DOCSLIB.ORG

Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae) from the Miocene of Myanmar and Description of a New Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae) from the Miocene of Myanmar and Description of a New Species Paleontological Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 243–253, September 30, 2005 6 by the Palaeontological Society of Japan A revision of Tetraconodon (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae) from the Miocene of Myanmar and description of a new species THAUNG-HTIKE1, TAKEHISA TSUBAMOTO1, MASANARU TAKAI1, MASAHITO NATORI2, NAOKO EGI3,MAUNG-MAUNG4, AND CHIT-SEIN5 1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]) 2Department of Biosphere-Geosphere System Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan 3Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 4Department of Geology, University of Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar 5Department of Geology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar Received October 28, 2004; Revised manuscript accepted July 19, 2005 Abstract. We describe five new dento-gnathic specimens of Tetraconodon, a genus of Miocene tetraco- nodontine suid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla), discovered in Myanmar (FBurma). In Myanmar, we recognized three distinct species of Tetraconodon (T. minor, T. intermedius and T. malensis sp. nov.) and one specifi- cally undetermined specimen, which is here named Tetraconodon sp. cf. T. intermedius. The new species, T. malensis, has characteristics of Tetraconodon, such as extremely enlarged P4 and simple and relatively small M3. It is distinct from the other Tetraconodon species in being much smaller, suggesting that it is the most primitive known Tetraconodon species. The dental size and characteristics of T. malensis suggest that Tetraconodon was derived during the late middle Miocene from the early middle Miocene Conohyus sin- diensis, which was discovered in the Siwalik Group of Indo-Pakistan and Nepal and has also been found in the middle Miocene deposits of Thailand, or a close relative. The discovery of the most primitive form in Myanmar suggests that Tetraconodon may have originated in Myanmar. Key words: Mammalia, Miocene, Myanmar, new species, Suidae, Tetraconodon Introduction The precise geologic ages of these localities have been unclear, but the occurrence of Tetraconodon suggests Tetraconodon Falconer, 1868 is one of the tetraco- a middle to late Miocene correlation for them (Made, nodontine suid (pig) genera that existed in the Mio- 1999; Pickford, 1988). cene of Indo-Pakistan and Myanmar (¼ Burma) (Pilgrim, 1910a, 1926, 1927; Colbert, 1935b; Pickford, Abbreviations 1988; Made, 1999). Among the tetraconodontine suids, Tetraconodon is characterized by its extremely en- 3a4 larged P /3a4 (Pilgrim, 1926; Made, 1999). In Myan- NMM ¼ National Museum, Yangon, Myanmar; mar, only one species, Tetraconodon minor,waspre- NMMP-KU-IR ¼ National Museum, Myanmar, viously reported from the basal part of the Irrawaddy Paleontology–Kyoto University–Irrawaddy (stored in Beds (Pilgrim, 1910a, 1927). the National Museum, Yangon); GSI ¼ Geological In this paper, we describe five new dento-gnathic Survey of India, Kolkata, India; GSP ¼ Geology specimens of Tetraconodon collected from several lo- Survey of Pakistan; AMNH ¼ American Museum calities in Myanmar, and establish a new species for of Natural History, BMNH ¼ British Museum of part of the collection. Four of the five specimens are Natural History, TF ¼ Thai Fossil; Kpg ¼ Gyatpyegyi housed in the National Museum of Myanmar, and one (¼ Kyatpyegyi) fossil locality (southwest of Male vil- was discovered by our recent paleontology expedition. lage, Sagaing Division, central Myanmar). 244 Thaung-Htike et al. Figure 1. Map of central Myanmar. Materials and methods yield Tetraconodon, to compare dental measurement ratios. All new fossil materials were collected in central Myanmar (Figure 1). They are now stored in the Na- Systematic paleontology tional Museum of Myanmar. Dental terminology and method of measurement Family Suidae Gray, 1821 are shown in Figure 2. We mainly follow Made (1996), Subfamily Tetraconodontinae Lydekker, 1876 Hu¨ nermann (1968), Wilkinson (1976) and Pickford (1986) for dental terminology, and Made (1996) for Diagnosis.—Small to gigantic Suidae with enlarged 3a4 1a2 dental measurement method. All measurements we P /3a4 and reduced P /1a2. Detail diagnosis was taking using digital calipers. Dental measurements of described in Pickford (1988). the new Tetraconodon specimens and other correlated tetraconodont specimens are shown in Table 1, 2 and Genus Tetraconodon Falconer, 1868 3. We choose the length of lower M1 for the diagnoses Type species.—Tetraconodon magnum Falconer, of Tetraconodon species because M1 have been con- 1868 (including Tetraconodon mirabilis Pilgrim, 1926). sidered to express less size variation from individual to Other included species.—Tetraconodon minor Pil- individual than other teeth, and mandibular fragments grim, 1910a; Tetraconodon intermedius Made, 1999; with lower cheek teeth are more recovered than max- Tetraconodon malensis sp. nov. illary fragments with upper cheek teeth in general. Diagnosis.—Differs from the other tetracono- 3a4 We used the mean dental measurements of Propo- dontine genera in having extremely enlarged P /3a4, 3 tamochoerus wui (Made and Han, 1994) (Lufeng, simple and relatively small M /3, and thick and highly 3a4 China), which is recovered from the upper Miocene wrinkled enamel in P /3a4, and less wrinkled enamel 1a3 deposits of the same East Asian regions that in M /1a3. Tetraconodon from Myanmar 245 Figure 2. Dental terminology and measuring method of tetraconodontine teeth. All are occlusal views of right cheek teeth. Abbre- viations: BL ¼ base line; L ¼ mesiodistal length; W ¼ buccolingual width; W1 ¼ first lobe width; W2 ¼ second lobe width; W3 ¼ third 3 lobe width of M /3. Table 1. Upperdentalmeasurements(mm)ofTetraconodon cf. intermedius (NMMP-KU-IR 0225) and T. intermedius (GSI B 675) and mean measurements of Propotamochoerus wui (Made and Han, 1994). Abbreviations: L ¼ mesiodistal length; W ¼ buccolingual width; W1 ¼ first lobe width; W2 ¼ second lobe width; W3 ¼ third lobe width of M3;*¼ estimate. P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 Taxa Specimen L W L W L W1 W2 L W1 W2 L W1 W2 W3 T. cf. intermedius NMMP-KU-IR 0225 33.4 34.1 24.4 37.2 26.7 27.7 25.2 30.6 32.6 29.1 33.3 26.8 22.9 12.1 T. intermedius GSI B 675 46.5 41.4 37.4 49.4 26* 27.5 31.1 35.8* 43* 32* P. wui Made & Han (1994) mean 7–28 spec. 10.8 10.1 9.7 12.1 13.6 12.1 12.3 17.2 15.9 15.6 24.1 17.4 14.9 8 Tetraconodon minor Pilgrim, 1910a Type locality.—Yenangyaung, central Myanmar Figure 3 (Pilgrim, 1910a). Tetraconodon minor Pilgrim, 1910a, p. 67; Pilgrim, 1910b, p. 202; Type horizon and age.—LowermostpartoftheIr- Pilgrim, 1926 (in part), p. 17–19, pl. 2, fig. 12; Pilgrim, 1927, rawaddy Formation (¼ Irrawaddy Beds) (Aung-Khin p. 160–163, pl. 14, fig. 1; Matthew, 1929, p. 459; Colbert, 1935b, and Kyaw-Win, 1969), Nagri Formation (Siwalik p. 230; Colbert, 1938, p. 408. Group) equivalent, early late Miocene (Pilgrim, Sivachoerus giganteus, Falconer and Cautley. Pilgrim, 1926, p. 21, 1910a; Colbert, 1938; Made, 1999). pl. 3, fig. 2. New material.—NMM AN-1, a right mandibular Lectotype.—GSI B677, a left mandibular fragment fragment with P4-M2 (the meaning of ‘‘AN’’ is un- with P3a4. known); NMMP-KU-IR 0107, a left P3. 246 Thaung-Htike et al. Table 2. P4 and M1 measurements (mm) of the Tetraconodon and Asian Conohyus which are used in Figure 8 A. Tooth measurements for the Indian and Thai specimens are taken from Colbert (1935), Pickford (1988), Ducrocq et al. (1997) and Pickford and Gupta (2001). Ab- breviations: L ¼ mesiodistal length; W ¼ greatest buccolingual width. P4 M1 Taxa Specimen L W L W C. indicus GSI B 710 16.6 11.8 16.6 12.6 C. indicus Pickford & Gupta (2001) 17.2 15.7 17.3 13.0 C. thailandicus TF 2577 19.5 15.8 14.5 13.3 C. sindiense GSP 12587 17.0 16.0 15.0 13.5 C. sindiense GSI B 773 16.0 13.0 15.3 12.0 C. sindiense GSI B 537 14.4 14.4 13.4 11.5 C. sindiense AMNH 19386 16.0 15.0 14.0 12.5 C. sindiense BMNH M 12757 14.4 14.9 13.6 11.5 T. magnus GSI B 71 53.4 56.4 31.1 28.7 T. intermedius NMM 839/80 37.7 37.4 26.5 25.8 T. minor GSI B 771 34.6 31.1 24.0 20.4 T. minor NMM AN-1 30.8 29.3 23.3 22.0 T. malensis NMM KPG-1 18.2 16.5 13.9 12.2 Table 3. Lower dental measurements (mm) of the new Tetraconodon specimens and mean measurements of Propotamochoerus wui (Made and Han, 1994). Abbreviations: L ¼ mesiodistal length; W1 ¼ first lobe width; W2 ¼ second lobe width; W3 ¼ third lobe width of M3; * ¼ estimate. P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 Taxa Specimen L W1 W2 L W1 W2 L W1 W2 L W1 W2 L W1 W2 W3 T. intermedius NMM 839/80 37.7 29.2 37.4 26.5 25.8 25.1 31.6 30.4 28.8 43.8 28.0 24.7 18.7 T. minor NMMP-KU-IR 0107 37.3 25.0* 27.0* T. minor NMM AN-1 30.8 24.8 29.3 23.3 22.0 20.1 26.3 24.4 22.3 T. malensis NMM Kpg-1 18.2 14.9 16.5 13.9 12.2 12.0 16.7 14.2 12.7 20.1 12.5 10.3 8.5 P. wui mean 13–28 spec. 13.1 5.9 6.5 12.6 7.9 8.7 13.3 9.3 9.8 17.1 12.6 13.2 25.9 14.0 12.9 9.7 (Made & Han, 1994) Figure 3. Tetraconodon minor Pilgrim. A–B, NMM AN-1, a right mandibular fragment with P4-M2: A, occlusal view; B, lingual view.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 11 Sualdea Et Al.Indd
    SPANISH J OURNAL OF P ALAEONTOLOGY 20 years at campus: heritage assessment update for Somosaguas fossil geosite (Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid) Lucía R. SUALDEA 1* , Adriana OLIVER 2, Fernando BLANCO 3, Iris MENÉNDEZ 1,4 , Manuel HERNÁNDEZ FERNÁNDEZ1,4, Laura DOMINGO 1,5 & Ana Rosa GÓMEZ CANO 6,7 1 Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. 2 Geosfera, C/ Madres de la Plaza de Mayo, 2, 28523, Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Madrid; [email protected] 3 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 4 Departamento de Geología Sedimentaria y Cambio Medioambiental, Instituto de Geociencias IGEO (CSIC, UCM), C/ Dr. Severo Ochoa, 7, 28040, Madrid 5 Earth and Planetary Sciences Department. University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, 95064, Santa Cruz, USA 6 Transmitting Science, C/ Gardenia 2, Piera, 08784, Barcelona. 7 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Edifi ci ICP, Campus de la UAB s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès; [email protected] * Corresponding author Sualdea, L.R., Oliver, A., Blanco, F., Menéndez, I., Hernández Fernández, M., Domingo, L. & Gómez Cano, A.R. 2019. 20 years at campus: heritage assessment update for Somosaguas fossil geosite (Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid). [20 años en el campus: actualización de la valoración
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 - Introduction
    EURASIAN MIDDLE AND LATE MIOCENE HOMINOID PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND THE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE HOMININAE by Mariam C. Nargolwalla A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by M. Nargolwalla (2009) Eurasian Middle and Late Miocene Hominoid Paleobiogeography and the Geographic Origins of the Homininae Mariam C. Nargolwalla Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2009 Abstract The origin and diversification of great apes and humans is among the most researched and debated series of events in the evolutionary history of the Primates. A fundamental part of understanding these events involves reconstructing paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic patterns in the Eurasian Miocene; a time period and geographic expanse rich in evidence of lineage origins and dispersals of numerous mammalian lineages, including apes. Traditionally, the geographic origin of the African ape and human lineage is considered to have occurred in Africa, however, an alternative hypothesis favouring a Eurasian origin has been proposed. This hypothesis suggests that that after an initial dispersal from Africa to Eurasia at ~17Ma and subsequent radiation from Spain to China, fossil apes disperse back to Africa at least once and found the African ape and human lineage in the late Miocene. The purpose of this study is to test the Eurasian origin hypothesis through the analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of distribution, in situ evolution, interprovincial and intercontinental dispersals of Eurasian terrestrial mammals in response to environmental factors. Using the NOW and Paleobiology databases, together with data collected through survey and excavation of middle and late Miocene vertebrate localities in Hungary and Romania, taphonomic bias and sampling completeness of Eurasian faunas are assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • New Hominoid Mandible from the Early Late Miocene Irrawaddy Formation in Tebingan Area, Central Myanmar Masanaru Takai1*, Khin Nyo2, Reiko T
    Anthropological Science Advance Publication New hominoid mandible from the early Late Miocene Irrawaddy Formation in Tebingan area, central Myanmar Masanaru Takai1*, Khin Nyo2, Reiko T. Kono3, Thaung Htike4, Nao Kusuhashi5, Zin Maung Maung Thein6 1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan 2Zaykabar Museum, No. 1, Mingaradon Garden City, Highway No. 3, Mingaradon Township, Yangon, Myanmar 3Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan 4University of Yangon, Hlaing Campus, Block (12), Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 5Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan 6University of Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar Received 14 August 2020; accepted 13 December 2020 Abstract A new medium-sized hominoid mandibular fossil was discovered at an early Late Miocene site, Tebingan area, south of Magway city, central Myanmar. The specimen is a left adult mandibular corpus preserving strongly worn M2 and M3, fragmentary roots of P4 and M1, alveoli of canine and P3, and the lower half of the mandibular symphysis. In Southeast Asia, two Late Miocene medium-sized hominoids have been discovered so far: Lufengpithecus from the Yunnan Province, southern China, and Khoratpithecus from northern Thailand and central Myanmar. In particular, the mandibular specimen of Khoratpithecus was discovered from the neighboring village of Tebingan. However, the new mandible shows apparent differences from both genera in the shape of the outline of the mandibular symphyseal section. The new Tebingan mandible has a well-developed superior transverse torus, a deep intertoral sulcus (= genioglossal fossa), and a thin, shelf-like inferior transverse torus. In contrast, Lufengpithecus and Khoratpithecus each have very shallow intertoral sulcus and a thick, rounded inferior transverse torus.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeitschrift Für Säugetierkunde)
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Mammalian Biology (früher Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) Jahr/Year: 1974 Band/Volume: 40 Autor(en)/Author(s): Azzaroli A. Artikel/Article: Remarks on the Pliocene Suidae of Europe 355-367 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Remarks on the Pliocene Suidae of Europe 355 Sharma, R.; Raman, R. (1971): Chromosomes of a few species of Rodents of Indian Sub- continent. Mammal. Chromos. Newsletter 12, 112 — 115. Vinogradov, B. S.; Argiropulo, A. I. (1941): Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Mammals. Key to Rodents. Moskau. Übersetzt aus dem Russischen durch IPST Jerusalem 1968. Weigel, I. (1969): Systematische Übersicht über die Insektenfresser und Nager Nepals nebst Bemerkungen zur Tiergeographie. Khumbu Himal; Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal-Himalaya 3, 149—196. Yosida, T. H.; Kato, H.; Tsuchiya, K.; Sagai, T.; Moriwaki, K. (1974): Cytogenetical Survey of Black Rats, Rattus rattus, in Southwest and Central Asia, with Special Regard to the Evolutional Relationship between Three Geographical Types. Chromosoma 45, 99—109. Anschriften der Verfasser: Prof. Dr. Jochen Niethammer, Zoologisches Institut der Universi- tät, D - 53 Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloß; Prof. Dr. Jochen Mar- tens, Instiut für Zoologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, D - 65 Mainz, Saarstraße 21 Remarks on the Pliocene Suidae of Europe By A. Azzaroli Receipt of Ms. 3. 2. 1975 Stratigraphical notes The continental stages equivalent to the Pliocene are the Ruscinian (Tobien 1970; = "zone de Perpignan" of Thaler 1966) and the Early Villifranchian (Azzaroli 1970; Azzaroli and Vialli 1971). Tobien inserted a "Csarnotian" between the Ruscinian and the Early Villafranchian, but it is doubtful that this stage is really distinct from the Ruscinian, although the latter may be subdivided into smaller faunal zones.
    [Show full text]
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
    [Show full text]
  • Issn: 2250-0588 Fossil Mammals
    IJREISS Volume 2, Issue 8 (August 2012) ISSN: 2250-0588 FOSSIL MAMMALS (RHINOCEROTIDS, GIRAFFIDS, BOVIDS) FROM THE MIOCENE ROCKS OF DHOK BUN AMEER KHATOON, DISTRICT CHAKWAL, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN 1Khizar Samiullah* 1Muhammad Akhtar, 2Muhammad A. Khan and 3Abdul Ghaffar 1Zoology department, Quaid-e-Azam campus, Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2Zoology Department, GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 3Department of Meteorology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad ABSTRACT Fossil site Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon (32o 47' 26.4" N, 72° 55' 35.7" E) yielded a significant amount of mammalian assemblage including two families of even-toed fossil mammal (Giraffidae, and Bovidae) and one family of odd-toed (Rhinocerotidae) of the Late Miocene (Samiullah, 2011). This newly discovered site has well exposed Chinji and Nagri formation and has dated approximately 14.2-9.5 Ma. This age agrees with the divergence of different mammalian genera. Sedimentological evidence of the site supports that this is deposited in locustrine or fluvial environment, as Chinji formation is composed primarily of mud-stone while the Nagri formation is sand dominated. Palaeoenvironmental data indicates that Miocene climate of Pakistan was probably be monsoonal as there is now a days. Mostly the genera recovered from this site resemble with the overlying younger Dhok Pathan formation of the Siwaliks while the size variation in dentition is taxonomically important for vertebrate evolutionary point of view and this is the main reason to conduct this study at this specific site to add additional information in the field of Palaeontology. A detailed study of fossils mammals found in Miocene rocks exposed at Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon was carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • GC University Lahore
    GC University Lahore PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Department: Zoology PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Submitted to GC University Lahore in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology by Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Department of Zoology GC University Lahore DEDICATION This work is dedicated to MY LOVING PARENTS (Gulzar Ahmad and Sugran Abdullah) through whom I acquired indefatigable temperament, morality, and determination for achieving objectives in every walk of life MY YOUNGER BROTHERS (Muhammad Yasin and Muhammad Noor-ul-Amin) who gave hope and strength to meet with the challenges of life MY YOUNGER SISTERS Zainab Gulzar, Shahida Gulzar and Shakeela Gulzar for their care, affection and cooperation MY DEAREST DAUGHTER (Kashaf Tariq) who proved great blessing for achieving goals of my life ALL GREAT SOULS who pursue their dreams with persistent efforts to make this world a better place to live in DECLARATION I, Mr. Muhammad Tariq Roll No. 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 student of PhD in the subject of Zoology session: 2007-2010, hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research Institution etc in Pakistan or abroad. ________________ _____________________ Dated Signatures of Deponent RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE Certified that the research work contained in this thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” has been carried out and completed by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • J Indian Subcontinent
    Intercontinental relationship Europe - Africa and the Indian Subcontinent 45 Jan van der Made* A great number of Miocene genera, and even Palaeogeography, global climate some species, are cited or described from both Europe and Africa and/or the Indian Subconti- nent. In other cases, an ancestor-descendant re- After MN 3, Europe formed one continent with lationship has been demonstrated. For most of Asia. This land mass extended from Europe, the Miocene, there seem to have been intensive through north Asia to China and SE Asia and is faunal relationships between Europe, Africa and here referred to as Eurasia. This term does not the Indian Subcontinent. This situation may seem include here SE Europe. At this time, the Brea normal to uso It is, however, noto north of Crete was land and SE Europe and During much of the Tertiary, Africa and India Anatolia formed a continuous landmass. The Para- were isolated continents. There were some peri- tethys was large and extended from the valley of ods when faunal exchange with the northern the Rhone to the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and continents occurred, but these periods seem to further to the east. The Tethys was connected have been widely spaced in time. During a larga with the Indian Ocean and large part of the Middle part of the Oligocene and during the earliest East was a shallow sea. During the earliest Mio- Miocene, Africa and India had been isolated. En- cene, Africa and Arabia formed one continent that demic faunas evolved on these continents. Fam- had been separated from Eurasia and India for a ilies that went extinct in the northern continents considerable time.
    [Show full text]
  • Suidae, Mammalia) from the Late Middle Miocene of Gratkorn (Austria, Styria
    Palaeobio Palaeoenv (2014) 94:595–617 DOI 10.1007/s12549-014-0152-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Taxonomic study of the pigs (Suidae, Mammalia) from the late Middle Miocene of Gratkorn (Austria, Styria) Jan van der Made & Jérôme Prieto & Manuela Aiglstorfer & Madelaine Böhme & Martin Gross Received: 21 November 2013 /Revised: 26 January 2014 /Accepted: 4 February 2014 /Published online: 23 April 2014 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract The locality of Gratkorn of early late Sarmatian age European Tetraconodontinae. The morphometric changes that (Styria, Austria, Middle Miocene) has yielded an abundant occurred in a series of fossil samples covering the known and diverse fauna, including invertebrates, micro-vertebrates temporal ranges of the species Pa. steinheimensis are docu- and large mammals, as well as plants. As part of the taxonom- mented. It is concluded that Parachleuastochoerus includes ical study of the mammals, two species of suids, are described three species, namely Pa. steinheimensis, Pa. huenermanni here and assigned to Listriodon splendens Vo n M ey er, 1 84 6 and Pa. crusafonti. Evolutionary changes are recognised and Parachleuastochoerus steinheimensis (Fraas, 1870). As among the Pa. steinheimensis fossil samples. In addition, it the generic affinities of the latter species were subject to is proposed that the subspecies Pa. steinheimensis olujici was debate, we present a detailed study of the evolution of the present in Croatia long before the genus dispersed further into Europe. This article is an additional contribution to the special issue "The Sarmatian vertebrate locality Gratkorn, Styrian Basin". Keywords Listriodontinae . Tetraconodontinae . Middle J. van der Made (*) Miocene .
    [Show full text]
  • Zur Evolution Und Verbreitungsgeschichte Der Suidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) 321-342 © Biodiversity Heritage Library
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Mammalian Biology (früher Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) Jahr/Year: 1969 Band/Volume: 35 Autor(en)/Author(s): Thenius Erich Artikel/Article: Zur Evolution und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Suidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) 321-342 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Zur Evolution und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Suidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) Von Erich Thexius Eingang des Ms. 15. 6. 1970 Einleitung und historischer ÜberbHck Anlaß zu vorliegender Studie waren Schädelfunde von Suiden aus dem österreichischen Tertiär (Mottl 1966, Thexius im Druck). Da die Bearbeitung dieser Reste einen ein- gehenden Vergleich mit rezenten und fossilen Schweinen notwendig m^achte und über- dies eine moderne, zusammenfassende Studie über die Evolution der fossilen und rezen- ten Suiden fehlt, schien eine solche wünschenswert. Ein derartiger Versuch war auch schon dadurch gerechtfertigt, als die eingehenden Vergleichsuntersuchungen an fossilem Material zu der Erkenntnis führten, daß innerhalb verschiedener Stammlinien unab- hängig voneinander ähnliche „trends" und damit mehrfach Parallelerscheinungen auf- treten. ^ Gleichzeitig wurde auch der Versuch gemacht, die Evolution der Suiden von ver- schiedenen Gesichtspunkten (z. B. morphologisch-historisch, funktionell-anatomisch und ethologisch) aus zu betrachten und damit schließlich die tatsächlichen phylogenetischen Zusammenhänge aufzuzeigen.
    [Show full text]
  • Propotamochoerus Provincialis (Gervais, 1859) (Suidae, Mammalia)
    Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (1), 2011, 29-34. Modena, 1 luglio 201129 Propotamochoerus provincialis (Gervais, 1859) (Suidae, Mammalia) from the latest Miocene (late Messinian; MN13) of Monticino Quarry (Brisighella, Emilia-Romagna, Italy) Gianni GALLAI & Lorenzo ROOK G. Gallai, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy; [email protected] L. Rook, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy; [email protected] KEY WORDS - Propotamochoerus provincialis (Gervais, 1859), Suidae, dentition, post-cranial skeleton, Late Miocene, Messinian, Monticino Quarry, Brisighella, Italy. ABSTRACT - Nine specimens of fossil pigs are described here from the latest Miocene mammal assemblage of Monticino Gypsum Quarry (also referred to as Brisighella). The tooth remains consist of three elements of the upper dentition (I1, M3 and M2), and two of the lower dentition (P2 and M1). There are four post-cranial elements (astragalus, cuboid, navicular and third phalanx). The degree of dental wear, the closure of the root of the incisor, as well as the relative dimensions of the post-cranial remains indicate that the fossils belong to at least two individuals, a juvenile and an adult. The specimens have been assigned to the species Propotamochoerus provincialis (Gervais, 1859) based on a combinaton of dental morphometrics and morphological characters. Affinities may be shown with recent forms ofSus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, based on aspects of the morphology of the post-cranial remains implying that the latter are quite homogenous within primitive or derived taxa of the family. As the post-cranial morphology of Propotamochoerus is poorly known the description given here of the findings at Brisighella is an important addition to the knowledge regarding the genus.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Lower Part of the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar
    New discovery of a large-sized Tetraconodon (Artiodactyla, Title Suidae) from the lower part of the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar Chit-Sein; Thaung-Htike; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Tin-Thein; Author(s) Rössner, Gertrud E. Citation Asian paleoprimatology (2006), 4: 186-196 Issue Date 2006 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199763 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Asian Paleoprimatology, vol. 4:186-196 (2006) Kyoto University Primate Research Institute New discovery of a large-sized Tetraconodon (Artiodactyla, Suidae) from the lower part of the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar Chit-Seini,Thaung-Htike2, Takehisa Tsubamoto2'3, Tin-Thein4, and Gertrud E. Rossner5 'Departmentof Geology, HinthadaUniversity, Hinthada, Myanmar 2PrimateResearch Institute , KyotoUniversity, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan 3Centerfor PaleobiologicalResearch , HayashibaraBiochemical Laboratories, Inc., Okayama700-0907, Japan 4Departmentof Geology , Universityof Yangon,Yangon, Myanmar 5Departmentof Earth andEnvironmental Sciences , Paleontology Section, and Geobio- Center,Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany Abstract New fossil dentitionsof a large-sized Tetraconodon (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae)were discoveredfrom the lowerpart of the IrrawaddyFormation, Migyaungye Township,Magway Division, central Myanmar. These specimens are the largest among the Tetraconodonspecimens ever found in Myanmar.The molar dimensions of thesespecimens are similarwith those of Tetraconodonmagnus but are smallerin the dimensionsof last
    [Show full text]