f tt r .
n Ma a m a n in l o . e in s a . (q . used p ac e a pr p r , g
itte n s 1 2 b e . : 0 r s .
“ ' ’ - i s o c ove n . Q > the foot wha i s at one ee , o g 11 13 1 1 3 11 ( ) , t s f t f t r 3 ;4 .
i 1 :9 . t h m e a c u e . Q to nd c ome u on , ouc , e , Ng fi , p t q r
6 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
a t; 4 to a c kn owledge; 5 to bec ome a c qua i n ted with; 6 to rec
i to know 2 : 1 0 o n ze . . g ,
f 1 f o v . a s em . a n e o ou n Th 7 1 > fi ( str g r , j r er . e s 3 . j gg gg femin ine a lso mea ns the wife of a nother in pro hibitio ns
in a ult r 2 : 1 0 a ga st d e y . . l 4 or a : . $373 a shoe s nda . 7 m 11 . N a o i m n D3 to be sweet o . ( sweet o e mo the ] ; ( ) pr p y ) , r
- R : 2 1 . in law o f u th .
u h u n ma a to oa a o o n . ( r r) , y t , y g , serva n t
l v a i l da mse . 7 13 22 g r , (
ll sli 2 to h ow h ow down to a ll i n o uin 2 1 1 to a . : 0 . $5 3 f , p; t r , t r , f t r 7
n h ul b i 4 : a b a t o ea h a n ma . 1 to t e e 5 . WQ§> WBQ( p , r ) , s , r t ,
to ta ke a sta nd to u t in a ositio n a n ove ee agg ( , p p ) , rs r . 2 5 : .
li elevate to a ke to . R? ; t , ft ,
to i k . Pg); (pro b . ss
l c e c s i u e d 1 : o i e a n a on o . 6 . t g v , gr t , p , t t t , D
3 : 3 7 to a noi n to e ume. 110 t , p rf
1 to u n aside or a wa to de a 2 to be emoved to s 1 10 t r y, p rt; r , pa s
3 to u n side to to a oa c h w a wa a d a n ea . 4 : 1 y; t r , ppr , r r . S7 1 3 3! 1 to pa ss over; 2 to pa ss through; 3 to pass by; 4 to pass
w va ni sh e ish 5 to a s or move on o u he a ay, , p r ; p s , g f rt r; 6 to
a s o or c ome u on a n on e to ove c ome overwhelm assail p s , g , p y , r , , ;
li 2 :8 u id . to d o a s a . 7 r p , q
ed s u u 1 1 3 133! to be deta i n or h t p. .
' “ 1 a wi n ess 2 es im on . 4 : 137 > ny (q . t ; t t y 8 .
F to c oss o fo wa d no u n o essi on c ossi n er 131 ( r , g r r ) , pr gr , r g, p
1 wi thi n 2 u u l l time . to n i . 1 : 1 3 etua e . p ; pr p ; p , t VOCABULARY OF THE BOOK OF RUTH 1 1 7
1 wo k la bo till u ltiva t 2 to s rve r wo k ( r , r , , c e ; e o r
e n n B . b n O d s rvi so o f oa z a nd R th . fo r a n th o . e u o er) , pr p ( g) . 1 4 : 7 .
i n 2 n i n ua ll u e > to e tu n to e ea t . 1 a a c o 3 h 1 1y 1 1y ( r r , r p ) g , t y, f rt r , ll lon e mo e 4 et sti . g r , r , y ,
1 r bon to end awa 2 to l ve o a w om 3 to ela x d ; ea , a 3 13! s , s y g y fr ;
omi to i n e mi 4 n i h . to be le t. to t , t r t; p f
1 1 i the e e a u n a i n 2 : 2 . to flow d o . 1 3}> 1 37 ( , r p) , y , f t
1 1 o r to bo il ow ho t be in fe men t a 1 y > 1 37 way ( , gr , r ) ,
1 : 1 9 .
1 u n 2 b ve bo h in n . o a o t s a e a (q . pre p p ; ( p c d
ua li 3 a t nea b 4 owa ds . q ty) ; , r , y; t r 1 1 to o or c ome u to a c end moun u ; 2 to a ise 3 to ” 23! g p, s , t p r ;
i to i c ea s . 4 1 n or ow u 4 to se n e : . spri g gr p; r , r
n r c ll h a o l 1 > to c o e a te o ec t e u e e. :6 . D¥ DQ¥ ( g g , , p p) , p p
wi h a l wi 1 : h . 7 v e . on DV > DQ ¥ ( . pr p t , g t “ l 2 to s a nd hold a a c e. : 7 . my t , p
h m as t o n o nl wi h wi t sa e b u u d t . h e f e . wrgy ( DL7 , y pr p t
1 l i willin A m m . i n eo e s o . n a da b 3 7 ? i > 3 21§+ Q 9 ( y p p g) , pr p 1 4 : 9 . so n of Ra m .
r h h 1 a s ea 2 ¥ to bind o ea to et e , h a home 1 Q§1> 1 Q ( p g r) f; r , 2 dry measure . : 7 .
’ 1 to si n 2 to a ise the voi c e be i n to s ea k 3 to a n we rm] I g; r , g p ; s r;
n : e hi . 2 4 to i ni ha ve es ec to som . s g fy, r p t t g 6
2 t a lic t o e s d o im e la bo o e ss . 2 1 I I 1 t ss e l : . 7 133! pr r; ff , ppr s , pr
2 : 7 . to in terweave eveni n . 1 3 1 3}> J j ¥ ( ) , g
n n l hi t used i ka to be h a hea . 3 : o 7 . nQ fi9 > Dfixz( , g ) , p 9 n . lu k l v s . h to c as ea e o O a ob . a doe 7 15 1 3 > ( p , ) , pr p rp (pr ) , 7 2 1s
wife of M a hlo n . 1 1 8 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
to do wo k ma ke 1 : 7 wx , . . n z r ,
n m ten fiwy f u . .
1 u 2 1 1 to be ha , ic h , 1 ic h i n enuo s; m! ( ppy r ) r , g
nse im iou sinc ic h a r o n h o n a in se , p s , e r es e fte t e f u t 3 : 1 0.
im 2 14 e. : n}? t . i w h i n . 2 : v . ow . T1139 > nJ7 t pa ra gog c (v . ad 7
B
1 to x en t t i l e 2 o e , a , o s ke ki c k a a c k kil i nvad ; t ma k y}? fi f st r , , tt , ,
s i e c en n o c a use hi n to ( tr k ) a ov a t or a greement; 3 hiph . t a nyt g
ush u on a n one Th m ni n i i to u e n i h a s s . r p y . e ea g t s p sa ge rg
1 : 1 6 .
1 e e i i s e 2 a v . h n h la c i e 7 15 d r , t p ; h th r . l 1 1 to be se a a ted distin uished 2 to be ma de J 7 s ( p r , g , — ‘ wo nde ful a c e a i n one followed a lwa s b 1 suc h r ) , rt y y JQ 7 13 ,
o n uc h n l : a s a suc h a ac . 4 1 . e , d p e
n l 4 : c o . a t . e . 6 . j ? j p r , st ’ 2 D J 1 to t u n a bo u t beta ke o neself ; to look , a c e ? ( r , ) f
li r 2 t . c es o a u . : 1 ( fa fe t res) 0.
to ma ke do wo k 1 la bo busi ne s 2 a a c deed ( , r ) , r , s ; f t , ;
3 a w 4 oo m 2 : 1 2 o k d e c ha ndi . . r ; g s , r se
t i o i . 1 : flag v s t 6 .
" 1 to di s u 2 n 1 , b ea k a a bu s se a a e to ex a d; 3 to 1 ? r pt r p rt , r t , p r t ; p
s c a tter .
, 1 n P e . ) to b ea k to b u st ; 2 to b ea k in o . . e z 1 3 ? n ( r , r r ) , pr p r
4 : 1 2 .
1 u 2 to ea d 101 i. . to b ea k a nd dis ib te a s b ea d ; ; ? q n r tr , r spr
3 to s etc h out h h n 3 : t a s . 9 tr ( e d ) .
a i ec e a lit le i e l 1 m e : . c e a o . 4 11 5 p , t p , rs 2
1 20 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
~ t s 11 Ru h h i l o ee o . . t e bea u t fu . n1fi > n1$j ( ) , pr p t ( )
l ' 11 Ra c hel w l m : 1 o . . a e a . 4 1 7 111 pr p ( e b) . t
to wa sh b he . : , a t 3 3 .
1 J m m il 1 : 2 > to e t a dv . e . 1 . DR1 p W( p y) , , pt y
hi h l n R m h l D > D to be , o ft , o . . a t e o ft so n of j 11 ( g y) pr p ( y) ,
H n . 1 ezro 4 : 9 .
to be hu n in wa n t a a mi ne wa n o ovisi ons 3 37 1 3 7 1 ( gry , ) , f , t f pr . 7 9 ,
1 : 1 .
l h n 1 to feed c a tt e , e c e , a she he d a n a c ua i n 7 13 1 ( p r ) , q t
a nc e c om a ni on i end nei hbo 3 : 1 4 , p , fr , g r . .
1 to b ea k b e k u 2 to be evi l hi o o il 1 2 1 a 3 h t d ev : . 3117 1 r , r p; ; p . . 7
1 to be sa i s ed to be ull i 2 w J , , a a ed; to be ea to ha ve a y Q t fi f s t t ry,
l a r 2 : 1 4 . o thi ng f o .
v s i e ul ne J > . a ss to sa i sfa c i on . 2 : 1 8 . fiy Q n ( t ty, f t t
to i ns ec ex ec ho e wa i or 1 : 1 3 fi , . . gQ p t p t , p , t f
to be xtended o r la n a eld e i on c oun ( e p e) , fi , r g , try,
la nd .
’ r to u l a a n e : o t a c e 3 3 . D Q mQ p , p , rr g .
’ a n d ’ 1 whi e ha i 2 ld a e 4 : 1 5 o . J Q ng Q t r; g .
‘ l o r a a m n t b me ta thesis o f a nd . 1Q?Q ( g r e ) y ?
lm r m f B : 2 2 1 . n Sa a Sa l n h 4 0 o . h o o a t o oa z . . Q , pr p , f er ,
a 3 : 3 nl Q .
l J in h l le . D W > WJJ to be o o to b ist e , ba . 7 1i p SJQ Q ( rr r , r ) r y 2 2 1 : . W
to d a w 2 : a wa . J RQ r ( s ter) 9 .
le e w m t av o a o . 1 : 3 o a . fiNQ , g y fr VOCABULARY OF THE BOOK OF RUTH 2 1
1 i r 1 a ike l . D § > 3 to o se o row , to flow p 5 Q 5 Q ( g , r g ) , sp
2 i 2 : 2 or head o a i n a ve . f gr ; r r .
n 1 5 m m s ven . 4 : a s . u . e . 7 1n , 1 to es kee holida 2 to c ea se de i ; to c elebra e the ngQ r t , p y; , s st t
Sa bba th .
- v n Sha ddai the Lo d to de asta te dest o o . : 1Q ( , r y) , pr p ( r
n 1 2 : 0. who tempts a d a fterwa rds c omforts .
u n u n b k 1 :6 to e a c . . 3 1Q r t r , t r
“ i w w 2 i 2 : 1 0. 1 to bo do n i n c li ne; to subs de, to be d s e sed . . 11:1Q , p r
n in ka l 1 i to e ish to des o erve 2 to a c t o t used . a ( ) ; p p r , tr y, p rt;
i o e l 3 hi h o des o 4 to a c t immode l . 4 : m t a e . m d ra te y; p . tr y; r t y 6
’ 1 to ut to a nd t a ns to la c e 2 to ut a hi n so ha it n Q p , st ( r ) , p ; p t g t t
l t i di e to u n 4 to do m ke ende li e to a 3 to u . e . c a s , y; p , , r t , t r ; , , r r; i : 1 5 . 5 to g ve. 3
to li e wn o o 3 :4 J J do t bed . . Q , g 2 > to lie down est ; a bide , c o n tin ue ; 3 to dwell ; 1QQ 1QQ ( , r
n h 1 n 2 n i bo : 4 1 . 4 to i a bit a i n ha bi a n a e h . 7 ) , t t; g r
2 l n w 2 1 to d aw ut to de oi a c h a a . : 1 o 6 . s r ; sp , s t y
1 to be whole un hu a e 2 to be c om lete nished 3 to BBQ , rt , s f ; p , fi ;
w ° ha ve ea c e have i endshi 4 i . to sa ve hole 5 to ni sh p , fr p; p , fi ,
t es e e em n e e e ec 6 o o 7 to a u a 8 u . to be n p rf t; r t r ; r p y, r r t ; p fi
i 1 i e i l i i shed 9 to be a d 0 to l v a m c a b 1 1 h h . to e ec ; p ; y; p p rf t ,
exec u e ma ke a n end 1 2 to ma ke ea c e 1 3 to ma ke a i end t , ; p ; fr
ne 2 :1 2 of a nyo . l l w l 2 f . 1 h e l u v . ad . em o a bso te e ec fi > D 3 . QZ Q 2Q ( j ; , p rf t;
l i a i n e c e nd i nds i 2 2 c u v t a a e h . . 1 t g p fr p .
” 1 to ex c 2 to a ke o s h u 1 a a t e sho e ; 3 to ea o t . 4 : 7 5122 tr t; t ff , t r l n m ’ h hi in D c o t . f o D 7 t e t d da c o mb ed in the QBQ r r 1 Q Q ( r y) , ‘ l h h hi i a se i . e . este da t e t d da t si p r DQ 7 Q 7 1Q n , , y r y r y , g
nifies the a be o e este da a ls a sho t time 2 d o a o . : 1 1 . , y f r y r y, , r g 1 2 2 THE ELEMENTS OF HEBREW
he i l v . 2 D a d e n ha a c e. 1 : . Q , t r , t t p 1 a na me 2 e u a ti on a me. DQ ; r p t , f
to he . yQQ a r I :6 .
to fold to do uble a ea f om its two s aso ns l > e . fi fll flgQ ( , ) , y r ( r )
l n m . two . 1 to o d mas . u 1 : ( f ) , , .
’ in l d . a n u m . ec n v n JQ ord , s o ( li u e . 3 : 1 WV > 1 17 to s t , c t a a t a a 1 . Q Q ( p p r ) , g t
m id erva n ndm iden 2 : 1 3 a a ha a . . 7 1q s t ,
Q B 1 to ud e to ud e a n yone, to c ondemn uni h th ea en wi h Q j g , j g , p s , r t t
l 2 o u l 1 : 1 the w t e. a ; r .
1 to e be ui e u ndi s u bed be ee om 2 to be i na c ive Q EQ r st , q t , t r , fr fr ; t ;
en 1 3 : 8 . 3 to be sil t .
n six 1 f u m . . 3 : 5 QQ em . , .
“ 1 to d i n k 2 to d i n k o et e to e c on a l 2 : h b vivi . 9 . , 113Q r ; r t g r , ’ 1 n t . f m n u . : c m two . 1 7 . o s e . D nQ r 1:1Q ,
man 13 5i 1 : 3 m 1 : mm? mm