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The Phenomenon of the Saint Petersburg Variant of the Regular City

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The Phenomenon of the Saint Petersburg Variant of the Regular City M THE PHENOMENON OF THE SAINT PETERSBURG VARIANT OF THE REGULAR CITY Leonid Lavrov1, Feodor Perov2 1,2 44 AG2A5AHEEEQ 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] Abstract 22[4 244:2444 ] 4 4 244444\442 of such result: parceling at the initial stage of the city organization, metropolitan ambitions supported by 4424222 a short period of time, involvement of skilled professionals. 2 4 R 24O4P Keywords Saint Petersburg architecture, classicism, development control, parceling, order placement 1. Introduction 42 [ 42445 24456 2<UEEV<U>>24 O 4 44 44 factors of regular city building development 2 4 4 W 2 structure to be implemented by interested parties. architectural and urban planning features of Saint 44 : 4 embellishment to unchangeable structure determined OP442 4P <5 => peculiarity of architectural look of Saint Petersburg. 2\444 3.1. 1830ies – peak of "regular city design" on organization of Saint Petersburg regular building implementation in Saint Petersburg development. Traditionally, history of architecture In 1833, population of the city equaled 440,000 focuses on unique facilities such as sanctuaries, palaces, and castles. The main peculiarity of metropolises. The number of buildings equaled 4 4442: ==V 4 QUHV 2 A4 2 2 44 42 meaningful element of urban complex. Analysis of development at the northern bank of the Neva 24 <> 4244 Vasilyevsky Island and to the south of the Fontanka 2 < U=E> 2. Materials and Methods 4 4 4 C242 Neva and Fontanka rivers. This particular part of 5 4 DEF 44 <G5 =H Empire capital city. Its urban planning features Margolis, Sementsov, 2004). The theory and 42O4P64 A4 2 44 31 Architecture and Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1 42 \ 4 C 5] Intersection of straight streets and loose river bends <44> 4:42 Principle of architectural complexes strongly 2 4 4 affected organization of urban buildings image. Image 25 4F 4 2 4 5 2 4 local landscape charming. 4A442 W 2 4A4 42: 4 4 42 424224 4R barracks integrated into single area represented a construction trestle, but all architecturally iconic 5O4P24 442: this background. the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island, the Admiralty building, W55]42: 44 44 42: is typical to this approach. According to the plan of K.I. Nevsky Prospect area and near Palace Square. 4C554 These dominant structures perfectly harmonized 242:6 F]452 44 thus ensuring integrity of Saint Petersburg urban 4255 environment. A.N. Benois highly appraised the city 54 center landscapes: “Its beauty is in its entirety or, 4G 24422 the building lines of the Square and Mikhailovskaya 24P<EU> Street and drafted frontispieces of all buildings. 2424 54 44 of Nevsky Prospect. To the north its axis looks out involved into development of design and planning onto the group of squares surrounding the Admiralty 4 4 5 theater and the Gentry assembly did not distinguish 4 422 from each other. the Peter and Paul Fortress. The area of Nevsky 44 4 4 5 4 44 42: M 55 ] :5 424DU44 6]42 32 M UUE 2 2 4 4 totally symmetrical buildings located opposite to buildings, their frontispieces are totally identical. 4 { | 44 24 place of military educational establishments, but the 4 4 2R Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Internal family members, palaces of the court notables, [ 4 { U 2 A4 Department constructed in the city center set constructed as a commercial apartment building and 2 4 at the beginning its ground level consisted of small appearance served as an example for residential 24 2O4P 55FF2 to the Directorate of the Emperor’s Theaters. There then in Saint Petersburg a commercial apartment 4424 U24 a) administrative building and barrack in the center of Saint Petersburg. 2242 in Vista of Nevsky Prospect by V.S. Sadovnikov (Kotelnikova, 1974). It depicts 108 buildings, including 98 residential buildings. Uniformity of the picture is surprising: all structures consist of H4 4M: A46{E4 :{D4: b) {UE4=:<{U:4 as its frontispiece opens to Nevsky Prospect and it H>4226E= building out of 108 are the examples of classicism (except for Beloselsky Belozersky Palace that is of ]>] 54DEF< aspects) building development could be considered O4P 4 2 2 4 squares had clear geometry outlines. The face of building block development stretched along the > straight line. Buildings located along the streets had A44 24 4424 length could equal to 447.3 m on Vasilyevsky Island, HUVQQD2 454W 3.2. 1703–1717 — Saint Petersburg is a "window on Europe", a new city with dispersive urban planning 6O existed from the very origin of Saint Petersburg. P (Benois, 1902). Peter the Great considered foundation of U44 2 (contemporary photographs): implementation of a strategic plan for strengthening M5M 4 2C 44552 4 at the Field of Mars 2 4 33 Architecture and Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1 When arranging a European-type city, Peter the 42 Great deemed it necessary to employ the services of 4 4 4 2 UEE foreign specialists. They considered the conditions of 52 Saint Petersburg non-conventional and comparable 2 [444 4224 4 4 442 4 :4 O C 4P 2 2 2444 2 2 2 2=Q==F 5 C24 WW 422 O4P4 44 starting point of Saint Petersburg arrangement on 4 22 44 the basis of a planning scheme. 25 3.3. 1717–1737 – a new city with a center on =U 2 F4 Vasilyevsky Island 2 WWRA4544 : 5 the ambitions of the huge Empire capital city. So 4 2 A4244 found. A possibility of main building development O4PW4 G 4 [ colossal sizes of urban elements (the main square decade of Saint Petersburg existence impresses proposed by Le Blond had overall dimensions of HHVUHHVU2<2UEEV<U>> 44 4 6 Trezzini’s concepts did not match by many aspects, 42 4 but both of them agreed that Vasilyevsky Island 442 should be the city center and the location for the bulk 44 of the population. Peter the Great also supported Empire’s capital. this idea. In a short time, on the eastern point of the 4 Island, the base of the important functional center traveled throughout Europe. We cannot determine 4 4 4 4 2 44 him the most. A.N. Benois used a general term of 2 26 2 42: O4P<EU>2 HEE22 4 2 4 of Gostiny Dvor building equaled 740 meters. [ 2 4 These buildings outlined the area of the future large settlements. presentable square compatible in its size to those of 2 2 OP some medieval European cities. cities accounted for many centuries. A successful Upon development of the other parts of the Island, 4 25 44 4 22 F2 452 4 4 <] 4 by base dimensions of a residential block, namely [ > HH=:HEV 2 2 4 2 4 < 4 4 2 4 granted on the basis of Magdeburg rights) attracted of building frontispieces equaling 85 meters and the 2 F 42E2 get some of the privileges (“atmosphere of a city 2 2 25P>44 on designing location of channels along the axes of densely populated and developed. The community 4224 4 2 2 4 4W 2 4 4 rights standard conditions for house construction be allocated for the purpose of building development. 44F4 EHE2 and established the land size. The idea of such city 42 4226[ (one module, 21.60 m in length), average (one and 24 2UHE2><2 4F244 43.20 m in total length) ones (Sementsov, 2006 (1,2)). due to desolation of the near-Neva area no one 2 2 could reckon upon accidental drift of the population 5 2 2 444424< 34 M embankments), structural volumes consisted of - skilled professionals, mainly the foreign UFUQ A4 4 44 2 4 4 4 frontispiece of the block. They reminded Peter F 2 A4 4 the Great the landscapes of Dutch cities he loved 44 4 24 2 422 capital. mansions designed for living of a single family After the founder’s death, Saint Petersburg faced 44 ]446 F4 F=UD=E2 4 2 2 2 Modest buildings prevailed consisting of one or 4444 :4 4W 45 424 invest in construction activities, rather than technical Petersburg. 444224 F=V==4[ 4444 4 2 44 4 central Admiralty area of the city (Lisovsky, 2004). In [ principle, the concept of the city development had to each housing building had one household. If the [ 4 42 2 3.4. 1737–1837 – a city of baroque and Saint Petersburg, then their houses in some cases classicism with the center at the Admiralty Side 2 : When the Emperor’s family returned to Saint 4 2 4 4 = 4 6 Admiralty Side. Main government establishments individuals considered as noblemen and nobility 4 4 222 E 4424 in the capital on continuous basis and have their 4==22 < 2 [42 4 6 2 direction of P.M. Yeropkin. This scheme determined 42 2 4 4 location, he lost his privileges). began from the spire of the Admiralty building, and 2 4 4 outlined planning solution for other areas, including 244 those located to the south of the Fontanka river. This [5 plan can be considered as an important document. 4 2F 2F It determined the second stage of Saint Petersburg permanent houses prevailed. To make these houses regular development. 5 2 At this stage some of the conditions determining 45 F5 4 2 the building development changed: F 4 5 - forced city accommodation and private General Governor, stood out of the other buildings. It 442 F2 44 - the city became attractive and the amount of 22=UQ 2 ] 4 2 E 4 population reached 40,000 people. F24 4 2 4 construction of administrative buildings, Ministry 4W C A4 4 beginning: F44 F ] 4 4 <2 infrastructure 44>]44 2F 444 F - tough administrative control over the building - the city accommodation and building 2 W 4 24<O24P> 22 F255 F 44 4 F2 carried out by skilled professionals (numerous - the system of administrative control over 44 5 2 > 35 Architecture and Engineering Volume 1 Issue 1 - importance of the capital architectural : 4 42W Vasilyevsky Island.
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