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Changing Concepts and Practices of Citizenship: Experiences and Perceptions of Second‐Generation Turkish‐Germans

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Changing Concepts and Practices of Citizenship: Experiences and Perceptions of Second‐Generation Turkish‐Germans CHANGING CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF CITIZENSHIP: EXPERIENCES AND PERCEPTIONS OF SECOND‐GENERATION TURKISH‐GERMANS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY FİLİZ KARTAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCES AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION NOVEMBER 2004 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Feride Acar Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assist. Prof. Dr. Galip Yalman Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Galip Yalman (METU) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet İçduygu (Koç Uni.) Assist. Prof. Dr. Cem Deveci (METU) Assist. Prof. Dr. Aylin Güney (Bilkent Uni.) Assist. Prof. Dr. Kürşat Ertuğrul (METU) This thesis was supported by Turkish Academy of Sciences as part of Fellowship Program for Integrated Doctoral Studies in Turkey and Abroad in Social Sciences and Humanities. I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Signature : iii ABSTRACT CHANGING CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES OF CITIZENSHIP: EXPERIENCES AND PERCEPTIONS OF SECOND‐GENERATION TURKISH‐GERMANS Filiz Kartal Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Galip Yalman November 2004 The purpose of this thesis is to explore the challenges of immigration on the modern concept of citizenship by interpreting the perceptions of individuals. It tries to reveal the ways in which citizenship practices and conceptualizations of second‐generationTurkish‐Germans support and/or diverge from the theoretical approaches that attempt to explicate the immigration/citizenship problem. Second‐generation Turkish‐Germans’ experiences and perceptions of citizenship are investigated with respect to three aspects of citizenship that are legal status, identity, and civic virtue. Keywords: Immigration, Nation‐State, Citizenship, Rights, Identity, Turkish‐ Germans. iv ÖZ VATANDAŞLIĞIN DEĞİŞEN KAVRAM VE PRATİKLERİ: İKİNCİ KUŞAK TÜRK‐ALMANLARIN DENEYİM VE KAVRAYILŞLARI Filiz Kartal Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Galip Yalman Kasım 2004 Bu tezin amacı, uluslararası göçün modern vatandaşlık kavramı üzerindeki etkilerinin, bireylerin kavrayışları üzerinden incelenmesidir. İkinci kuşak Türk‐Almanların vatandaşlık pratikleri ve kavramsallaştırmalarının, liberal siyasi kuram içinde modern vatandaşlığın krizine çözüm olarak sunulan önerileri ne ölçüde destekledikleri ve onlardan hangi noktalarda ayrıldıkları ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci kuşak Türk‐Almaların vatandaşlık deneyimleri ve kavrayışları, hukuki statü, kimlik ve sivil erdem boyutlarına referansla açıklanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Göç, Ulus‐Devlet, Vatandaşlık, Kimlik, Haklar, Türk‐Almanlar. v To My Parents vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank to my supervisor Galip Yalman for his guidance, suggestions, and encouragement throughout the research. Thanks to Ahmet İçduygu and Cem Deveci for their contributive comments and advices in various stages of the study. And thanks to Helga Rittersberger‐Tılıç for her help in design of questioning route for interviews. I owe thanks to Turkish Academy of Sciences for financing my doctoral studies in Turkey; and my five‐months stay in Canada. I wish to thank the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto, particularly Joseph H. Carens for allowing me to participate his inspiring courses on the problems of political community where I learned a lot about citizenship and political community. I want to thank the Turkish Student Association in Germany (BTS‐ Bundesverband Türkischer Studierendenvereine). Through their communication platform, I had the opportunity to follow the agenda of Turkish‐Germans; and through their announcements of summer programs in Turkey, I reached my interviewees and discussants. Special thanks to my interviewees and participants of focus group discussions who were interested in my research, and find it worth to spend some hours from their recreation time to contribute to the research. I am grateful to my professors, my colleagues and the staff at the Public Administration Institute for Turkey and Middle East for encouraging my studies, and for providing me a peaceful working environment. Finally, I would like to thank to my family: Levent and Güliz were patient to listen theoretical and practical problems I faced throughout the research, and were eager to help me. They were great in every way. And Şevket always supported me. I would like to give special thanks to my parents, Rabia vii and Cihan Kartal, for their unconditional support. It is a great pleasure to dedicate this thesis to them. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM .................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................iv ÖZ......................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................xiii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Challenges of Immigration ................................................................................. 2 1.2. Multidisciplinary Nature of the Subject Matter............................................... 4 1.3. The Inquiry............................................................................................................ 7 1.4. Method................................................................................................................. 15 1.5. Profile of the Sample.......................................................................................... 18 1.6. Sketch of the Thesis............................................................................................ 20 2. DYNAMICS OF IMMIGRATION: GLOBAL AND EUROPEAN TRENDS..... 22 2.1. Theoretical Explanations for Immigration...................................................... 22 2.1.1. Neo‐classical explanation ........................................................................... 23 2.1.1.1. The New Economics of Labor Migration........................................... 26 2.1.1.2. The Human‐Capital Approach ........................................................... 26 2.1.2. Structural‐Functionalist Approach............................................................ 27 2.1.3. Migration Systems and Network Theory................................................. 29 2.2. International Migration in Western Europe since 1945 ................................ 31 2.2.1. Economic Restructuring and Migration in Europe................................. 32 2.2.1.1. Two Phases of International Migration.............................................. 34 2.2.1.1.1. From 1945 to 1973........................................................................... 34 2.2.1.1.2. From mid‐1970s onwards.............................................................. 36 ix 2.2.2. Instruments to Cope with Immigration.................................................... 37 2.2.2.1. Control of Immigration ........................................................................ 38 2.2.2.2. Incorporation of Immigrants ............................................................... 40 2.3. Some Reflections on Immigration and Citizenship in Western Europe..... 41 2.4. Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................... 45 3. THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON THE NATION‐STATE AND ON CONCEPTION OF NATIONAL CITIZENSHIP ...................................................... 47 3.1. Nation–state and Citizenship: The Modern Construct ................................. 47 3.1.1. Convergence of National and Political Boundaries................................ 50 3.1.2. Citizenship as a Politics of Nationhood.................................................... 55 3.2. Disintegration of National Identity and Citizenship:.................................... 65 Ambiguities of Membership.................................................................................... 65 3.2.1. The Impact of Globalization and Emerging Cosmopolitanism ............ 66 3.2.2. Persistence of the Politics of Nation and of Nation‐state....................... 68 3.2.3. The Inclusion of Denizens .......................................................................... 71 3.2.4. The Changing
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