RELATIONS BETWEEN the OTTOMAN CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION and the GREEK ORTHODOX PATRIARCHATES of ANTIOCH, JERUSALEM and ALEXANDRIA: 16TH-18TH CENTURIES By

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE GREEK ORTHODOX PATRIARCHATES OF ANTIOCH, JERUSALEM AND ALEXANDRIA: 16TH-18TH CENTURIES by HASAN ÇOLAK A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This dissertation seeks to understand the relations between the Ottoman central administration and the Eastern Patriarchates. Against the current literature submitting these patriarchates to the authority of the Constantinopolitan patriarchs in the period following the Ottoman conquest, we suggest that such exclusive focus on the role of the Constantinopolitan Patriarchate prevents one from seeing the true networks of power in which the Eastern Patriarchates were engaged. To that end, in addition to the major patriarchal and missionary sources a large corpus of unpublished and unused Ottoman archival documentation has been consulted. During the first centuries of the Ottoman rule the Eastern Patriarchs benefited largely from the local Ottoman legal and administrative bodies, semi-autonomous provincial rulers, and foreign courts. In early 18th century, alongside the rise of Catholic missions among the Orthodox flock and hierarchy, and of a wealthy and powerful lay class supported by the central administration, a patriarchal elite class with close affinities to Istanbul began to interact with the Eastern Patriarchates. Getting closer to the offers of the central administration, in both administrative and economic terms, these patriarchates’ relations which were formerly dependent on local and foreign dynamics were largely replaced by the new networks supported by the central administration. to Ayşegül for her never-ending love ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have come into existence without the help and support of many people. First and foremost, I should like to thank my supervisor Dr. Rhoads Murphey, who was ready to offer help during every single stage of this dissertation. I benefited largely from his expert knowledge in Ottoman palaeography and institutional history. Dr. Ruth Macrides who co-supervised the dissertation helped not only with her knowledge of Byzantine and post-Byzantine Greek documents but also with her attention to minute detail. I am truly indebted and thankful to my examiners Dr. Christine Woodhead and Prof. David Thomas from the Universities of Durham and Birmingham respectively. Without their suggestions this dissertation would have been of much lesser readability. It also gives me immense pleasure to thank every single member in the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies (CBOMGS) for providing a unique academic environment to conduct a comparative study such as mine and many others’. I would like to offer my special thanks to the staff at the Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archives and Archive of Topkapı Palace Museum, and Süleymaniye Manuscript Library in Istanbul, National Archives at Kew, Special Collections and ITSEE Office at the University of Birmingham, British Library in London, the D.A. Zakythinos Library of the National Hellenic Research Foundation, the Libraries of the National and Capodistrian University of Athens and Gennadius Library in Athens. This dissertation was made financially possible thanks to the generous support provided in different stages of my PhD program by the following: Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme and University of Birmingham’s Top-Up Fees, and Turkish Historical Society. In case of the latter, I should particularly thank the ex-president Prof. Ali Birinci. I was also a fellow of the Turkish Cultural Foundation and Alexander Onassis Public Benefit Foundation during the academic years 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 respectively. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Eugenia Kermeli who supervised my Master’s thesis at Bilkent University for the continuing support and encouragement that she has provided so far. Dr. Slim Suad of Balamand University and Dr. May Davie, the editor of Chronos, kindly provided some recent publications from Balamand University Press, to which I did not have access. I would also like to pay my gratitude to Prof. Paschalis Kitromilides for his useful suggestions with regard to my bibliography. My friend Elif Bayraktar Tellan not only shared her expertise on the history of the Patriarchate of Constantinople but also proved to be a real friend in my tough times in writing this dissertation. I should also thank my friends Yaman Dalanay and Özden Mercan who provided publications from Oxford and Harvard University Libraries respectively. In CBOMGS I was lucky to have such good friends as Ourania Bessi, Frouke Schrijver, Athanasia Stavrou, and Elli Tzavella. Among my friends in Birmingham I should also thank Dilara Dal, Ali Mıynat, Seyit Özkutlu, Halil Ruso, and Ali Kemal Yenidünya for their collaboration in keeping our study-table constantly open in the library. Without such good friends, my wife and I would not have remembered Birmingham as one of the most beautiful places to live on earth. Likewise, our friends Meltem and Giorgos, Yelda and Andeas, and Ilias and Afroditi made us feel at home in Athens. It gives me great pleasure to thank my family for their support during all the stages of my long student life and to tell them that it is over now. No one including myself has suffered more from the demands of carrying out this research than my beloved wife Ayşegül. She sacrificed her time and energy—often at the expense of her own research—to make me believe that I can finish this dissertation. It is to her that I dedicate it with my sincere belief that she will produce a work of much better quality, even though she now probably knows more on the issues of the Eastern Patriarchates than the 12th-century English court. TRANSLITERATION Ottoman Turkish Greek Α α a Β β v ’ ٴ a, e, â Γ γ g ﺍ b Δ δ d ﺏ p Ε ε e پ t Ζ ζ z ﺕ s Η η i ﺙ c Θ θ th ﺝ ç Ι ι i چ h Κ κ k ﺡ h Λ λ l ﺥ d Μ μ m ﺩ z Ν ν n ﺫ r Ξ ξ x ﺭ z Ο ο o ﺯ j Π π p ژ s Ρ ρ r ﺱ ş Σ σ,ς s ﺵ s Τ τ t ﺹ z, d Υ υ y, u ﺽ t Φ φ f ﻁ z Χ χ ch ﻅ Ψ ψ ps ‘ ﻉ g, ğ Ω ω o ﻍ f ﻑ k ﻕ k, g, ğ ﻙ l ﻝ m ﻡ n ﻥ v, o, ö, u, ü, û ﻭ h, a, e ﻩ y, ı, i, î ﻯ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………….1 Current Historiography ……………………………………………………….…………….2 Pioneer Works in the Field ……………………………………………………...………….2 Runciman’s paradigm: union of the Orthodox ecclesiastical and Ottoman historiographies ...……………………………………………………………9 Views from Ottoman provinces ………………………………………………………..…18 Recent Historiography on the Eastern Patriarchates ……………………………………...21 Primary Sources ………………..…………………………………………………………24 Ottoman Sources ……………….…………………………………………………………24 Greek Sources …………………………….………………………………………………27 French Sources ……………………………………………………………………………29 English Sources ………………...…………………………………………………………30 Arabic Sources ……………………………………………………………………………31 Contents of the Dissertation ………………………………………………………………32 CHAPTER 1. EASTERN PATRIARCHATES AND OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION: 16TH-17TH CENTURIES ………..…………………………………………………………36 Eastern Patriarchates prior to Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt ….…………………36 Ottoman Policies in the Period of Transition …..…………………………………………46 The Ferman Given by Selim I to the Patriarch of Jerusalem ..……………………………53 In search of the initial fermans for the Patriarchates of Antioch and Alexandria ...………54 Eastern Patriarchates in the local and central arena during the 16th and 17th centuries .…..60 Eastern Patriarchates in the International Arena: Foreign Courts ...………………………69 Eastern Patriarchates and the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia …………………80 Authority of the Eastern Patriarchates and Its Limits on the eve of Centralisation ………85 Competition for Antiochian throne between Kyrillos and Athanasios ……..…………….90 Competition for Alexandrian throne between Samouil and Kosmas ……………………..96 Other correspondence between the Patriarchate of Alexandria and the central administration ……………..……………………………………………………………..101 Patriarchate of Jerusalem ...………………………………………………………………104 Conclusion .………………………………………………………………………………108 CHAPTER 2. COMING OF THE 18TH CENTURY: CENTRALISATION IN AN AGE OF DECENTRALISATION ....……………………………………………110 Catholic Infiltration in the Ottoman Levant ..……………………………………………113 Origins and Development ……..…………………………………………………………113 Historical Sketch ...………………………………………………………………………116 Catholic Missionaries in the Levant under Scrutiny: Profiles of the Catholic Missionaries in the Ottoman Levant ...…………………………121 Missionary views of Ottoman Christians …………………..……………………………124 Ottoman Christian Views of Missionaries ………………………………………………126 Catholic Methods of Conversion Told by Missionaries …………………………………127 Factors behind the

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