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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social

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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL MARIA JOSÉ SAENZ SURITA PIRES DE ALMEIDA DOS PRAZERES VENÉREOS À DIABÓLICA MOLÉSTIA: O GENERAL JOSÉ VIEIRA COUTO DE MAGALHÃES DIANTE DA SÍFILIS NO FINAL DO SÉCULO XIX São Paulo 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DOS PRAZERES VENÉREOS À DIABÓLICA MOLÉSTIA: O GENERAL JOSÉ VIEIRA COUTO DE MAGALHÃES DIANTE DA SÍFILIS NO FINAL DO SÉCULO XIX Versão Corrigida Maria José Saenz Surita Pires de Almeida Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Nanci Leonzo De acordo São Paulo 2016 Para Paulo, Pedro, João Guilherme e Luiza, com amor. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Paulo, por todo incentivo. À professora Nanci Leonzo, pela paciência infinita, confiança, atenção, pelas observações sempre preciosas, por tantos livros emprestados e documentos fornecidos. Jamais esquecerei sua generosidade e incentivo em todos os momentos de minha pesquisa. Aos professores Gildo Magalhães dos Santos Filho, Francisco Assis de Queiroz, André Felipe Cândido da Silva e, principalmente, à professora Maria Amélia Mascarenha Dantes, que contribuíram com muitas sugestões importantes para o amadurecimento deste trabalho. Aos funcionários da Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e José Mindlin, Biblioteca Nacional Digital, Arquivo Público Mineiro, Repositório da Universidade Federal da Bahia e a todas as pessoas que vêm trabalhando na digitalização de documentos raros. Aos funcionários da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. A pós-graduação foi uma das experiências mais importantes e prazerosas da minha vida. Vou me empenhar para transmitir a outras pessoas o que aprendi com os amigos que fiz na Universidade de São Paulo. RESUMO ALMEIDA, Maria J. S. S. P. Dos prazeres venéreos à diabólica moléstia: o general José Vieira Couto de Magalhães diante da sífilis no final do século XIX. 2016. 134 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Influente político, autor de diversos livros e industrial de sucesso, o general José Vieira Couto de Magalhães (1837-1898) foi um dos raros homens de seu tempo que deixou registradas preciosas informações cotidianas quanto aos medicamentos e cuidados com seu próprio corpo na busca por reestabelecer a saúde. Suas anotações pessoais corresponderam a dois momentos distintos de sua vida. Primeiro ao início da década de 1880, quando vivia sempre muito incomodado pela frequente dificuldade de digestão. Nessa fase, Couto demonstrou estar mais interessado em se medicar a partir da leitura de compêndios de medicina. Posteriormente, entre os anos 1887-1890, o general escreveu um caderno de anotações onde redigiu breves referências sobre o diagnóstico de sífilis dado a ele por dois médicos que estiveram em sua casa, quando tinha 52 anos e era presidente da Província de São Paulo. Doença incurável e fortemente atrelada à moral, a sífilis era então associada à prostituição e considerada uma das causas da degeneração da prole. Bastante debilitado quando estava no estágio terciário da sífilis, o general se consultou com os melhores médicos do Brasil e também da França, onde esteve por duas vezes a tratamento. Na tentativa de compreender qual teria sido o sentido desse diagnóstico para um homem de alta projeção social, eu me deparo nesse trabalho com algumas questões caras para a época. Uma delas diz respeito à vida nem sempre fácil e muito menos prestigiada dos médicos – os mesmos que por muito tempo foram analisados a partir de um enfoque predominantemente foucaultiano como sendo detentores de um poder disciplinar sobre a sociedade. Para trabalhar com a história de vida e as anotações do general Couto de Magalhães e, acima de tudo, com os silêncios contidos em seus escritos, procuro cruzar informações dos diários com alguns periódicos, teses e livros de medicina da época. Palavras-chave: Sífilis. Couto de Magalhães. Diário íntimo. ABSTRACT ALMEIDA, Maria J.S.S.P. From the venereal pleasures to the diabolical disease: General José Vieira Couto de Magalhães and syphilis at the end of the 19th century. 2016. 134 f. Dissertation (Master’s Degree) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História. As an influential politician and a successful industrialist, and having written a number of books, General José Vieira Couto de Magalhães (1837-1998) was one of the few men of his time leaving a register with precious information about everyday life concerning medicine and body care aiming to the restoring of health. His personal notes correspond to two different moments of his life. Firstly, to the beginning of the 1880s, when he was affected by digestion problems. In this phase, Couto demonstrated more interest in self-medication based on the reading of medical compendiums. Afterwards, between 1887 and 1890, the General kept a notebook in which he wrote brief reference notes on the syphilis diagnosis he was given at home by two doctors. At this time he was 52 and used to be the president of the Province of São Paulo. Incurable and closely related to moral issues, syphilis was then associated with prostitution, being considered one of the causes of degeneration in offspring. At the third stage of the disease, the General was quite impaired and thus had appointments with the best physicians in Brazil as well as in France, where he travelled to twice during the treatment. In an attempt to understand the implications of such diagnosis for a man in a high social position, this study faces crucial issues for that time period. One of them concerns the usually difficult and much less prestigious life of medical doctors – who were for a long time analyzed from a predominantly foucaultian perspective as having a disciplinary power over society. In order to work with Magalhães’s life story and notes and above all with the “silences” inside his writings I try to compare the information in his journals with other from periodicals , theses and medical books from that historical period. Keywords: Syphilis. Couto de Magalhães. Intimate journal. SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................ 8 2 DA ATUALIDADE AO SÉCULO XIX: A SÍFILIS, SEUS CONCEITOS E ENFOQUES.............................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Conceito em transformação..................................................................................... 12 2.2 Um mundo de opiniões........................................................................................... 28 2.3 O novo método do Dr. Sigaud e outros tratamentos no século XIX....................... 40 3 ENTRE A MEDICINA ANTIGA E A MODERNA............................................. 54 3.1 A trajetória de José Vieira Couto de Magalhães.................................................... 54 3.2 Leitor de Trousseau, leitor de Hipócrates............................................................... 62 3.3 Prazeres venéreos.................................................................................................... 73 4 DIANTE DA SÍFILIS.............................................................................................. 80 4.1 Uma quadra má da vida........................................................................................... 80 4.2 A diabólica moléstia................................................................................................ 92 4.3 A questão médica.................................................................................................... 104 5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.................................................................................. 113 FONTES....................................................................................................................... 116 BIBLIOGRAFIA......................................................................................................... 123 ANEXOS...................................................................................................................... 131 APÊNDICE.................................................................................................................. 136 8 1 INTRODUÇÃO O Brasil está entre os países que não conseguiram cumprir com a meta da Organização 1 Mundial de Saúde de eliminar a sífilis congênita. Essa doença ocorre quando a bactéria Treponema pallidum (agente causador da sífilis) é transmitida da gestante infectada para o feto por via transplacentária ou no momento do parto. Caso não seja adequadamente tratada, pode causar aborto ou deixar sequelas irreversíveis na criança, como cegueira, surdez e deficiência mental. Por que uma doença tão grave, porém facilmente curável desde o advento da penicilina na década de 1940, continua sendo um desafio quase intransponível para a saúde pública? A tentativa de responder a essa pergunta passa necessariamente pelo aspecto estrutural, incluindo desde as falhas no atendimento pré-natal até questões mais pontuais, como a crise no abastecimento da penicilina enfrentada em 2015 no Sistema Único de Saúde. É verdade, ainda, que os avanços conquistados nos últimos anos também vêm
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