Japan's Engagement and Policy in the Arctic

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Japan's Engagement and Policy in the Arctic Stretching the icecap : Japan's Engagement and Policy in the Arctic Thèse Julie Babin Doctorat en sciences géographiques Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Julie Babin, 2021 Résumé L'augmentation des températures dans les régions polaires et les conséquences écologiques, sociales et économique qu’elles entrainent, pousse les gouvernements, le milieu académique et la presse à se questionner quant aux cadres de gouvernance polaires. A cela s’ajoute l’émergence d’acteurs non-limitrophes soulignant la légitimité de leurs préoccupations pour cette région en développant des stratégies dédiées à l’Arctique. Bien que l'attention générale se soit principalement concentrée sur la Chine et ses ambitions, le Japon, avec sa longue tradition de recherche polaire, développe une stratégie basée sur la coopération internationale pour soutenir ses intérêts dans et au-delà de l'Arctique. Au travers sa politique arctique, le gouvernement japonais souhaite légitimer son ambition de contribuer aux grands débats de gouvernance présents et futurs, tout en assurant de son soutien constant à la souveraineté des États arctiques. La stratégie arctique japonaise s’aligne sur sa politique océanique nationale. Elle vise à renforcer les normes juridiques internationales, garantissant la stabilité et la prospérité politique et économique, dans l’Arctique et au-delà. Cette politique s’appuie sur l’expertise japonaise en matière de recherche et d’innovation permettant de renforcer la coopération économique et diplomatique avec les États de l’Arctique et en particulier le long de la Route du Nord. Cela renforce ses relations diplomatiques et commerciales et ainsi, peut permettre un rapprochement autour de dossiers sensibles, tels que le différend territorial avec la Russie sur les Territoires du Nord. Basée sur des théories constructivistes issues du domaine de la géopolitique et des relations internationales, cette thèse vise à souligner qu'une fois de plus, ce qui se passe dans l'Arctique ne reste pas dans l'Arctique. La politique arctique du Japon ne fait pas exception à cet adage, et répond à des objectifs plus larges que la seule région arctique. Cette thèse interroge les fondements et les intérêts des acteurs impliqués dans l'élaboration et la promotion de la politique arctique du Japon. En mettant en évidence les éléments arctiques de cette politique, cette thèse met en lumière les différentes stratégies du Japon pour soutenir ces intérêts à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de l'Arctique. ii Abstract With the increase in global temperature and climate change in the polar regions, governments, academics, and the press, question the polar governance frameworks. Can it cope with environmental, social-economical rapid changes in these vulnerable regions? Moreover, as the Arctic ice melts, non-bordering states underline their interest and concerns for this region, rising interrogation on the role of emerging actors who have or are perceived to have an interest in the polar regions. Beyond the icecap, non-bordering states are developing strategies to support their interests for this region. Although general attention has focused on China and its Arctic agenda, Japan, with its long tradition of polar research, is developing its strategy based on international cooperation to support its interests in and beyond the Arctic. In its Arctic policy, the Japanese government wishes to legitimize its ambition to contribute to the present and future governance debates while always ensuring its support to the Arctic States' sovereignty and to the international legal framework. Japan’s arctic strategy builds on its research and innovation expertise to strengthen economic and diplomatic cooperation with the Arctic states and especially with Russia. This allows it to strengthen its diplomatic and commercial relations and thus advance specific sensitive issues such as the dispute over the Northern Territories with Russia. Japan’s Arctic policy aligns with the National Ocean Policy and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy. It is based on the promotion and support of the international legal framework, freedom of navigation, and the peaceful resolution of conflicts that ensure political and economic prosperity. Based on Geopolitics and International Relations' constructivist theoretical assumptions, this thesis aims to highlight that once again, as the saying goes, what happens in the Arctic does not stay in the arctic. Japan's arctic policy makes no exception and responds to broader goals than just the arctic. This dissertation questions the foundations and interests of the actors involved in developing and promoting Japan's Arctic policy. By highlighting the Arctic elements of this policy, this thesis highlights Japan's different strategies to support these interests inside and outside the Arctic. iii Table des matières Résumé................................................................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières ......................................................................................................................................................... iv Lists of figures and tables ......................................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................... ix Notes on names, language and considerations .................................................................................................... x List of abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................... xiv Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Plan ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Theoretical and operational perspectives of the research ............................................................................. 8 Literature Review........................................................................................................................... 8 Research question and hypotheses ............................................................................................. 12 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1: A Japanese Arctic policy? ................................................................................................................... 23 Conceptual framework ............................................................................................................................................ 25 Constructivism in International Relations ................................................................................... 25 Policy............................................................................................................................................ 28 Part 1: Actors involved in Japan’s policy-making process..................................................................... 30 The Japanese Iron Triangle .......................................................................................................... 30 Relationship within the Iron Triangle .......................................................................................... 34 iv The Iron Triangle or Three Pillars theory and Japan’s Arctic Policy ............................................ 38 Part 2: Structure of Japan’s Arctic Policy.................................................................................................... 46 Early initiatives and recommendations from the Japanese bureaucracy and interest groups to the government for further involvement in arctic affairs.......................................................................... 46 Structuration of Japan’s Arctic policy, the inscription of the Arctic in Japan’s Maritime Policy . 53 Japan’s Official Arctic Policy of 2015, a comprehensive policy ................................................... 61 The development of the Third Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2018) .............................................. 69 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 2: Japan’s international cooperation in and for the Arctic, a balance between science diplomacy and geoeconomics .................................................................................................................................... 81 Part 1: The tradition of polar
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