Book VII Film Photography
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D DD DDD Photography DDDDon.com DDDD Basic Photography in 180 Days Book VII - Film Photography Editor: Ramon F. aeroramon.com Contents 1 Day 1 1 1.1 Color photography ........................................... 1 1.1.1 History ............................................ 1 1.1.2 Artists’ perspectives ...................................... 13 1.1.3 Preservation issues ...................................... 14 1.1.4 Research ........................................... 15 1.1.5 Patents ............................................ 15 1.1.6 See also ............................................ 15 1.1.7 Notes ............................................. 16 1.1.8 References .......................................... 17 1.1.9 External links ......................................... 18 2 Day 2 20 2.1 Photographic film ........................................... 20 2.1.1 History of film ........................................ 21 2.1.2 Film basics .......................................... 23 2.1.3 Film speed .......................................... 25 2.1.4 Special films ......................................... 26 2.1.5 Decline ............................................ 27 2.1.6 DX codes ........................................... 27 2.1.7 Common sizes of film[19] ................................... 27 2.1.8 Companies .......................................... 28 2.1.9 See also ............................................ 30 2.1.10 Notes ............................................. 30 2.1.11 References .......................................... 30 3 Day 3 32 3.1 Film speed ............................................... 32 3.1.1 Film speed measurement systems ............................... 32 3.1.2 Reciprocity .......................................... 40 3.1.3 Film sensitivity and grain ................................... 40 3.1.4 Digital camera ISO speed and exposure index ........................ 41 3.1.5 See also ............................................ 45 i ii CONTENTS 3.1.6 References .......................................... 45 3.1.7 External links ......................................... 51 3.2 Film stock ............................................... 51 3.2.1 History ............................................ 52 3.2.2 Classification and properties ................................. 55 3.2.3 Deterioration ......................................... 57 3.2.4 Intermediate and print stocks ................................. 58 3.2.5 Decline ............................................ 59 3.2.6 See also ............................................ 59 3.2.7 References .......................................... 59 3.3 Zone System .............................................. 60 3.3.1 Principles ........................................... 60 3.3.2 Technique .......................................... 62 3.3.3 Application to other media .................................. 63 3.3.4 Misconceptions and criticisms ................................ 64 3.3.5 See also ............................................ 65 3.3.6 Notes ............................................. 65 3.3.7 References .......................................... 66 3.3.8 Further reading ........................................ 66 3.3.9 External links ......................................... 66 4 Day 4 67 4.1 Negative (photography) ........................................ 67 4.1.1 Negative image ........................................ 67 4.1.2 Negative film ......................................... 67 4.1.3 References .......................................... 69 4.1.4 External links ......................................... 69 4.2 Latent image .............................................. 71 4.2.1 Mechanism of formation ................................... 72 4.2.2 Photographic sensitivity .................................... 72 4.2.3 Reciprocity Law Failure ................................... 72 4.2.4 Location of latent image ................................... 73 4.2.5 Development of silver halide crystals ............................. 73 4.2.6 Stability of latent image .................................... 74 4.2.7 See also ............................................ 74 4.2.8 References .......................................... 74 4.3 Fogging (photography) ........................................ 74 4.3.1 Taxonomy of fogging ..................................... 75 4.3.2 Light fogging ......................................... 75 4.3.3 Chemical fogging ....................................... 75 4.3.4 See also ............................................ 75 4.3.5 References .......................................... 76 CONTENTS iii 5 Day 5 77 5.1 Film base ............................................... 77 5.1.1 Nitrate ............................................ 77 5.1.2 Acetate ............................................ 78 5.1.3 Polyester ........................................... 78 5.1.4 Identifying a film base .................................... 78 5.1.5 References .......................................... 79 5.1.6 External links ......................................... 79 5.2 Photographic emulsion ........................................ 79 5.2.1 Components .......................................... 79 5.2.2 Manufacture .......................................... 80 5.2.3 See also ............................................ 80 5.2.4 References .......................................... 80 5.2.5 External links ......................................... 80 5.3 Gelatin silver process ......................................... 80 5.3.1 History ............................................ 80 5.3.2 Timeline ........................................... 81 5.3.3 Technology .......................................... 81 5.3.4 Digital silver gelatin printing ................................. 82 5.3.5 In molecular biology ..................................... 82 5.3.6 References .......................................... 82 5.3.7 Bibliography ......................................... 83 5.3.8 External links ......................................... 83 6 Day 6 84 6.1 Darkroom ............................................... 84 6.1.1 Darkroom equipment ..................................... 86 6.1.2 See also ............................................ 87 6.1.3 References .......................................... 87 6.1.4 External links ......................................... 87 6.2 List of photographic processes .................................... 87 6.2.1 Color ............................................. 87 6.2.2 Black and White (Monochrome) ............................... 88 6.2.3 References .......................................... 94 7 Day 7 95 7.1 Photochrom .............................................. 95 7.1.1 History ............................................ 96 7.1.2 Process ............................................ 96 7.1.3 Notes ............................................. 101 7.1.4 References .......................................... 101 7.1.5 External links ......................................... 102 iv CONTENTS 7.2 Redscale ................................................ 102 7.2.1 See also ............................................ 102 7.2.2 External links ......................................... 103 7.3 Reversal film .............................................. 105 7.3.1 History ............................................ 105 7.3.2 Film types ........................................... 107 7.3.3 Pros and cons ......................................... 107 7.3.4 Uses .............................................. 108 7.3.5 See also ............................................ 110 7.3.6 References and notes ..................................... 110 7.3.7 External links ......................................... 111 8 Day 8 112 8.1 E-6 process .............................................. 112 8.1.1 History ............................................ 112 8.1.2 Process variations ...................................... 112 8.1.3 Six-bath process version ................................... 112 8.1.4 See also ............................................ 113 8.1.5 References .......................................... 113 8.1.6 External links ......................................... 114 8.2 C-41 process .............................................. 114 8.2.1 Film layers .......................................... 114 8.2.2 Process ............................................ 115 8.2.3 Push processing ........................................ 115 8.2.4 The negative ......................................... 115 8.2.5 Black-and-white usage .................................... 115 8.2.6 Cross processing ....................................... 116 8.2.7 See also ............................................ 116 8.2.8 References .......................................... 116 8.2.9 External links ......................................... 116 8.3 Cross processing ............................................ 116 8.3.1 Processes ........................................... 116 8.3.2 See also ............................................ 117 8.3.3 References .......................................... 117 9 Day 9 118 9.1 Digital versus film photography .................................... 118 9.1.1 Image quality ......................................... 118 9.1.2 Integrity ........................................... 122 9.1.3 Cost ............................................. 123 9.1.4 Film industry ......................................... 123 9.1.5