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The Role of Glycoprotein H in Varicella-Zoster Virus Pathogenesis a Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Microbiology

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The Role of Glycoprotein H in Varicella-Zoster Virus Pathogenesis a Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Microbiology THE ROLE OF GLYCOPROTEIN H IN VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS PATHOGENESIS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Susan Elizabeth Vleck June 2010 © 2010 by Susan Elizabeth Vleck. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/hn589zc6302 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Ann Arvin, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Jeffrey Glenn I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Harry Greenberg I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Karla Kirkegaard Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii ABSTRACT Glycoprotein H (gH) plays an essential role in virus binding, entry and fusion of the Herpesviridae. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an important human pathogen that causes varicella (chicken pox) and herpes zoster (shingles). VZV gH function has not be analyzed in depth. gH function was demonstrated to be important for VZV pathogenesis in skin xenografts in vivo by administration of anti-gH mAb 206, a conformation dependent neutralizing antibody. Antibody administration prevented infection in 42% of skin xenografts, and reduced virus replication and lesion formation in the remaining skin xenografts. Antibody binding to gH altered gH localization following endocytosis, preventing gH trafficking to the trans-Golgi network for virus secondary envelopment. Antibody binding to gH within the virus envelope resulted in internalization of virus particles, possibly for targeted degradation. Deletion of ORF 37, which encodes gH, demonstrated that gH was essential for VZV pathogenesis. Mutational analysis demonstrated that the N-terminus of the protein formed a structural epitope required for efficient VZV pathogenesis in vivo. Several neutralizing anti-gH antibodies target this epitope. A region of the C-terminus was required for VZV pathogenesis, and for efficient virus-induced cell-cell fusion. Predicted α-helices that might act as heptad repeats or fusion peptides were also required for gH function and VZV pathogenesis. Cysteine residues were important for gH maturation and transport, and possibly for correct expression of gH on the cell surface. Altogether, these studies demonstrate the importance of structural and functional domains for gH-dependent fusion and VZV pathogenesis. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank a number of people who have contributed to my success in lab and in life. First and foremost is Ann Arvin, who has been an excellent advisor and a wonderful example of a successful woman in science. Her guidance has been instrumental to my achievements over the years. I would also like to thank members of the Arvin lab, including Stefan Oliver, Marvin Sommer, Jaya Rajamani, Mike Reichelt, Leigh Zerboni, Xibing Che, Li Wong, and Nandini Sen, as well as past members Anne Schaap-Nutt, Jeremy Jones, Barbara Berarducci, Teri Slifer, Vasavi Ramachandran, Reija Matheson, Yibing Wang, Vaishali Chaudhuri, Chai-Chi Ku, and Makeda Robinson, for their camaraderie and friendship over the years. Stefan has been a wonderful mentor and has helped me greatly when it comes to experiments. I definitely thank him for his patience! Marvin has assisted me numerous times. Jaya has been extremely helpful with xenograft experiments. Special thanks go to my committee members and other people in the Stanford community and elsewhere for their help. My committee, Jeffrey Glenn, Harry Greenberg, Karla Kirkegaard, and Peter Sarnow, have all offered excellent advice and support. My collaborators, Carol Jones, James Zehnder and Charles Grose, have all contributed to my work in essential ways. I’d also like to thank people throughout the Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics departments for their guidance in navigating through Stanford: Nancy Greguras, Kelly Nelson, Bonda Lewis, Wanapa Veeraprasit, Mary Jeanne Olivia, Julie Wong, Nancy Magee, and Mayumi Beppu. A large amount of thanks goes out to my fellow classmates, especially the thirteen others who started this adventure with me: Paul Bryson, Leremy Colf, Emily v Deal, Robin Deis Trujillo, Drew Hotson, Jon Jones, Josephine Lee, Gwen Liu, Jeff Margolis, Reija Matheson, Kosta Pajcini, Poornima Parameswaran and Elizabeth Ponder. These years would have been much harder without their support and friendship, and I wish them all the best of luck as we move on from Stanford. I’d also like to thank a special group of people who have been the best of friends and who have kept me sane over the years. Gar Wilson, Jason Goldman-Hall, Cera Renault, Neil and Susi Berrington, Emily Johnston and Matt Smith are all wonderful people, and their friendship means a great deal to me. My family has been wonderfully supportive and encouraging during this experience. My in-laws, Pat and Bernice, have always let me know how proud they are of me, which I appreciate so much. My sister Annie has become one of my best friends as we’ve made the transition from kids at home to grownups with “real” lives. She’s always full of support and encouragement for me. My grandparents Joe and Nancy have also expressed so much love and pride in my accomplishments. Finally, my parents, Carol and David, have provided the best possible support for my life in science by being excellent role models themselves and by always encouraging me. I thank them all for the unconditional love and support. Finally, I want to thank the person who has come to mean the most to me, my husband Jonathan. His love, friendship and support have carried me through so many hard times. He is always there for me when I need him, never more so than during these last several months, and I thank him from the bottom of my heart. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES.............................................................xiii CHAPTER I. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE FAMILY HERPESVIRIDAE..............1 1.1. Herpesvirus taxonomy.........................................................................................2 1.2. Herpesvirus classification and biological properties...........................................3 1.2.1. Herpesviridae................................................................................................3 1.2.2. Alphaherpesvirinae.......................................................................................4 1.2.3. Betaherpesvirinae .........................................................................................5 1.2.4. Gammaherpesvirinae....................................................................................6 1.3. Herpesvirus evolution..........................................................................................6 1.4. Human herpesviruses ..........................................................................................7 CHAPTER II. VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS ..........................................................13 2.1. Varicella-zoster virus ........................................................................................14 2.2. VZV pathogenesis in the host ...........................................................................14 2.3. VZV epidemiology............................................................................................16 2.4. Varicella and zoster prevention and treatment ..................................................17 2.4.1. Varicella vaccine ........................................................................................17 2.4.2. Drug treatment............................................................................................17 2.4.3.Varicella prophylaxis...................................................................................18 2.5. Immune response to VZV .................................................................................19 2.6. VZV immunomodulation of the host response .................................................20 2.7. VZV virion ........................................................................................................22 2.7.1. Core and genome........................................................................................22
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