Plecoptera: Perlidae)

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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Klamath Network Featured Creature July 2012 Golden Stoneflies (Plecoptera: Perlidae) FIELD NOTES: basically any unlucky invertebrates that these search and destroy General Description: Golden predators come across. Stoneflies are among the largest stoneflies to be found inhabiting the The adult stage, unlike mayflies (see streams of our region. The only larger June 2010 Featured Creature), do stoneflies may be the Salmon Fly (see feed as adults, typically on algae, the July 2009 Featured Creature). In all lichen, rotting wood, or other of North America, there are 15 genera, detritus. but in our region there are three main genera: Doroneuria, Calineuria, Classenia Habitat: Perlidae stoneflies are and Hesperoperla, often co-occurring. typically found in cobble-strewn, clean, clear, silt-free montane streams Nymphs of the Perlidae family are and are largely regarded as indicators large, up to 2 inches (or~50mm), and of clean water. are brilliantly patterned with stripes and dark markings over a yellow body. From: http://lecerf.antoine.free.fr/ Distribution: Perlidae Stoneflies are They also have abundant filamentours distributed world-wide, (except gills in their “armpits,” (thoracic Antarctica). In Australia, they are segments), but never on their represented by an endemic family, abdomen. The adults are similarly Austroperlidae. large, generally poor fliers, and have 4 large wings common to all stoneflies. Neat Facts: If you pull them out of True to the name, the adults are a the stream (easy to do, just turn-over golden brown. enough rocks in your local stream and you’ll find them), place them in a Life History: Golden stoneflies have shallow tray of water, and you’ll see a multi-year life cycle, where they them “do push-ups” just like they’re spend their nymphal stage in fast at their local gym. This is a flowing, cool water for two years (or behavioral adaptation to low more), feeding and growing until amounts of oxygen – by doing push- emergence during the summer ups, they’re increasing water months. The adult stage can live for circulating over their gills! several weeks to a full month, before depositing their eggs in cold stream Where to see it in the Klamath waters (in a process known as Parks: Golden stoneflies occur in all ovipositing to nerdy stream of our parks in the region, that ecologists). include cold flowing water (Crater Lake NP, Lassen Volcanic NP, Diet and Ecology The Golden Whiskeytown NRA, Redwood From Bugguide.net © 2009 user Stoneflies are predaceous to the “escabaturm rip3” National and State Parks, and extreme. Next to Megaloptera larvae Oregon Cave NM). (aka Hellgramites), they are the largest invertebrate predator inhabiting the References: local mountain streams. They feed Stewart, K.W. and B.P Stark. 1993. upon mayflies, other stoneflies, Nymphs of North American Stonefly caddisflies, dipterans (fly and midge Genera (Plecoptera) University of North larvae); Texas Press, Denton, TX. .

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Stark, Bill P. and Stephen Green. 2011. Eggs of western Nearctic Acroneuriinae (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia, 7(17):157-166. Available online: http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/Illiesia07-17.pdf EGGS OF WESTERN NEARCTIC ACRONEURIINAE (PLECOPTERA: PERLIDAE) Bill P. Stark1 and Stephen Green2 1,2 Box 4045, Department of Biology, Mississippi College, Clinton, Mississippi, U.S.A. 39058 1 E-mail: [email protected] 2 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Eggs for western Nearctic acroneuriine species of Calineuria Ricker, Doroneuria Needham & Claassen and Hesperoperla Banks are examined and redescribed based on scanning electron microscopy images taken from specimens collected from a substantial portion of each species range. Within genera, species differences in egg morphology are small and not always useful for species recognition, however eggs from one population of Calineuria are significantly different from those found in other populations and this population is given informal recognition as a possible new species. Keywords: Plecoptera, Calineuria, Doroneuria, Hesperoperla, Egg morphology, Western Nearctic INTRODUCTION occur in the region (Baumann & Olson 1984; Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is often used Kondratieff & Baumann 2002; Stark 1989; Stark & to elucidate chorionic features for stoneflies (e.g. Gaufin 1976; Stark & Kondratieff 2004; Zuellig et al. Baumann 1973; Grubbs 2005; Isobe 1988; Kondratieff 2006). SEM images for eggs of the primary western 2004; Kondratieff & Kirchner 1996; Nelson 2000; acroneuriine genera, Calineuria Ricker, Doroneuria Sivec & Stark 2002; 2008; Stark & Nelson 1994; Stark Needham & Claassen and Hesperoperla Banks include & Szczytko 1982; 1988; Szczytko & Stewart 1979) and single images for each of these genera in Stark & Nearctic Perlidae were among the earliest stoneflies Gaufin (1976), three images of Hesperoperla hoguei to be studied with this technique (Stark & Gaufin Baumann & Stark (1980) and three images of H.
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Plecoptera: Perlidae), with an Annotated Checklist of the Subfamily in the Realm
Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 2016, 47(2): 173–196 On the identity of some Oriental Acroneuriinae taxa (Plecoptera: Perlidae), with an annotated checklist of the subfamily in the realm D. MURÁNYI1 & W.H. LI2 1Dávid Murányi, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan, and Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088 Budapest, Baross u. 13, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Weihai Li, Department of Plant Protection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003 China. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The monotypic Taiwanese genus Mesoperla Klapálek, 1913 is redescribed on the basis of a male syntype specimen, and its affinities are re-evaluated. The single female type specimen of further two Oriental monotypic genera, Kalidasia Klapálek, 1914 and Nirvania Klapálek, 1914, are confirmed to be lost or destroyed respectively; both genera are considered as nomina dubia. The Sichuan endemic Acroneuria grahami Wu & Claassen, 1934 is redescribed on the basis of male holotype. Distinctive characters of the genus Brahmana Klapálek, 1914 consisting of five, inadequately known Oriental species are discussed. Flavoperla needhami (Klapálek, 1916) and Sinacroneuria sinica (Yang & Yang, 1998) comb. novae are suggested for an Indian species originally described in Gibosia Okamoto, 1912 and a Chinese species originally described in Acroneuria Pictet, 1841. At present, 62 species of Acroneuriinae, classified in 10 valid genera are reported from the Oriental Realm but 29 species are inadequately known. A key is presented to distinguish males of the Asian Acroneuriinae genera. Asian distribution of each genera are detailed and depicted on a map.
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(Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia, 15(04):79-82
Stark, Bill P. and Audrey B. Harrison. 2019. The larva of Perlesta adena Stark, 1989 (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia, 15(04):79-82. https://doi.org/10.25031/2019/15.04 http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FFA6478D-E2F9-4D89-A1F8-409C04E158F6 THE LARVA OF PERLESTA ADENA STARK, 1989 (PLECOPTERA: PERLIDAE) Bill P. Stark1 and Audrey B. Harrison2 1 Department of Biology, Box 4045, Mississippi College, Clinton, Mississippi, 39058, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] 2 U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 39180, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Only ten of the 32 proposed Nearctic Perlesta species are known in the larval stage. In this study an additional association and description was made for the larva of Perlesta adena Stark, 1989. The pigment pattern of the larva is characterized by a distinct pale M-line on the frons and a series of pale, median spots on abdominal terga 2-10 that comprise a median pale stripe. The larval stage of this species is most similar to that of Perlesta fusca Poulton & Stewart, 1991, and P. xube Stark & Rhodes, 1997, among described species. Keywords: Plecoptera, Nearctic, Perlesta adena, larval description INTRODUCTION distinctive, darkly pigmented Perlesta species as Genus Perlesta (Banks 1906) presently includes an adult, is similar to P. fusca Poulton & Stewart, 32 Nearctic species (DeWalt et al. 2019), two 1991 and P. xube Stark & Rhodes, 1997. The proposed from China (Wu 1938, 1948, Murányi & species is known from Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio Li 2016), and a report of two larvae collected in and Tennessee (Grubbs & DeWalt 2018, Stark Rίo Pará, San José Province, Costa Rica 1989), and a few larval specimens have recently (Gutiérrez-Fonseca & Springer 2011).
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Some Evolutionary Trends in Plecoptera
Some Evolutionary Trends in Plecoptera W. E. Ricker, Indiana University Structural Evolution The families and subfam ilies of stoneflies recognized by the writer are as follows: Distribution A. Suborder Holognatha (Setipalpia) Eustheniidae Eustheniinae Australia and New Zealand Diamphipnoinae Southern South America Austroperlidae Australia and New Zealand Leptoperlidae Leptoperlinae Australia and New Zealand; Fiji Islands; temperate South America Scopurinae Japan Peltoperlidae North and South America; east Asia and the bordering islands, south to Borneo Nemouridae Notonemourinae Australia and New Zealand Nemourinae Holarctic region Leuctrinae Holarctic region; South Africa; Tierra del Fuego Capniinae Holarctic Taeniopteryginae Holarctic Pteronarcidae North America; eastern Siberia B. Suborder Systellognatha (Filipalpia) Perlodidae Isogeninae Holarctic Perlodinae Holarctic Isoperlinae Holarctic Chloroperlidae Paraperlinae Nearctic Chloroperlinae Holarctic Perlidae Perlinae Old-world tropics, and the temperature regions of Africa, Eurasia and eastern North America Acroneuriinae North and South America; eastern and southeastern Asia 1 Contribution number 421 from the Department of Zoology, [ndiana University. 197 198 Indiana Academy of Science Tillyard places the ancestors of present day stoneflies in the family Lemmatophoridae of the Permian order Protoperlaria. These insects had small wing-like lateral expansions of the prothorax, and a fairly well- developed posterior (concave) median vein in both wings, both of which have been lost in modern stoneflies. Developments in some of the mor- phological features which have been most studied are as follows: Nymphal mouth parts: The holognathous families are characterized by bulky mandibles, by short thick palpi, and by having the paraglossae and glossae of the labium about equal in length. In the adult the man- dibles remain large and functional.
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Key to Nymphs of Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
Key to Larvae of British Stoneflies (Plecoptera) J. M. Elliott Family level identification Examine tarsus (3 segments next to claws of leg) of hind leg. This is best achieved by removing the hind leg and mounting it flat on a slide with covering slip - Each segment longer than preceding: See family: TAENIOPTERYGIDAE - Second segment shorter than first and third: See herbivorous families: NEMOURIDAE, LEUCTRIDAE, CAPNIIDAE - Third segment much longer than first and second: See carnivorous families: PERLIDAE, CHLOROPERLIDAE, PERLODIDAE Genus/species level identification TAENIOPTERYGIDAE 3 segmented filamentous gills at base of each leg Taeniopteryx nebulosa No gills Rhabdiopteryx acuminata or Brachyptera (2 spp.) Herbivorous families: NEMOURIDAE, LEUCTRIDAE, CAPNIIDAE NEMOURIDAE (4 genera): When hind leg stretched back alongside abdomen, leg over-reaches tip of abdomen. Stout nymphs with wing pads set obliquely to the body. - Two bunches of gills present at throat (1 each side) in 2 genera; 3 sausage-shaped gills in each bunch Protonemura (3 spp.) 5-8 filamentous gills in each bunch Amphinemura (2 spp.) - No gills Nemoura (5 spp.) and Nemurella picteti LEUCTRIDAE, CAPNIIDAE: Cylindrical elongate nymphs with wing pads set parallel to body. Hind leg does not reach tip of abdomen. LEUCTRIDAE (all genus Leuctra, 6 spp.): CAPNIIDAE (all genus Capnia, 3 spp.): abdominal abdominal segments 1- 4 only are divided into segments 1-9 divided into separate dorsal and ventral separate dorsal and ventral plates, other plates (tergum and sternum). Paraprocts wider than segments with continuous plate around body. long Paraprocts longer than wide. Carnivorous families: PERLIDAE, CHLOROPERLIDAE, PERLODIDAE PERLIDAE (2 genera): tufts of gills on thorax near base of legs.
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Annual Newsletter and Bibliography of the International Society Of
Standing Committee PERLA International Society of Plecopterologists Annual Newsletter and Bibliography of John Brittain Zoologisk Museum The International Society of University of Oslo, Sarsgt. 1. N-0562 Oslo, NORWAY Plecopterologists C. G. Froehlich Department of Biology, Philosophy Faculty University of Sao Paulo 14049 Ribeirao Preto, SP, BRAZIL Peter P. Harper Département de Sciences biologiques Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Succ. "Centre-Ville" Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, CANADA Boris Kondratieff Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, USA Ian D. McLellan P. O. Box 95 Westport, NEW ZEALAND Ignac Sivec Prirodoslovni Muzej Slovenije Prešernova 20, POB 290 YU- 61001 Ljubljana, SLOVENIA Kenneth W. Stewart Department of Biological Sciences Acroneuria arenosa (Pictet) University of North Texas Photograph by Bill P. Stark Denton, Texas 76203, USA Stanley W. Szczytko University of Wisconsin College of Natural Resources Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, USA PERLA NO. 25, 2007 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA PERLA TABLE OF CONTENTS Annual Newsletter and Bibliography of the International Society of Plecopterologists PERLA Subscription Policy 2 Available on Request to the Managing Editor Report on the Eighth North American Plecoptera Symposium, 3 Announcements: International Joint Meeting of the XII MANAGING EDITOR: International Conference on Ephemeroptera and XVI Boris C. Kondratieff International Symposium on Plecoptera 6 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences Current research on Plecoptera 7 And Pest Management Obituaries 11 Colorado State University On-line journal, Illiesia, International Journal of Stonefly Research 13 Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA Recent Plecoptera Literature 13 Fax: 970-491-3862 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD: Richard W.
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Plecoptera: Perlidae)
The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 11 Number 1 - Spring 1978 Number 1 - Spring 1978 Article 5 April 1978 On the Feeding Habits of Phasganophora Capitata (Plecoptera: Perlidae) William P. Kovalak Allegheny College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Kovalak, William P. 1978. "On the Feeding Habits of Phasganophora Capitata (Plecoptera: Perlidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 11 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol11/iss1/5 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Kovalak: On the Feeding Habits of <i>Phasganophora Capitata</i> (Plecopter THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST ON THE FEEDING HABITS OF PHASGANOPHORA CAPITATA (PLECOPTERA: PERLIDAE) I William P. Kovalak 1 I ABSTRACT Gut contents of 230 nymphs of Phasganophora C~pit~ta(Pictet) from the Pigeon River, Otsego County, Michigan were analyzed in relation to season, current velocity, time of day, predator size and prey abundance. Diet changed seasonally, related in part to seasonal changes in prey abundance. The diet of large and small nymphs was similar except that small nymphs ate smaller individuals. At lower current velocities c~pit~t~fed primarily on mayflies whereas at higher current velocities they fed primarily on caddis and dipterans. Studies of the feeding habits of perlid stoneflies (e.g., Siegfried and Knight, 1976a; 1976b) have attempted to elucidate the role of invertebrate predators in the economy of streams.
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A Checklist of the Stoneflies, Or Plecoptera, of Indiana
The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 10 Number 4 - Winter 1977 Number 4 - Winter Article 9 1977 December 1977 A Checklist of the Stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Indiana Andrew F. Bednarik Purdue University W. P. McCafferty Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Bednarik, Andrew F. and McCafferty, W. P. 1977. "A Checklist of the Stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Indiana," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 10 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol10/iss4/9 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Bednarik and McCafferty: A Checklist of the Stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Indiana THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST A CHECKLIST OF THE STONEFLIES, OR PLECOPTERA, OF INDIANA^ Andrew F. Bednarik and W. P. ~c~afferty~ ABSTRACT Examination of specimens and published records has indicated the presence of 61 species of Plecoptera in Indiana. Annotations include the recognition of another 14 species which should eventually be taken within the state, references to species keys and descrip- tions, and comments concerning doubtfully recorded species. This checklist of Indiana Plecoptera represents, in part, results of an ongoing study of the aquatic fauna of the state and provldes a baseline for entomologists and aquatic biolo- gists working regionally with this important order. Since Ricker's (1945) preliminary list of 38 species for Indiana, there has been voluminous literature on the group, including many taxonomic changes and a significant increase in the number of species.
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A New Larval Record of Perlinella Drymo (Plecoptera: Perlidae) for Michigan
The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 29 Number 1 - Spring 1996 Number 1 - Spring 1996 Article 7 April 1996 A New Larval Record of Perlinella Drymo (Plecoptera: Perlidae) for Michigan Ethan Bright University of Michigan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Bright, Ethan 1996. "A New Larval Record of Perlinella Drymo (Plecoptera: Perlidae) for Michigan," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 29 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol29/iss1/7 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Bright: A New Larval Record of <i>Perlinella Drymo</i> (Plecoptera: Perli 1996 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOlOGIST 39 A NEW LARVAL RECORD OF PERL/NELLA DRYMO [PLECOPTERA: PERLIDAE) FOR MICHIGAN Ethan Brightl ABSTRACT The presence oflarvae ofPerlinella drymo in Michigan is documented for the first time. A total of7 individuals were collected from Iron Creek, a tribu tary of the River Raisin watershed located in southeastern Michigan. Gut analysis of one specimen provided evidence for a carnivorous diet. The loca tion from which larvae were collected indicate a preference during winter for stabilized undercut banks with little or no flow and accumulated organic de bris upon sand and gravel substrate. Perlinella drymo (Newman) is a widespread but infrequently encountered perlid stonefly ranging from Nova Scotia westward to Minnesota, and south ward to Florida and Texas (Stewart and Stark 1988).
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Plecoptera, Nemouridae), with a Phylogenetic Analysis of Nemouroidea
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeysMitochondrial 835: 43–63 (2019) genomes of the stonefliesMesonemoura metafiligera and Mesonemoura... 43 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.835.32470 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Mitochondrial genomes of the stoneflies Mesonemoura metafiligera and Mesonemoura tritaenia (Plecoptera, Nemouridae), with a phylogenetic analysis of Nemouroidea Jin-Jun Cao1,2, Ying Wang1,2, Yao-Rui Huang1, Wei-Hai Li1 1 Department of Plant Protection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China 2 Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China Corresponding author: Wei–Hai Li ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Gottardo | Received 17 December 2018 | Accepted 21 February 2019 | Published 4 April 2019 http://zoobank.org/6ED7560A-09BE-4340-8DF4-9121C4F80127 Citation: Cao J-J, Wang Y, Huang Y-R, Li W-H (2019) Mitochondrial genomes of the stonefliesMesonemoura metafiligera and Mesonemoura tritaenia (Plecoptera, Nemouridae), with a phylogenetic analysis of Nemouroidea. ZooKeys 835: 43–63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.835.32470 Abstract In this study, two new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Mesonemoura metafiligeraand Mesone- moura tritaenia from the family Nemouridae (Insecta: Plecoptera) were sequenced. TheMesonemoura metafiligera mitogenome was a 15,739 bp circular DNA molecule, which was smaller than that of M. tritaenia (15,778 bp) due to differences in the size of the A+T-rich region. Results show that gene con- tent, gene arrangement, base composition, and codon usage were highly conserved in two species. Ka/ Ks ratios analyses of protein-coding genes revealed that the highest and lowest rates were found in ND6 and COI and that all these genes were evolving under purifying selection.
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International Advances in the Ecology, Zoogeography, and Systematics of Mayflies and Stoneflies Edited by F. R. Hauer, J. A. Stanford and, R. L. Newell International Advances in the Ecology, Zoogeography, and Systematics of Mayflies and Stoneflies Edited by F. R. Hauer, J. A. Stanford, and R. L. Newell University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Publications in Entomology, Volume 128 Editorial Board: Rosemary Gillespie, Penny Gullan, Bradford A. Hawkins, John Heraty, Lynn S. Kimsey, Serguei V. Triapitsyn, Philip S. Ward, Kipling Will University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2008 by The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Conference on Ephemeroptera (11th : 2004 : Flathead Lake Biological Station, The University of Montana) International advances in the ecology, zoogeography, and systematics of mayflies and stoneflies / edited by F.R. Hauer, J.A. Stanford, and R.L. Newell. p. cm. – (University of California publications in entomology ; 128) "Triennial Joint Meeting of the XI International Conference on Ephemeroptera and XV International Symposium on Plecoptera held August 22-29, 2004 at Flathead Lake Biological Station, The University of Montana, USA." – Pref. Includes bibliographical references and index.
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PLECOPTERA (Stoneflies) with Special Reference to Those Found in Utah Prepared By: L
ORDER: PLECOPTERA (stoneflies) with special reference to those found in Utah prepared by: L. K. Hapairai, R. L. Johnson, October 2006 revised by: S. W. Judson, September 2008 Diagnosing Features, adults: hind wing usually has large anal lobe soft-bodied and flattened wings reticulated and fold flat over abdomen (Fig. 1) fore wings elongated and narrow long antennae tarsi usually 3-segmented chewing mouth parts Diagnosing Features, nymphs: flattened, generalized insect two tarsal claws (Fig. 2) two cerci (Fig. 3) wing pads usually present, especially in older nymphs long antennae Habitat: near streams or rocky lake shores, nymphs are aquatic Trophic Habits: some detritivores (shredders and more), others predators (but collectors as young) Development: hemimetabolous Preservation: alcohol, for both nymphs and adults. Notes: Stoneflies are indicators of the quality of aquatic habitats. The northern hemisphere families are often divided into two “groups”: the Euholognatha with glossa and paraglossa of equal length, and the Systellognatha with the paraglossa much larger than the glossa. In this classification care must be taken because the Peltoperlidae and Pteronarcyidae have the paraglossa and glossa of equal length, but are often placed in the Systellognatha for other reasons. The following treatments are arranged by Suborders and overall similarity of families within the suborders placed adjacently. Appendix A is a species list by UT counties. Figures: . `` Figure 1. Wings folded flat Figure 2. Two tarsal claws. Figure 3. Two cerci. Phot by CRNelson. Photo by SWJudson. Photo from Invertebrate ID CD. SUBORDER: EUHOLOGNATHA Paraglossae and glossae of equal length. (Fig. 4) Figure 4. Paraglossae and glossae equal.
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