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Open Access and the Scientific Research Article Genre. (Under the Direction of Dr ABSTRACT KITTLE AUTRY, MEAGAN ALEXANDRA. Genre Change Online: Open Access and the Scientific Research Article Genre. (Under the direction of Dr. Carolyn R. Miller). Historically, the scientific research article (SRA) has been a relatively stable genre, and one that has been well studied from a rhetorical perspective (Bazerman, 1988; Berkenkotter & Huckin, 1995; Gross et al., 2002). The recent rise of open access has brought along with it significant changes in research article publishing, but what does that mean for the writing of the key academic genre of the SRA? This dissertation seeks to understand what may be happening to the scientific research article in light of open access, and how that may influence our understanding of genres and genre change, particularly in cases involving digital media. To address this exigence, this dissertation undertakes a genre analysis of scientific research articles published in two successful open access biology journals, PLOS Biology and BMC Biology. Each case study features an analysis of sampled articles from the journal, the broader genre “ecosystem” to establish potential influence of open access on the SRA, and authors who have published in it. Based on the case studies reported in this dissertation, I argue that the scholarly research articles analyzed here are not evidence of complete genre change, but that the more accurate term for what is happening with the SRA in light of open access is adaptation of the genre. By doing this, I will reframe the discussions that are taking place about open access being “revolutionary” and the internet “revolutionizing communication,” moving the focus away from technology and back to that with which rhetoricians are primarily concerned: context. While technology is certainly an aspect of the context, the Internet, in this case, is just an environment––it is not a determiner of the genre or the actions of the authors and editors. The context that becomes critical here is the ideology of science and how that comes into play with the ideology of open access. Science is a powerful and influential way of understanding the world, and my discussion of this study’s implications focuses on how we see this power and influence on the profession’s key genre, the scientific research article. This project concludes with a discussion of the study’s limitations and directions for future research. Genre Change Online: Open Access and the Scientific Research Article Genre by Meagan Kittle Autry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License July 2013 Genre Change Online: Open Access and the Scientific Research Article Genre by Meagan Kittle Autry A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Communication, Rhetoric, and Digital Media Raleigh, North Carolina 2013 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ ______________________________ Carolyn R. Miller, Ph.D. William J. Kinsella, Ph.D. Chair of Advisory Committee ________________________________ ________________________________ Ann M. Penrose, Ph.D. David M. Rieder, Ph.D. ii DEDICATION To my mom and dad— who saw my potential and pushed me to do whatever I dreamed of doing iii BIOGRAPHY Meagan Kittle Autry is a rhetorical scholar whose research interests include rhetoric of science and technology, genre theory, digital media, open access, and higher education administration. Her work has appeared in the journals Environmental Communication, Communication Monographs, First Monday, and Enculturation, as well as a couple of edited collections. Her postsecondary education began at Catawba College for her Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in English with a minor in French Literature and Sociology. She then enrolled at North Carolina State University for her Master of Arts in English and subsequently for her Ph.D. in Communication, Rhetoric, and Digital Media. She now serves as the first-ever Director of Thesis and Dissertation Support Services in the Graduate School at N.C. State, an administrative position that combines her research interests in professional and scientific writing and higher education. Her work focuses on creating life-long scholarly writers, increasing thesis and dissertation completion rates, and decreasing the time it takes graduate students to earn their degrees. She designs and leads workshops on research writing and the doctoral degree process; directs dissertation institutes; coaches individual students in their writing; and partners with appropriate groups across campus to help with graduate student success. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have completed this project without the guidance, support, and steadfast efforts by my chair, Carolyn R. Miller. She has been incredibly supportive of my pursuit of this degree and this project, going above and beyond to help me finish this dissertation under a shorter completion deadline so that I could begin my career in the Graduate School at N.C. State. I am also grateful to my other committee members, Bill Kinsella, Nancy Penrose, and David Rieder, for their support of this project under the shortened deadline. I look forward to now being their colleague at N.C. State and am privileged to continue working with such great faculty. In my five years as a graduate student here, several other faculty have been critical to my scholarly development—Dr. Chris Anson, Dr. Susan Miller-Cochran, Dr. Jason Swarts—and I am grateful for their excellent guidance through both my Master’s and Ph.D. programs and the opportunities with which they provided me. I am indebted to my colleague, coauthor, and fellow Canadian Ashley R. Kelly for her companionship during the three years that I was in the CRDM program. She is a stellar “scholarly partner in crime” from whom I learned a lot about my field of research, academia, and life. Every idea in this project had to pass the “Ashley test” before meriting inclusion, and her critical reading and listening is evident throughout this document. Overall, her friendship has been instrumental to my degree completion, and there is no doubt that I am a better scholar because of what I learned from Ashley. Finally, no acknowledgement section should overlook the familial support necessary to complete a doctoral degree. My parents deserve much credit for seeing my potential and v pushing me toward it—as well as for cheering me on the whole way. I may have moved to a different country for my education (and now permanent residence), but we are closer than ever. I am blessed with the kindest in-laws, two of the most selfless and supportive people that I know. And last but certainly not least, my incredibly encouraging and patient husband, Allan, has been “the calm to my crazy” during my pursuit of a Ph.D. I am a better person because of him, and with the completion of this dissertation, I can now be the companion that I have always promised to be. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE OPEN ACCESS MOVEMENT AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLES ................................................................................... 1 The kairos of open access ..................................................................................................... 2 Open access: A definition and models in scholarly publishing .......................................... 11 Dissertation focus: Genre theory and open access .............................................................. 13 The academic journal article: A historically rich yet stable genre...................................... 15 Theory for examining genre change online ........................................................................ 23 Overview of chapters .......................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2: GENRE ANALYSIS METHODS FOR OPEN ACCESS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ARTICLES ....................................................................................................... 40 Open access biology journal case studies ........................................................................... 41 Methods Part One: Analysis of the OA SRA...................................................................... 43 Descriptive features for article analysis .............................................................................. 44 Article title ................................................................................................................................... 48 Article length ................................................................................................................................ 49 Overall structure ........................................................................................................................... 50 Use of images, graphs, and other visuals...................................................................................... 51 Article layout and use of navigational tools ................................................................................. 52 Intertextuality ............................................................................................................................... 53 File format(s) ...............................................................................................................................
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