DOCSLIB.ORG

Improvements & Impacts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Improvements & Impacts Improvements & Impacts (1851 - 1900) by Martin, Syahrul, Siti & Wei Hao Overview Improvements ● Technological Advancements (Martin) ● Scientific Contributions (Syahrul) Impacts ● Contemporary Socio-Political Movements (Siti) ● ‘Fine’ Arts (Wei Hao) Technological Advancements Redesigning of the Camera ● Daguerreotype camera ● Introduced in 1839 ● First to be publicly available ● Bulky and difficult to travel with Redesigning of the Camera ● German Reise Camera ● Made in 1900 ● First real portable camera ● Light and foldable, in contrast to Daguerreotype ● Very popular among people because of the opportunity to travel the world with a camera Redesigning of the Camera ● Ermanox camera ● Introduced in 1924 ● Extremely fast and convenient ● Made of a rigid metal body covered with black leather ● Rising popularity due to new materials Erich Salomon Erich Salomon, Supreme Court in Session (1932) Invention of the Flashbulb ● First light bulb invented by Thomas Edison in 1878-1879 ● Began exploration for electric light ● First flashbulbs used in 1927 instead of old flash powder method ● First electronic flashlight invented by Harold Eugene Edgerton in 1931 The 35mm Film ● George Eastman sold the first type of film in 1885 ● Gelatin coated paper base ● Kodak introduced first cellulose acetate film in 1908 ● Oskar Barnack, a German inventor, built the first camera, the Ur-Leica, that were compatible with the 35mm film in 1913 Single-Lens Reflex (SLR) ● C.R. Smith, the Monocular Duplex ● Made possible for the photographer to see the picture through the camera lens ● Leica Ploot reflex camera ● Ihagee Exakta, the first compact SLR camera, was introduced in 1933 Search for Color ● First attempts of color photography was with daguerreotypes and calotypes ● Franz von Lenbach was one of many who painted over album portraits on canvas Franz von Lenbach, Portrait of Otto von Bismark (n.d.) The Photochrome & Autochrome Process ● Photochrome process was invented by Hans Jakob Schmid in 1880 ● Autochrome process was invented by the French Lumiére brothers in 1903 and became popular in 1907 Kodachrome ● Developed by Leopold Mannes & Leopold Godowsky in 1935, two musicians working with Eastman Kodak ● First colourised film available for common people Chalmers Butterfield, London (1949) Steve McCurry, Afghan Girl, Pakistan, Kodachrome (1984) Scientific Contributions Eadweard J. Muybridge, Bird in Flight (1887) Eadweard Muybridge ● Forerunner of photographic experimentation with regards to motion ● Began as a bookseller who turned into a photographer ● Started utilising the wet-plate collodion process to document the Yosemite Valley ● Invented innovative ways to use photography as a means to capture motion, including the use of multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-motion photographs JMW Turner ● Pre-Impressionist painter, acclaimed for his landscape portraiture ● Elements of movement, through brush strokes and choice of subject ● Argued to have impressed Muybridge which led to his iconic work with animal locomotions JMW Turner, Self Portrait (1779) JMW Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway (1844) Studies of Animal Locomotion ● Began in 1877 ● Prior to this, we had never seen the rapid movement of animals in a sequential fashion ● Began as a pursuit to find out if horses lifted all their legs off the ground when they galloped (and yes, they do) Eadweard Muybridge, The Horse In Motion (1878) ● Muybridge’s work combined both artistic and scientific pursuits How did it work? ● Electricity generated by friction ● Alternatively, Muybridge used a long wire, utilising the horse to break it and create mechanical reaction to trigger the shutter Eadweard Muybridge, Lion Walking (1887) Eadweard Muybridge, Eagle in Flight (1887) Eadweard Muybridge, Horse in Motion (1887) Humans too! Eadweard Muybridge, Human in Locomotion Studies (1887) Zoopraxiscope ● Invented in 1879 to showcase his artistic findings, in a scientific (and filmic) manner ● Inspiration for Graphics Interchange Format Eadweard Muybridge and Erwin F. Faber, Zoopraxiscope Disc (1893) Futurism ● Discovery of motion was an impetus for Futurism, a modern social and art movement ● Originating in Italy in the 20th, the movement celebrated contemporary technological advancements, like speed and automobiles ● But ironically, it did not incorporate photography, the best medium then to capture motion Umberto Boccioni, Unique Form of Continuity in Space (1913) Gino Serveni, Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin (1912) Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912) Contemporary Socio-Political Movements George Eastman’s Kodak Girl (1893) ● Represented travel and independence ● Woman as central to advertising ● Contributed to larger Victorian New Woman movement where women were shifting away from being objects of art to becoming artists themselves Kitty Cramer, the first Kodak Girl Take a Kodak With You (1901) Bring Your “Kodak” (1925) Assorted Kodak Girl postcards Yours Truly, The Kodak Girls (1913) Queen Victoria (1819-1901) ● Ardent patron and practitioner of early photography with her husband Albert who shared her enthusiasm for such new technologies ● Established a private darkroom at Windsor Castle ● Recognized photography as an artistic medium and a powerful tool of propaganda Queen Victoria’s Boer War gift chocolate tin Manufactured by Hudson Scott & Sons (1899) W. & D. Downey, Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Portrait (1893) Went back to the Gardens, where a Daguerreotype by Mr. Kilburn was taken of me “and five of the children. The day was splendid for it. Mine was unfortunately horrid, but the children’s were pretty. Queen Victoria in her journal William Edward Kilburn, Queen Victoria, the Princess Royal, the Prince of Wales, Princess Alice, Princess Helena & Prince Alfred (1852) Roger Felton, Princesses Helen and Louise (1856) Leonida Caldesi, Prince Arthur (1857) Bryan Edward Duppa & Gustav William Henry Mullins, The Queen with a Photograph of Prince Albert Portrait of Queen Victoria Holding Portrait of Prince Albert (1854) (1862) To copy the millions and millions of hieroglyphics, which entirely cover the exteriors of the great “monuments at Thebes, Memphis, Carnac &c. would require scores of years, and legions of artists. With the Daguerreotype, a single man would suffice to bring to a happy conclusion this vast labor. Dominique François Arago Maxime Du Camp (1822-1894) ● French writer and photographer ● Travelled widely in Europe and the East ● Pioneer of travel photography ● His book, Égypte, Nubie, Palestine et Syrie (1852), is one of the first few books to be illustrated with photographs Maxime Du Camp Maxime Du Camp, Cidi’s Tomb (1850) Maxime Du Camp, Nubie. Ibsamboul. Colosse médial (enfoui) du Spéos de Phrè, salted paper print (1850) Robertson & Beato (1853-1867) ● Partnership between Englishman James Robertson and British-Italian Felice Beato ● Pioneer war photographers ● Their album, Jerusalem, contained first few ‘wet-plate’ photographs of the Holy Land Felice Beato James Robertson James Robertson & Felice Beato, Mount of Olives and Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem (1857), albumen silver print) James Robertson & Felice Beato, Jews’ Wailing Place in Jerusalem (1857), albumen print James Robertson & Felice Beato, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (1857), albumen print Francis Frith (1822-1898) ● English photographer ● One of the first few to establish himself retailer of scenic photographs on a large scale for ‘armchair travellers’ ● His book, Sinai and Palestine (1862), first of Jerusalem and Holy Land photographs to reach a wide English-speaking audience ● Pioneer documentary photographer Francis Frith Francis Frith, Street View with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (1858), albumen silver print Francis Frith, Entrance of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (Plate 17) (1858), albumen silver print The ruined state of Modern Jerusalem is strikingly brought before us by this view. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre has outside the aspect of a place long deserted, so that we could “not imagine, did we not know, that it is still the object of pilgrimages and in the hands of rich Christian communities. The great square tower is seen to have partly fallen, the smaller, but loftier, towers to be decayed, and the chief dome to have lost half its outer covering. The street to the left, with its pavement sloping to the middle and the ragged awnings of the shops, is harmonious in its wretchedness. Everything looks as though the city had been sacked and was almost or entirely uninhabited. Francis Frith Francis Frith, Koum Ombo, Upper Egypt (1857), albumen silver print Francis Frith, The Broken Obelisk, Karnac (1857), albumen silver print Francis Frith, The Town and Lake of Tiberias, from the North (1858), albumen silver print ‘Fine’ Arts Broad Art History Timeline Neoclassical Realism Impressionism Art that recaptures Celebrating working-class Capturing fleeting Greco-Roman grace and peasants; outdoors effects of natural light and grandeur and rustic painting 1780-1850 1848-1853 1750-1850 1848-1900 1865-1885 Romanticism Pre-Raphaelites Triumph of Inspired by Italian art of imagination and reality 14th and 15th centuries for what they saw as direct, uncomplicated depiction of nature Disclaimer ● As photography and painting were developing simultaneously, care must be taken to distinguish causation and mere coincidence ● This is particularly so, given that many photographs and paintings had to same goal: to depict likeness ● To establish that an influence
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Installation Images
    BildMuseet - pressrelease the politics of place 25/01/2009 20:34 The Politics of Place 10 Feb - 28 April, 2002 BildMuseet, Umeå, Sweden Andreas Gursky Anthony Haughey Nanna H Margareta Klingberg Maria Lantz Walter Niedermayr Torbjørn Rødland Ingrid Pollard Jorma Puranen Allan Sekula Jeff Wall curator: Jan-Erik Lundström Imaging the landscape is a particularly incisive and charged practice within contemporary photographically based art. As a means towards propositions regarding space as a cultural, historical and political variable, defined by human action and imagination, photographs of landscape are instrumental not only as ways of exploring meaning or reflecting collective knowledge, but also as paths towards identity, self-recognition, transformation. This exhibition presents contemporary artists engaged in politically and historically defined notions of space. The artists examine current landscapes and landscape practices. They are equally concerned with the traditions of the landscape genre itself, with visually expressed historical notions of space, as well as with contemporary understanding and values. In their work, space is continually recognized as challenged, contested, complex, commanding and of grand currency. The Politics of Place brings together specific single works and projects. In relation to the powerful position of the landscape genre within European history the selection underlines European territory; the contested history and present of this continent as seen, imagined and perceive through the work of visual artists. A substantial catalogue accompanies the exhibition, featuring comissioned essays by Alessandra Ponte, John Taylor, Sverker Sörlin and an introduction by Jan-Erik Lundström. Separate section featuring essays by Michael T. Bravo, Lena Eskilson, Margareta Klingberg, Maria Lantz, Christer Nordlund, Klas Sandell and Bo Sundin.
    [Show full text]
  • Gretchen Arnold
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 2-1-2010 re:collection Gretchen L. Arnold Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Arnold, Gretchen L., "re:collection" (2010). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. re:collection By gretchen arnold THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Fine Arts in Imaging Arts College of Imaging Arts and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology School of Photographic Arts and Sciences __________________________________________________ Angela Kelly, Committee Chair Date __________________________________________________ Dan Larkin, Committee Advisor Date __________________________________________________ Alex Miokovic, Committee Advisor Date __________________________________________________ Jessica Lieberman, Committee Advisor Date February 2010 i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii. Acknowledgements iv. Abstract v. List of Figures 01. Introduction 03. Chapter 1. (Conceptualization). 17. Chapter 2. (Meaning, Influences and History). 27. Chapter 3. (Thesis Process + Realization of Exhibition/Installation). 36. Conclusion 37. Appendix A + Appendix B 39. Selected Bibliography ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful for the help and wisdom of my committee - Angela Kelly, Dan Larkin, Alex Miokovic and Jessica Lieberman. I am eternally thankful to my family and friends that have stood by me and supported me through this thing called life. With a special thank you to my mother, Laura Schmidt. iii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Untitled. 2006. 1.2 Kodak Advertisement. 1.3 Untitled 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Color Exhibition
    IMAGE Journal of Photography or the George Eastman House May, 1952 Vol. 1, No. 5 THE NEW COLOR EXHIBITION PERMANENT exhibition of the principles and history A of color photography has been installed at the George Eastman House. This important addition to the museum was made possible by the generosity of Leopold Godowsky and Leopold Mannes, the inventors of the Kodachrome process of color photography. Four rooms on the second floor have been completely redesigned for this purpose. The first room contains demonstration apparatus, set up to be operated by the visitor on pressing a button. Newton's classic experiment is recreated by projecting a beam of white light through a prism, thus forming a brilliant spectrum with all the colors of the rainbow. Having seen this analysis of white light, the visitor next sees how white light can be created by mixing the three primary colors. On a translucent screen, overlapping red and green circles form yellow. They are replaced by over­ lapping circles of green and blue, and red and blue. Finally three circles, red, green, and blue overlap to form white light. A sim­ ilar demonstration is arranged so that the visitor, by turning knobs, can add red, green, and blue light, in varying amounts, The meaning of spectrographic measurement of colors is to make any desired color. demonstrated by a device which projects a spectrum onto a To show that the color of objects depends upon the light which target. The beam is interrupted by a Fresnel lens, so that part they reflect, or transmit, a series of boxes are set up which con­ of the spectrum is collected onto a second target, forming white tain colored objects.
    [Show full text]
  • KODACHROME Especial (1935 - 2010) KODACHROME
    Nº 40 Ignacio Benedeti Cinema S.L - Avda Nostián-Pardiñas Nave 3 - 15008 ( A Coruña) Tlf.: 981 25 92 47 email: [email protected] Boletín Trimestral ADIOS PARA SIEMPRE Nº 40 KODACHROME Especial (1935 - 2010) KODACHROME CITAS "¿A quién va usted a creer, a mí o a sus propios ojos?" "Citadme diciendo que me han citado mal" "Conozco a centenares de maridos que serían felices de volver al Este 31 de diciembre de 2010 se deja de fotografiada por Steve McCurry, sino hogar si no hubiese revelar para siempre la película t a m b i é n m i l l o n e s d e p e l í c u l a s una esposa Kodachrome, tras una historia gloriosa de impresionadas por aficionados en las que esperándoles" setenta y cinco años de mágicos colores se encuentra registrada en colores fotoquímicos. Dicho acontecimiento es la indelebles la historia cotidiana de nuestra causa de que “Flicker”, de forma civilización. excepcional y por primera vez en su larga "Creo que la televisión historia, en lugar de estar dedicado a Aunque I.B.Cinema es una Productora a la es muy educativa. recoger las actividades y premios de vanguardia tecnológica (fuimos, por Cuando alguien la I.B.Cinema (quienes nos siguen ya son ejemplo, los primeros en rodar una película enciende me voy a leer conocedores de nuestros mas de 400 en electrónico, en los tiempos de “El regalo un libro." galardones, que incluyen el Pilar Miró de la de Silvia”; somos los únicos que disponemos sección oficial de la SEMINCI con “Estigmas” de una Motion Control Harryhausen—no solo Groucho Marx hasta nuestras dos nominaciones
    [Show full text]
  • Technology of Photography
    Technology of Photography Claudia Jacques de Moraes Cardoso Based on Alex Sirota http://iosart.com/photography-art-or-science Camera Obscura Camera Obscura, Georg Friedrich Brander (1713 - 1785), 1769 Light Sensitive Materials • After the camera obscura had been invented and it’s use widely popularized, many dreamt of capturing the images obtained by the camera obscura permanently. • For hundreds of years before photography was invented, people had been aware that some colors are bleached in the sun, but they had made little distinction between heat, air and light. • In 1727, Johann Heinrich Schulze (1687-1744), a German scientist found that silver salts darkened when exposed to sunlight and published results that distinguished between the action of light and heat upon silver salts. • Even after this discovery, a method was needed to halt the chemical reaction so the image wouldn’t darken completely. A Simplified Schematic Representation of the Silver Halide Process First Permanent Picture Joseph Nicephore Niepce (1765-1833), a French inventor, was experimenting with camera obscura and silver chloride. • In 1826, he turned to bitumen of Judea, a kind of asphalt that hardened when exposed to light. • Niepce dissolved the bitumen in lavender oil and coated a sheet of pewter with the mixture. • He placed the sheet in the camera and exposed it for eight hours aimed through an open window at his courtyard. • The light forming the image on the plate hardened the bitumen in bright areas and left it soft and soluble in the dark areas. • Niepce then washed the plate with lavender oil, which removed the still-soft bitumen that hadn’t been struck by light, leaving a permanent image.
    [Show full text]
  • Études Photographiques, 30 | 2012 the Cavalcade of Color 2
    Études photographiques 30 | 2012 Paul Strand / Kodak / Robert Taft versus Beaumont Newhall The Cavalcade of Color Kodak and the 1939 World’s Fair Ariane Pollet Translator: James Gussen Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/etudesphotographiques/3486 ISSN: 1777-5302 Publisher Société française de photographie Printed version Date of publication: 20 December 2012 ISBN: 9782911961304 ISSN: 1270-9050 Electronic reference Ariane Pollet, « The Cavalcade of Color », Études photographiques [Online], 30 | 2012, Online since 02 July 2014, connection on 01 May 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ etudesphotographiques/3486 This text was automatically generated on 1 May 2019. Propriété intellectuelle The Cavalcade of Color 1 The Cavalcade of Color Kodak and the 1939 World’s Fair Ariane Pollet Translation : James Gussen EDITOR'S NOTE An earlier version of this article was presented at the one-day conference ‘Le Spectacle de l’industrie / Exhibiting Industry,’ organized by Claire-Lise Debluë and Anne-Katrin Weber at the Centre des sciences historiques de la culture at the University of Lausanne on June 1, 2012. The author wishes to thank Jesse Peers, study center archivist, George Eastman House, Lori Birrell, manuscript librarian, University of Rochester, Kathy Connor, George Eastman legacy curator, Joe Struble, archivist, George Eastman House Photo Collection, and Olivier Lugon for his rigorous and inspired rereading of the text. 1 Kodak did not become the world’s leading photography company on the strength of its products alone; it also pursued an aggressive marketing and advertising strategy. Its real accomplishment was using that strategy to establish photography as a privileged medium of consumer society ‘by creating and then capturing a large-scale amateur market.’1 The economic logic was simple: Kodak lowered its prices, increased its production, and guaranteed its profits through a system of patents that quickly gave it a virtual monopoly.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Care of Photographic Materials Clues For
    Identification and Care of Photographic Materials Workshop at the State Hermitage Museum 2014 Jens Gold PM 2014 Identification Categories: Negatives Positives Direct positives Printing out – POP Developing out – DOP Black and White photography Color photography Instant photography … Loriot Photomechanical … Digital print outs and Media… Clues for Identification • Presentation and mounting technique • The photographed object itself • Production date • Text or company stamp/ trademark on backside • Surface texture • Printing patterns • Image color • Binder • Support • Look in different illumination • Look under magnification • Behavior under changing conditions of relative humidity and temperature • Deterioration signs and damages •… 1 Black and White early direct positive processes • Daguerreotype • Ambrotype • Ferrotype , Pannotype Daguerreotype • Inventor: Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre • Time of use: 1839 – about 1860’s • Technology/Support: silver image on silver plated copper • Presentation: passé partout frame in Europe; wood-, leather-, early plastic-case (union case) in North America • Format in mm: 216 x 162, 162 x 108, 162 x 144, 162 x 72, 108 x 81, 81 x 72, 81 x 54, 72 x 54 and large formats like 270 x 320 as well as round plates with 90 mm in diameter • Identification: - mirror like image surface - negative/positive effect when the light comes from different angles • Most common deterioration signs: - blue brownish oxidation films - abrasions on surface - exfoliation, flaking Daguerreotype M. S. Barger J. Gold M. S. Barger 2 Daguerreotype M. S. Barger Daguerreotype Ambrotype • Inventor: Frederick Scott Archer & Peter Fry, 1851 • Time of use: 1852 – about 1870’s • Technology/support : collodion on glass • Presentation format: passé partout frame in Europe; wood, leather, early plastic case (union case) in North America • Format in mm: ca.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York "Schenker School"
    The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York "Schenker School" By David Carson Berry In 1927, Heinrich Schenker named New York as the first North American city in which his ideas were spreading, though he was not specific as to the means of transmission.l Four years later, however, the chief point of con­ tact would be clear, as Schenkerism found an institutional home at the David Mannes Music School (now Mannes College of Music) . It was there that Schenker's student Hans Weisse began teaching in 1931; starting the next year, he concurrently conducted graduate seminars at Columbia Uni­ versity. Mter Weisse's untimely death in 1940, Schenker's student Felix Salzer assumed similar duties at Mannes; he later became a professor of music at Queens College ofthe City University of New York. Through their efforts, and those of other early adherents, Schenkerian analysis gradually propagated elsewhere, first in outposts at Princeton and Yale Universities, 2 and then throughout other parts of the country. Still, the New York "Schenker School" has remained of enormous significance. Numerous Schenkerians currently active in teaching and publishing were trained in New York by such esteemed individuals as Carl Schachter, who (like his own teacher, Salzer) taught at both Mannes and Queens College. Mannes in particular has continued to be an epicenter for Schenkerian research through various events held there, such as three International Schenker Symposia (in 1985, 1992, and 1999) and an "Institute on Schenkerian Theory and Analysis" convened in 2002 as part of the Mannes Institute for Advanced Studies in Music Theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Godowsky Kodachrome Gershwin and Browncroft.PDF
    Q'{ote: The following is compiled by the Browncroft }t{eighborhoodAssociation's History " " Committeewith some cttt and paste and information drawn severalpublic internet bios " from including: Wikipedia; Frankie Gershwin, Remembering o Friend" by Spider Saloff, "Leopold iazz vocalist; Boston (Jniversity's Godowsky,Jr., Color Photography Awards" bio; The National Inventors Hall of Fame / Inventor Profile; and also reminiscencesof Browncroft neighborsand is solely presentedas backgroundinformation to the Browncrqft neighborhood's history of itspeople connections.) Godowsky, Kodachrome, Gershwin and Browncroft Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and FrancesGershwin Godowsky lived and rented as newlyweds at 184 Corwin from 1930 to 1933 and then at 132 Windemerefrom 1934 into 1936 before moving to 1025East Avenue. Frances(Frankie) was the younger sister of lra, George and Arthur Gershwin. Frances was born in 1906 and died in 1999. She was the first of the Gershwin family to perforrn as a child, and she brought home a good sum of money for the time. At the age of I 1, she was dancing in a children's musical called Daintyland and bringing home $40 a week. Big brothers George and lra, still humble song pluggers in Tin Pan Alley only brought home $ 15 each. Francestraveled to Europe and toured with her brother George and also performed at parties with him, a fine vocalist in her own right. She becamethe singer who performed his songsfor the first time, so that he could hear them in somethingother than his own, admittedly tenible, voice. She also performed briefly on Broadway. She met Leopold, son of a famous Russian pianist and a friend of George, on board a ship while returning from Europe with her brother George in 1928.
    [Show full text]
  • 2300 Anos De Fotografia Índex Distribuído • Volumes 6 E 7 a Cor 1ª E 2ª Partes
    2300 Anos de Fotografia Índex Distribuído Terceira fase: Volumes 6 e 7 A Cor 1ª e 2ª partes 2300 Anos de Fotografia Livro 6 1ª parte A Cor. Capítulo 1. Princípios e Técnicas Linha do tempo: 2177 Apresentação: …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2180 Isaac Newton……………………………………………………………………………………………… Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, ………………………………………………………………….. A formação das cores: …………………………………………………………………………....... 2187 Disposição das cores básicas no espectro……………………………………………........ 2187 Funcionamento Ilustrado das Lentes……………………………………………………………. 2189 Aberração cromática no prisma demonstrada por Newton. ………………………… A luz branca é uma composição das cores do espectro. Comprimentos de onda e respectivas cores com respectivos padrões ópticos estabelecidos………………………………….....……………………………………………………….. Natureza da luz……………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 2196 Os Pioneiros do Registro das Cores……………………………………………………….…….. 2197 1850 2197 Levi L. Hill …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1848 2202 Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel1961 James Clerk Maxwell…………………………….. 1891 Gabriel Lippmann………………………………………………………………………………… 2211 Formação da cor por processo interferencial. ……………………………………………… 2219 1862-1869 DucosduHauron e Charles Cros 2219 Ducos Du Hauron……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2220 Charles Cros……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2226 1897 2231 Frederic Eugene Ives …………………………………………………………………………………. Visor Kromskop de Ives……………………………………………………………………………… 1896 John Joly……………………………………………………………………………………………………. Desenho sobre a película usado no processo de
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of the European Kodak Research Laboratories to Innovation Strategy at Eastman Kodak
    Contribution of the European Kodak Research Laboratories to Innovation Strategy at Eastman Kodak Nicolas Le Guern Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Photographic History Research Centre Faculty of Art, Design and Humanities De Montfort University Leicester, UK January 2017 1 In memory of Professors Bernard Leblanc and Jacques Desautels 2 Abstract This study provides a new understanding of the nature of Eastman Kodak Research. The thesis considers the European context between 1891 and 1912, before the creation of the first Kodak Research Laboratory in 1912 at Rochester, New York, and between 1928 and 1950 with the opening of two additional Research Laboratories in the United Kingdom and in France. It sheds light on the technological and organisational relationship between the main Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester and the later, related, Kodak Research Laboratories in Europe. Analysis of publications from numerous independent photochemists demonstrates that industrial secrecy during the interwar years limited the sharing of scientific knowledge and delayed developments in photographic science. The first Kodak Research Laboratory was created in Rochester in 1912 to address this issue internally. Its first director, Kenneth Mees, developed an innovative organisational model which combined fundamental and applied research in order to protect scientific facts about the photographic process that were discovered in-house and to create the appropriate preconditions for the development of new and marketable products. Qualitative analysis of unpublished research reports stresses the multi-faceted nature of the photographic research undertaken at the Harrow Research Laboratory from 1929 onwards. It shows that the British Laboratory was open to external sources of scientific knowledge and innovative technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARLES EDWARD KENNETH MEES May 26,1882-August 15,1960
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES C H A R L E S E D W ARD KENNETH M EES 1882—1960 A Biographical Memoir by HA N S T . C LARKE Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1971 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. CHARLES EDWARD KENNETH MEES May 26,1882-August 15,1960 BY HANS T. CLARKE RIOR TO THE INTRODUCTION of commercial photographic dry Pplates in 1877, and for many years thereafter, little attention was devoted to the nature of the photographic process. Abney had in 1874 studied the quantitative relationships between ex- posure to light, development, and the deposition of metallic silver from its bromide, but scant notice was taken of his find- ings. The significant contributions to the theory of photography made by Hurter and Driffield in 1890 were likewise long ne- glected. It was well into the present century when C. E. K. Mees and his school friend S. E. Sheppard revived the subject in a fruitful association, ended only by death, dedicated to re- search and development in the whole field. Kenneth Mees was born in England on May 26, 1882, at Wellingborough, Northamptonshire. His father was a Wes- leyan minister descended from a long line of clergymen of that denomination. As clerics of that church were customarily transferred to other pastorates every three years, the child's early development lacked firm roots outside his immediate family. By the time he was ten he had lived successively in Ipswich, Colchester, Hythe, and Barnet.
    [Show full text]