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The Biology and Ecology of Some Important Insect Pests of Stored Dates in Central Sudan

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The Biology and Ecology of Some Important Insect Pests of Stored Dates in Central Sudan THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SOME IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS OF STORED DATES IN CENTRAL SUDAN By Susan Mohamed Abdalla El Nazir B.Sc. (Hons.) Agric., M.Sc. Agric. University of Khartoum A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Professor El Imam El Khidir Co-supervisor: Professor Mohamed El-Hassan Shazali Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum December, 2004 I ﺒﺴﻢ اﻠﻠﻪ اﻠﺮﺤﻤﻦ اﻠﺮﺤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ : ( ﻭﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﺎﺀً ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻛﺎﹰ ﻓﺄﻧﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺎﺕٍ ﻭﺣـﺐ ﺍﻟﺤـﺼﻴﺪ . ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻃﻠﻊ ﻧﻀﻴﺪ. ﺭﺯﻗﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻠﺪﺓﹰ ﻣﻴﺘﺎﹰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ) (ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻕ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ 11-9) II IN MEMORY OF MY FATHER MOHAMED ABDALLA EL NAZIR III LIST OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... Page Acknowledgements........................................................................................ v English Abstract............................................................................................ vi Arabic Abstract ............................................................................................. x 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 2. Review of Literature ................................................................................ 5 2.1 Ephestia calidella.................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Taxonomy .......................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Distribution ........................................................................................ 8 2.1.3 Host range .......................................................................................... 8 2.1.4 Nature of damage............................................................................... 9 2.1.5 Biology and ecology .......................................................................... 9 2.2 Oryzaephilus species............................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Taxonomy .......................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Description......................................................................................... 16 2.2.3 Distribution ........................................................................................ 17 2.2.4 Pest status........................................................................................... 17 2.2.5 Biology and ecology .......................................................................... 18 2.2.6 Susceptibility and host preference ..................................................... 24 2.2.7 Inter-specific competition .................................................................. 27 2.3 Chemical composition of some date cultivars grown in Sudan............ 29 3. Materials and Methods............................................................................. 32 3.1 General materials and methods............................................................. 32 3.1.1 Experimental site................................................................................ 32 3.1.2 The insects.......................................................................................... 32 3.1.3 Experimental date cultivars................................................................ 33 3.1.4 Technique for stock cultures.............................................................. 34 3.1.4.1 Ephestia calidella cultures.............................................................. 34 3.1.4.2 Beetle species cultures .................................................................... 35 3.2 Experimental studies on the life history of E. calidella under laboratory conditions .......................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Oviposition, fecundity and longevity................................................. 38 3.2.2 Hatchability, incubation period, development and survival .............. 41 3.2.3 Observations on the number of generations of E. calidella throughout one year on the two date cultivars.................................... 45 3.2.4 The intrinsic rate of natural increase.................................................. 46 3.2.5 Development and duration of immature stages ................................. 47 3.3 Investigations into some ecological aspects of Ephestia calidella in stored dates .................................................................... 48 IV 3.3.1 The susceptibility of five cultivars of dates to Ephestia calidella............................................................................................. 48 3.3.1.1 No-choice tests................................................................................ 48 3.3.1.2 Multi-choice tests............................................................................ 50 3.3.2 Preference of different date cultivars to Ephestia calidella............... 52 3.3.2.1 Preference of different date cultivars for oviposition of Ephestia calidella.............................................................................. 54 3.3.2.2 Preference of different date cultivars to Ephestia calidella larvae................................................................................................. 54 3.4 Experimental studies on the life history of Oryzaephilus surinamensis and O. mercator .......................................................... 55 3.5 Investigations into some ecological aspects of Oryzaephilus surinamensis and O. mercator .......................................................... 58 3.5.1 Susceptibility of five cultivars of dates to multiplication of Oryzaephilus surinamensis and O. mercator.................................... 58 3.5.2 Preference of five date cultivars to Oryzaephilus surinamensis and O. mercator adults...................................................................... 59 3.5.3 Growth of single and mixed laboratory populations of O. surinamensis and O. mercator on stored dates................................. 60 3.6 Warehouse studies of stored dates ........................................................ 64 3.7 Some chemical characteristics of five date cultivars tested.................. 66 3.7.1 Moister content ................................................................................. 66 3.7.2 Reducing sugars ................................................................................. 67 3.7.3 Total sugars........................................................................................ 69 3.7.4 Sucrose ............................................................................................... 70 3.7.5 Protein content ................................................................................... 70 3.7.6 Ash content ........................................................................................ 70 3.7.7 Crude fiber ......................................................................................... 71 3.7.8 Titrable acidity ................................................................................... 71 4. Results ........................................................................................................ 73 4.1 Life history aspects of Ephestia calidella for the consecutive periods of the observations in the year 2002/2003 run under laboratory conditions on the two tested date cultivars ....................... 73 4.1.1 Fecundity............................................................................................. 73 4.1.2 Oviposition period ............................................................................. 77 4.1.3 Longevity ........................................................................................... 80 4.1.4 Hatchability and incubation period.................................................... 80 4.1.5 Development period (larva-pupa) and percent survival .................... 81 4.1.6 Number of generations per year......................................................... 87 4.1.7 The Intrinsic rate of natural increase ................................................. 92 V 4.1.8 Development of immature stages....................................................... 95 4.2 The susceptibility of five date cultivars to Ephestia calidella.............. 101 4.2.1 No-choice test .................................................................................... 101 4.2.2 Multi-choice test ................................................................................ 103 4.3 Food preference of five date cultivars to Ephestia calidella ................ 105 4.4 The biology of Oryzaephilus surinamensis reared on Gondaila and Barakawi cultivars........................................................................ 107 4.4.1 Oviposition......................................................................................... 107 4.4.2 Longevity ........................................................................................... 109 4.4.3 Egg hatchability and incubation period ............................................. 112 4.4.4 Development period and percent survival ......................................... 114 4.5 The biology of Oryzaephilus mercator reared on Gondaila and Barakawi cultivars .............................................................................. 117 4.5.1 Oviposition........................................................................................
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