https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Botanic_Gardens What is a botanic garden? Brisbane Botanic Gardens: a history For the purposes of the Botanic Gardens Old Brisbane Botanic Gardens (OBBG) or City Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy, published by WWF and IUCN in 1989, a botanic garden was defined as a 'garden containing scientifically ordered and maintained collections of plants, usually documented and labelled, and open to the public for the purposes of recreation, education and research'. Dr Jeannie Sim 2017 Huxley, A. (ed) 1992. New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London: Macmillan, pg.375. 2
Explaining HISTORY of the Old Brisbane Botanic Gardens… Moments in Time ~ first 100 years
Scrub near Brisbane 1895 (Source: 6 key themes 1825 British 'whitefellas' arrive at Mianjin Fryer Library, Hume Collection #100 ) about the to establish a penal settlement place: Government Garden laid out 1828 • Making 1842 end transportation of convicts • Keeping 1853-56 Moreton Bay Horticultural • Science Society lobbies for BG • Education 1855 Reserve for Botanic Gardens • Aesthetics 1859 Colony of Queensland • Recreation separated from Colony of NSW 1925 Metropolitan Brisbane City Council established (London model) A thematic and chronological narrative… 3 4
https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage- OBBG Significance register/detail/?id=600067 Moreton Bay Penal Settlement Qld HERITAGE REGISTER citation has 1824-1842 Oldest place of European more: significance, history & description Re-established at Horticulture & Agriculture in Qld Brisbane Town 1825 since 1828 = 189years
Continuously used as BG since 1828 Charles Fraser & 1855 = 162years Alan Cunningham laid Government Alice St fence/gates built 1865 out the Government Garden Drinking Fountain built 1867 Garden & convicts dug a fenced with Lagoon. Vital food crops Oldest building in BG built in 1878 Garden = 139years (rainforest shelter) were planted. Cottage Map 1840 Original site still largely intact Many trees planted before 1900 5 6
1 1850… 1855 Brisbane Botanic Gardens http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2012/06/20/walter-hill- About ownership… 1850 Gardens Point the-gardener-who-helped-grow-a-state/ set aside as Park Reserve Original indigenous custody 1855 Walter Hill appointed as first Then becomes crown Director (or Curator) land, public land WALTER HILL Lobbied for more land (1820-1904), administered by… & got it British Colonial Director 1855-81. Before 1860 Queensland State Deppeler-Hagen, planted row of bunyas Judith, in Aitken, R. Brisbane Municipal By 1862 and Looker, M. (2002). created Fern Island Oxford Companion to within first Lagoon Australian Gardens. 7 pp.302-303. 8
Original 1862 Ham's Map of Brisbane Government Garden Gardens Point Fence & Cottage Reserves: Showing Walter Hill's design layout for BBG A B A Queen's Park (for recreation) B Brisbane Botanic Gardens C Parliament House D Government C D House Domain
Map 1850 QSA 9 10
Acclimatising to Queensland Science in the Garden Wikipedia 20º S = Tropic of Capricorn VITAL Role of Botanic Gardens Acclimatising exotics plants to understand: and cultivating local plants Horticultural trials and plant New climates distributions (farmers, schools, etc.) (coastal, inland, north, south) Finding and naming Different soils native Queensland plants
New plants & animals Botanical expeditions+ recordings, keeping the Botanical Museum & BOTANIC MUSEUM NEWCOMERS required: Herbarium, corresponding with 1914-c.1972 Different lifestyles (work/play other BGs, RBG, Kew etc. times, clothes, food, etc.) to suit 11 12
2 NETWORKS: British Imperial + locally Education in the Garden
Queen's Parks… Research and spreading the BRISBANE new understanding of plants in Toowoomba our climate through publications Warwick Agriculture, Botany, Market Maryborough Gardening, Botany Bulletin, Rockhampton Queensland Agricultural Journal, Mackay plant catalogues… Townsville Labelling of Plants Cooktown http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/pacific/australia/queensland/ 13 International Exhibitions 14
Plant Catalogues Recreation ~ major uses
The First (1875) Official celebrations Walter Hill Strolling after church on Kiosks and cafés The Second (1880) Sundays in best clothes! F.M. Bailey Promenading and sitting JOL143651 lilypond c1900s The Third (1885) Visiting plant collections & greenhouses F.M. Bailey Music concerts The Fourth (1951) J.R. Bailey Zoological collection The Fifth (1962) Organised sport : croquet (near 1st Harry Caulfield Kiosk), tennis, football (in Queen's Park) The Sixth (1995) Watching rivercraft 1885 QHerb+Ower (ed.) Children's playground after 1910 1875 (Domain) 15 16
First KIOSK Kiosks! Bandstands! JOL # 94128 (1898) b.1879 Water to drink Walter Hill Fountain
Significant for historic interest associated with the Botanic Gardens. Named in 1972 in honour of Walter Hill, first director of the gardens, built in 1867 to provide the first pure drinking water for visitors, http://monumentaustralia.org.au/a ustralian_monument/display/9085 sourced from new Enoggera 5 Photos by Noel Hall 2007 Dam. Second BANDSTAND http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- JOL #24279 (1910) 17 bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=8415 18
3 Zoological collection Native black swans (1959) Landscape Design: waves of change Innovations include: Latest Fashions include:
Fern Island Gardenesque arrangements Bush-houses (for shade loving Carpet bedding
plants, aka ferneries) Ribbon borders Bamboo around lagoons Floral displays Early xeriscape banks Collections of Early Tropicalian character Bromeliads & succulents
Rustic fountains with giant clam Modernism shells and coralstone Designing, making and keeping: all come in to play http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool1088817 19 20
Hill's Fern Island
FRYER Hume #449 c.1880s
Lagoon drained and bamboos removed 1934
JOL Neg#100082 1876 21 Date: c.1900s Fern Island. Paul Hayes Postcard Collection. 22
Bamboo Avenue Hill's conifer collection…
After 1998 replanting Pine trees towering above scrubs Bunya Mountains ca. 1920 1889 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool234734 23 SLQ JOL #57614 24
4 Late 19th C: Head Gardeners + Curator
JAMES PINK (c.1836-1923), Head Gardener 1881-86. entry by Jeannie Sim, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.475.
ALEXANDER COWAN (ff.1880s-90s), Head Gardener 1886-89. entry by Jeannie Sim, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.164.
PHILIP MACMAHON (1857-1911), Curator 1886-1905. entry by Jeannie Sim, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pp.392-393. Queen's Park Lagoon ca1890s JOL #24062 25 26
1890 1890 Flood MacMahon's Layout
27 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool434316 28
http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/cultivation 1893 MacMahon's bush-house
FLOODS! 1890, 1893
29 2 from Postcard Collection of J.Sim 30
5 1912: Giant Clam Shell fountain inside bush-house 31 1912: adjacent bush-house (rustic rockwork) 32
Source: McKay Clam Shell Fountains (1998) "'A MacMahon's creations a local tradition Good Show': Colonial Queensland at International Exhibitions" Fig.40, pg. 222 & Illustrated London News, 28 Aug 1886, Shady shelter & chairs 1870s Fig.48, pg. 227 JOL #168880 (c1905) earliest
1886 Rustic Fountain (coralstone & giant clam shells) Bowen Park 1895 JOL #62335 built 1889-1891 (JOL #23859 1891) 33 34
http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_ digitool236788 Bedding Out Sweet pea columns Carpet Bedding Circa 1889 [Floral] Displays Ribbon borders
Pink's idea in Massed cannas early 1880s for upper terrace of
Queen's Park BCC A308 around large stone fountain.
35 BCC A561 36
6 MacMahon's parallel paths…
Godfrey Rivers c.1913 Under the Jacaranda 1903 (QAG) http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool132123 37 38
Moments in Time ~ early 20th century Early 20th C: Curators + Superintendent
1913 BCC appoints Harry Moore as first Parks John Frederick BAILEY (1866-1938), Curator 1905-1917. (he designs Newfarm Park, redesigns Superintendent entry by Judith Deppeler-Hagen, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). Bowen Park, Newstead Park and many others) Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.68. 1914-1918 WW1 1909 Government House moves to Fernberg; City of Brisbane Act 1924 E.W.BICK (1870-1949), Curator 1917-1940. University of Queensland in OGH from 1910 entry by Jeannie Sim, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). 1917 Government Botanist separated from Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.88. Curator role (Under Dept of Agriculture) 1925 BCC assume trusteeship of OBBG Henry MOORE (fl.1913-1942), Interim Superintendent 1940-1942. (separation of control) ? entry by Jeannie Sim, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). 1942 Royal Navy assumes control; Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.416. creates major depot in Domain https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/file/267701 39 40
1898-1910s New riverwall & lower path
Widening the river http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool180715 by dredging away Gardens Point! Completed in 1910s along with riverbank stabilisation walls ca1912
41 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool511645 42
7 Second Bandstand (b.1900-1953) Sunday New buildings strolling ca. 1913
Second KIOSK JOL #168878 1905 (b.1902-1910) 43 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitoo420828 44
More new buildings Early xerophytic garden on steep banks (Queens Pk)
Third Residence b.1909/1917 remodelled to CAFÉ in 1987 1938 SLV a11144 dated c1908 Third KIOSK JOL #61288 b.1911-1973 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_ 45 PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool420740 46
http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool65843 1937 1942
Before Royal Australian Navy invades!
http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool207309 47 48
8 1942 HMAS Moreton in Domain From 1943 to 1946, the former City Botanic Gardens' Curator's Residence, was used by the Royal Australian Navy. The Navy enlarged the residence so that it could be used as the Wardroom and Officers' Mess for HMAS Moreton. This was the name given to the shore establishment operated by the Navy in Brisbane. Members of the Women's Royal Australian Navy service were permanently stationed at the HMAS Moreton Wardroom Measuring for construction of slit air raid trenches and Officers' Mess. WRAN personnel were (SLQ JOL #34283) housed in Botanic Museum. BCC-B120-30623 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool68279 49 http://www.ww2places.qld.gov.au/places/?id=181 50
HMAS Moreton in Domain Training Naval Reserves 1946 Moments in Time ~ post WW2 http://www.ozatwar.com/ran/hmasmoreton.htm 1947 BCC appoints new Director of Parks (Harry Oakman, landscape architect) 1976 new BG opens at Mt Coot-tha Rd, Toowong 1984-5 QIT's Gardens Point Study 1994 Conservation Study 2005 Review of Conservation Study 2005 150th anniversary (sesquicentenary) 2015 Masterplan (and Conservation Management Plan)
51 52
http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SL Q_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool420744 Post war: Curators + Landscape Designer Strolling & Snoozing 1950
http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO John (Jack) Rayer BAILEY (1914-1956), Curator 1946-56. :slq_digitool419882 1949 entry by Judith Deppeler-Hagen, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.68.
HARRY CAULFIELD (1918-1994), Curator 1956-1982. entry by Jeannie Sim, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.131.
HARRY OAKMAN (1906-2002), Landscape Architect & BCC Director of Parks 1947-63. entry by Jan Seto and Jeannie Sim, in Aitken, Richard and Looker, Michael (2002). Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. pg.449. 54
9 Before changes 1961 This shrubbery c. Early 1950s Harry Oakman's plantation Animal enclosure visible Proposed Design of not done Stone fountain still there Improvements Bamboo around Lagoon Note: curvaceous path layout, (10) new pond (3) new rockery (11) new soundshell (4) ornamental section & (1) Formal Garden + New 2entries off Edward St & George St http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool420848 55 oai:digitalcollections.qut.edu.au:3562 56
Tuesday 12 January 2016 Oakman's lagoon & cascade 1959
Oakman's curved crossing paths revealed in drought effected grass!
57 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool1088805 58
Oakman's water feature Repositioned Edward St entry
Illustrated front cover from The Queenslander New Lagoon 1962 [GS Thomas ] December 1, 1932 1951 bus turning around at the Edward Street entrance Jan 2017: cascade buried in subtropical undergrowth! 59 http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/SLQ:SLQ_PCI_EBSCO:slq_digitool393145 60
10 Oakman's additions New George St entry (1960) ornamental section
BCC B54-32059 1969
Closed of old Alice St BCC B54-32060 1969 Entry near George St corner 61 62
1974 Flood Moving to Mt. Coot-tha from 1970… Making a garden in a former quarry with atrocious soils, insufficient water for irrigation and non-existent public transport… but it won't be 1977 (BCC-S35-9311294) flooded by the Brisbane River! Opened officially 1976
http://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au/3517/ 1977 (BCC-S35-9311297) 5637924 63 5637936 64
1984-5 http://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au/2226/ http://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au/2229/ 1984 OBBG Feeling tired and under-kept… GPS
Photos by QIT LA students as part of Gardens Point Study (QUT LA50 archive)
http://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au /2219/
65 http://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au/collections/landscape-architecture/ 66
11 1986-7 Redevelopment by BCC After 1987
• 24hour access • 4 new entries off QUT • New Riverstage & amphitheatre (Domain) • Loss of maintenance infrastructure • Straightening paths and segmented pavers instead of asphalt • Information Rotunda & toilet facilities • New Formal Floral Display Garden 67 • Café in Cottage 68
2014 Playgrounds Universal play- Picture to be found! ground http://www.mustdobrisbane.com/kids-outdoors-kids- parks/city-botanic-gardens-playground-cbd
Postcard after 1987 1988 playground 69 70
Tuesday 12 January 2016 150th
In 2005, MOB display and more…
71 72
12 2005 Underground water tanks under construction 29 Nov 2013
under construction 12 Sept 2010 73 74
QUT GP2011-01-13_01 https://www.brisbane. 2011 Flood Masterplan qld.gov.au/planning- building/planning- guidelines-tools/city- centre-master- plan/city-making- moves/city-botanic- gardens-master-plan
Download PDF yourself!
Community consultation through 2014, ratified by Thursday 13 Jan 2011 Council Feb 2015.
75 76
Jean's Pick: most th 160 important collections
In 2015, Palms (Arecaceae) Politicians Figs (Moraceae) decreed the need for 160 Bamboo new trees in Queensland conifers celebration… (Araucariaceae, etc) Bean trees (Fabaceae, etc.)
77 78
13 Maps and no maps… wayfinding denied.
Access NEARMAP through Library Catalogue: https://secure.qut.ed u.au/library/resourc es/current/databases /passwords/nearma p.php
15 December 2016 79 80
Challenge: find this shelter in Rainforest Garden!
nla.obj-153364321-1 c.1916
The end Tuesday 12 January 2016 81
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