An Assessment of Lead Contamination on Ground Water and Soil Quality in the Vicinity of Industrial Area of Barnala City (Punjab, India)
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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-2, Spl. Issue-1 May.-2017 http://iraj.in AN ASSESSMENT OF LEAD CONTAMINATION ON GROUND WATER AND SOIL QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF INDUSTRIAL AREA OF BARNALA CITY (PUNJAB, INDIA) 1YOGITA SHARMA, 2KAMALPREET KAUR, 3VINESH KUMAR Department of Chemistry,Guru Kashi University,Bathinda,Punjab, India Email- ¹[email protected], ²[email protected],[email protected] Abstract: In the present research paper, heavy metal contamination of ground water and Soil samples were determined, those values were higher than permissible limits. Samples of soil and water were collected from four villages (Rure ke Kalan, Gunas, Cheema and Handiaya) which are situated near the Textile industries in Barnala district (Punjab,India).The purpose of this study was to investigate the regional Lead (Pb) concentration levels in Groundwater and soil samples across the barnala region and reveal the transfer characteristics of Lead (Pb) from industrial effluents to ground water, from ground water to agricultural soil and vice-versa.Samples of ground water and agricultural soil were analyzed for Lead using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry .Transfer factors for Lead from industrial effluent to ground water were observed to be 0.4261, 0.5903, 0.7692 and 0.4926 for four different villages.The industrial effluents can cause an environmental threat to ground water resources and agricultural soil which finally leads to harmful effects on human health through drinking and by ingestion of crops. Keywords: Agricuture soil, Ground water, Industrial effluent, Lead, Transfer factor I. INTRODUCTION fruit, vegetables, meats, grains, seafood, soft drinks and wine may contain significant amounts of lead. Textile industries consume a large quantity of water Cigarette smoke also contains small amounts of and generate a huge amount of waste water, which lead.Lead can enter (drinking) water through are discharged into drain of industrial area.The waste corrosion of pipes, this is more likely to happen when water without any treatment may cause adverse effect the water is slightly acidic. Public water treatment on the health of human, domestic animals, wildlife systems are now required to carry out pH-adjustments and environment.Contaminated ground water has in water that will serve drinking purposes. As far as deteriorated the drinking water and agricultural soil we know, lead fulfils no which has adverse effect on crop productivity.Increasing quantity of heavy metal in essential function in the human body, it can merely aquatic resources is currently an area of greater do harm after uptake from food, air or water. Not concern especially since a large number of industries only leaded gasoline causes lead concentrations in the discharge their metal containing effluents into fresh environment to rise. Other human activities, such as water without any adequate treatment (Canter, fuel combustion, industrial processes and solid waste 1987).Contaminated water when used for irrigation combustion, also contribute.Lead can end up in water purpose affects soil quality and crop health of the and soils through corrosion of leaded pipelines in a agricultural system.Ground water contaminated by water transporting system and through corrosion of textile effluents has impact on agriculture irrigation, leaded paints. It cannot be broken down; it can only drinking utilities, soil and agricultural systems (Bharti converted to other forms.Lead accumulates in the and Chauhan, 2013). bodies of water organisms and soil organisms. These Lead is a bluish-white lustrous metal. It is very soft, will experience health effects from lead poisoning. highly malleable, ductile, and a relatively poor Health effects on shellfish can take place even when conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to only very small concentrations of lead are present. corrosion but tarnishes upon exposure to air. Lead Body functions of phytoplankton can be disturbed isotopes are the end products of each of the three when lead interferes. Phytoplankton is an important series of naturally occurring radioactive elements. source of oxygen production in seas and many larger Native lead is rare in nature. Currently lead is usually sea-animals eat it. That is why we now begin to found in ore with zinc, silver and copper and it is wonder whether lead pollution can influence global extracted together with these metals. balances.Soil functions are disturbed by lead Lead is known for many applications over the years. intervention, especially near highways and farmlands, It has been used widely since 5000 BC for application where extreme concentrations may be present. Soil in metal products, cables and pipelines, but also in organisms than suffer from lead poisoning, too.Lead paints and pesticides. Lead is one out of four metals is a particularly dangerous chemical, as it can that have the most damaging effects on human health. accumulate in individual organisms, but also in entire It can enter the human body through uptake of food food chains.Its widespread use has resulted in (65%), water (20%) and air (15%).Foods such as extensive environmental contamination, human An Assessment of Lead Contamination on Ground Water and Soil Quality in The Vicinity of Industrial Area of Barnala City (Punjab, India) 37 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-2, Spl. Issue-1 May.-2017 http://iraj.in exposure and significant public health problems in villages such as Rure ke kalan,Gunas,Cheema and many parts of the world. Handiaya.Soil samples were also collected from the In this research paper, transfer factors of Lead from agricultural fields of these villages.About 1kg weight ground water to soil for four different villages are of each soil samples were collected. All these shown which is one of the key components of human samples were taken in different seasons such as exposer to Lead through the food chain.In the present Summer, Monsoon and Winter. study, Maximum values were obtained for Lead from ground water to agricultural soil, while from soil to ground water the transfer factor for Lead is comparatively less. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Barnala is situated between 30° 23’ North and 75° 33’ East. It has a mean elevation of 227 metres (745 feet).It is located on the Bathinda-chandigarh highway (no-7) and the Jalander-Rewari national highway (no-71),The Sirsa-Ludhiana state highway (no-13) are passes through it. It is 65 km from Bathinda and 85 km from Ludhiana.According to 2011 census, the total population of Barnala district is 595527.It was 526931 in 2001.Testing was done in Environ Tech Laboratories(NABL Accredited laboratory) Department of Science and technology, Determination of Lead in water/ soil sample- India S.A.S Nagar (Mohali), Punjab. Before lead estimation using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer water samples were firstly preserver and digested. 1. Preservation-Samples were preserved immediately after sampling by acidifying with conc.nitric acid to pH < 2.0.After acidifying sample, it was stored in refrigerator at 4°C. 2. Preparation of soil sample-5gm of oven dried (105°C) sample thoroughly ground and sieved through0.2mm sieve was taken in a conical flask. Added 30 ml tri-acid mixture, covered it with a small glass funnel for refluxing. Digested the sample at 200°C on a hot plate.Then cooled and filtered the sample with whatman filter paper no.42, made up to 100ml in a volumetric flask with double distilled water. 3. Digestion-a) Nitric acid digestion-A measured volume 100ml of well mixed acid preserved sample appropriate for the expected metal conc.Was transferred to a conical flask or beaker. In a hood 5ml of conc.HNO3 was added. Brought to a reflux temp.of approximately 95°C. Continue heating and adding conc.HNO3 as necessary until digestion was completed as shown by a light colored and clear solution. b) Nitric acid-hydrochloric acid digestion- A measured volume 100ml of well mixed acid preserved sample appropriate for the expected metal conc.Was transferred to a conical flask or beaker.In a hood, add 3ml of conc.HNO3 and covered with a ribbed watch glass. Flask or beaker was placed on a hot plate. Cooled, rinsed down wall of beaker and watch glass with a minimum of metal free water and Sampling-Textile effluents were collected from added 5ml conc. HNO3.Covered with watch glass common effluent drain.Ground water samples were and again placed on a hot plate. Cooled, added 10ml taken from tube wells of agricultural fields of four An Assessment of Lead Contamination on Ground Water and Soil Quality in The Vicinity of Industrial Area of Barnala City (Punjab, India) 38 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009, Vol-5, Iss-2, Spl. Issue-1 May.-2017 http://iraj.in (1+1)HCl and 15ml water.Heated for an additional 15 Concentrations of Lead in industrial effluent for minutes to dissolve any precipitate or residue. different seasons such as Summer, Monsoon and Principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry- Winter are represented in Table 1.Concentrations of In AAS, a sample was aspired into a flame and Lead in ground water and agricultural soil samples of atomized. A light beam was directed through the four different villages such as Rure ke kalan, Gunas, flame into a monochromator and onto a detector that Cheema and Handiaya for different seasons are given measured the amount of light absorbed by the in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.In Table 4 mean atomized element in the flame.Because each metal values of industrial effluent are given.In Table 5 has its own characteristic absorption, wavelength, a mean values of Ground water and agricultural soil are source lamp composed of that element was used.The present.In Table 6 Transfer factors from industrial amount of energy at the characteristic wavelength effluent to ground water ,from ground water to absorbed in the flame is proportional to the agricultural soil and from agricultural soil to ground concentration Of the element in the sample over a water are given.