CEU eTD Collection ExcludedIcons:Locating the Revolution, the Arab Spring,andthe Occupythe Movement Revolution, Arab In partial Department of fulfillment Supervisor:
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, December 20, 2011, sec. World, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/video sec. 20, 2011, , December On the surface, the cases of the “voice” Nedā, the “face” Rainey, and the “icon” “girl “icon” the and Rainey, “face” the Nedā, “voice” the of cases the surface, the On - – of – Cristina
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, pt.0:29. ( Robert Mackey, “Video of Egyptian Women’s March in Cairo,” March Women’s ofEgyptian “Video Mackey, Robert y stories of men conducting international affairs with other with affairs international conducting men of stories y : The `War On/of Terror’, Women and the and Women Terror’, On/of `War : The
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Giorgio Agamben, Agamben, Giorgio Terror’,” ‘Waron inthe Authority and Legitimacy Violence: “Visualising Shepherd, J. Laura M 12 uselmann
Since aesthetic theory does not identify the specific narratives of narratives specific the identify not does theory aesthetic Since The question this question The the that true is it Although premature. be would claim a such that view the takes essay This er adopts adopts er Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive the and TheWitness of Auschwitz: Remnants imag niiul fo Tha, Seattle Tehran, from individuals ,
the or
es of these women’s these of es .
s about them in the weeks following the incidents as passive victims of gratuitous of victims passive as incidents the following weeks the in them about s . Instead, . Homo Sacer: Sovereign a Power Sacer: Homo the premise of aesthetic theory that that theory aesthetic of premise the cultural predispositions to violence. violence. to predispositions cultural complete witness of brutality whose narrative becomes narrative whose brutality of witness complete women as active agents who participate who agents active as women
e developed, t developed, e
paper seeks to address, then, is “how is then, address, to seeks paper these women have been repeatedly characterized both through the still the through both characterized repeatedly been have women these paper
reports surrounding the events in all three cases in fact make li make fact in cases three all in events the surrounding reports er, and further engages further and er,
attacks his project his nd Bare Life ndBare
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little is remembered of the of remembered is little silenced their testimonies their silenced and Cairo Cairo and
(New York: Zone Books, 2000), 33 2000), Books, Zone (New York: 4
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 185; Giorgio Giorgio 185; 1998),Press, University Stanford (Stanford: also
the The legacy of this characterization is revealed is characterization this of legacy The engages with Giorgio Agamben’s concept of concept Agamben’s Giorgio with engages fundamental show d in protest movements because of their of because movements protest in d
with Ronit Lentin’s and and Lentin’s Ronit with
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th and to what extent, what to and e time the events occurred: I occurred: the events time e , although the images of these these of images the although ,
ambiguity of imagery renders renders imagery of ambiguity ?” To answer this question, this answer To ?” Nedā women themselves beyond themselves women . 13 lost
This paper This paper – , Rainey, and the “girl “girl the and Rainey, , Critical Studies on Terrorism on Studies Critical 37. in its retelling its in
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Ronit Lentin, “ Ronit Lentin, testimonies impact of the images of images the of impact communicate these The Washington Post Washington The This paper is divided into divided is paper This I engage in a discourse analysis of the photographs and videos of the of videos and photographs the of analysis discourse a in engage I
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newspaper articles that appeared in the month follow month the in appeared that articles newspaper homo sacer homo : Gendered Memory and Political Political and Violence,” Memory : Gendered chapter ,”34 Nedā recently recently , which seek to elucidate the specific experiences of women who are are who women of experiences specific the elucidate to seek which , atclr mgs ht f hs wmn ht icltd follow circulated that women these of that images particular
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and the “girl in the blue bra” have consistently been marginalized been consistently have bra” blue the in “girl the and 35.
, Rainey, and the and Rainey, , four and and , I report on unstructured interviews conducted with locals who locals with conducted interviews unstructured on report I , of this paper, I analyze the three cases empirically. empirically. cases three the analyze I paper, this of police brutality.police
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Ultimately, t Ultimately, The Wall Street Journal Street Wall The Agamben’s Agamben’s Women’s Studies International Forum International Studies Women’s blue bra” on public opinion public on bra” blue i ae il eosrt that demonstrate will paper his , I outline the outline I , M elations uselmann ing the events that a that events the ing three incidents three ,
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principles of ae of principles and Lentin’s and Lentin’s and In the second the In
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CEU eTD Collection 16 11. 2010), Orleans, New Association, Studies the ofInternational Meeting theAnnual at (presented Visual Culture” and Securi Europe’s “Imagining Gabi Schlag, and Heck Axel (2001):510; 3 15 Mor reality. of interpretation an as instead serves but occurred, truly they as events show not does politics. foreign data sourcesqualitative asof inappropriate be phot picture films, graphs, of examination an that argued he Relations, International in culture visual on manifesto of wrote Bleiker Roland since scholarship tions questionablereinforce certain theforces truth these and claimsabout women them. thatbrutalized to able were images particular these why explain to helps also framework theoretical this addition, Rainey narratives political nant fundamentally are events tional of section theseshowing this how frameworkstothe empirical relate paper. the of concept Agamben’s delineates then and paper, this of section empirical the in used are that theory aesthetic of principles the highlights Agamben’s theory, aesthetic Chapter 1:
Bleiker, “The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory,” 509 Theory,” Political in International Turn “TheAesthetic Bleiker, Theory,” Political in International Turn “TheAesthetic Bleiker, Roland 1 .1
, and the “girl in the blue bra” became iconic during their respective protest movements. protest respective their during iconic became bra” blue the in “girl the and , Aesthetic T Aesthetic theory has become increasingly prominent in prominent increasingly become has theory Aesthetic a of lens the Through T he cases of casesof he
The Aesthetics of Bare Life 16
He emphasizes that the value of aesthetic theory lies theory aesthetic of value the that emphasizes He heory and Nedā s, sounds, and narratives narratives and sounds, s,
A sc, it such, As . , Rainey, and Rainey, esthetic theo esthetic M
International Relations uselmann ambiguous and thus can be interpreted in ways that reinforce dom reinforce that ways in interpreted be can thus and ambiguous
is central to understanding how the photographs of of photographs the how understanding to central is
the “
n Lni’ ad Masters’s and Lentin’s and ry, M girl one can claim can one uselmann – –
can elucidate dominant public opinions on local and local on opinions public dominant elucidate can
media frequently considered by “realist” scholars to to scholars “realist” by considered frequently media in the blue bra in theblue the 7
“aesthetic turn” in the discipline in 2001. in discipline the in turn” “aesthetic
and Lentin’s and Masters’s and Lentin’s and
– ty Engagement in Africa Africa Engagementty in 510, 526. 510,
that photographic depictions of intern of depictions photographic that Millennium Journal of International Studies of International Journal Millennium ”
poststructuralist International Rel International poststructuralist will be explored through the lens of lens the of through explored be will
eia sacra femina in its premise that imagery imagery that premise its in
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, CEU eTD Collection 18 17 photo Amnesty of publication the lowing article, 2008 a In actors. and events political of constructions shaping in photography of use the of tration and photographic witnessvideo, testimony. other of light in ambiguous appear that attackers their and women these of characterizations ular from photographs other Trujillo’s of exclusion the at of videos the of images to vant rel particularly is events political about interpretations shaping in photography of use the on cus photographed.” is that object actual the of essence the with do to “nothing has image a by made decision the that emphasizes further an of representation ambiguous an as serves instead but moment particular ca been has that subject a of angle one shows only it argues, he event, an of resentation Eve events. political of interpretation an as serve political toconstructhelp ideologies. andperpetuate events international of representations visual how understand to order in politics global in imagery oc politics that sentation repr its and represented is what between schism this within is it that argues theory aesthetic over,
Ibid.,513. Ibid.,510. graphic
scholar Laura scholar Recent scholarship involving aesthetics in International Relations serves Relations International in aesthetics involving scholarship Recent particular pays Bleiker this current study. As will be shown in the following chapters, the selection of certain still certain of selection the chapters, following the in shown be will As study. current this
essay on the on essay of an incident an of
Shepherd examines the truth claims and interpretations that have emerged fo emerged have that interpretations and claims truth the examines Shepherd
Nedā curs. Presidential response to the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center Trade World the on attacks 2001 the to response Presidential
Bleiker thus argues that more attention should be paid to the use of of use the to paid be should attention more that argues thus Bleiker and the “girl in the blue bra,” as well as the spread of Rainey’s image Rainey’s of spread the as well as bra,” blue the in “girl the and photographs which in ways the to manifesto his throughout attention
. As such, a photograph does not portray an event in and of itself, of and in event an portray not does photograph a such, As . International’s images of Guantanamo Bay, the White House’s White the Bay, Guantanamo of images International’s
n though a photograph may seem to be to seem may photograph a though n photographer on what is to be captured within an within captured be to is what on photographer 8
17
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Ibid.,19. Ibid.,17. Secur Europe’s “Imagining Schlag, and Heck EU. Hereafter Ibid.,216 216 Violence,” “Visualising Shepherd,
– ,
222. and heads of state. of heads and
ate the idea that they serve as solid and trustworthy commanders, humanitarians, humanitarians, commanders, trustworthy and solid as serve they that idea the ate
public opinion and and opinion public
sitive and negative responses to the photographs from Abu Ghraib prison Ghraib Abu from photographs the to responses negative and sitive uropean W hile the images of distressed of images the hile
23 images of images
This is further strengthened, they argue, through the use of imagery imagery of use the through argue, they strengthened, further is This U – 17. nion
22 ity Engagement in Africa,” 16. inAfrica,” Engagement ity ’s
The authors show how the pictures of EU officials in the the in officials EU of pictures the how show authors The reinforce 21 Nedā 20
use of photographic of use
xl He Axel , Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra” were similarly were bra” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, , 9 dominant narratives of narratives dominant
k n Gb Sha smlry mly aesthetic employ similarly Schlag Gabi and ck Presidential response to September 11 September to response Presidential yet f yet irm irm reports
politicians in the days following days the in politicians
as a “visual justification” for justification” “visual a as 19 political events. As will be will As events. political
Furthermore, her exam her Furthermore, r combat operations. combat r
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CEU eTD Collection (2008):122. 1 no. 107, 27 26 227. 25 sphere. political the from excluded and cluded an reduces qualified si become can life of forms other which determining for responsible are actualized politically been li politically and pacity; t distin the with concerned is “biopolitics” of concept the defined, Broadly biopolitics. of concept and theirrepeated by widespread circulation. marginaliz been have paradoxically victims’how these three experiences understandingground for sacer homo thoro been has that concept a is sphere political the in experiences victims’ excluding and including simultaneously of phenomenon The themselves. victims the to than violence cultural and brutality police to attention more drew bra” politics in agery in protest movements. women and brutality police about notions political prevailing reinforce to able were yet ambiguous, ion between tw between ion t
m Lee Spinks, “Except for Law: Raymond Chandler, James Ellroy, and the Politics of Exception,” ofException,” thePolitics and Ellroy, James Chandler, Raymond Law: Spinks, for “Except Lee Agamben, Durantaye, dela Leland cl sphere. ical
ilarly politically qualified. politically ilarly 1 .2
The Agamben’s concept of the of concept Agamben’s While ,
a Homo Sacer Homo Muselmann life that is neither animal nor a fully politically fully a nor animal neither is that life 25 aesthetic theory aesthetic
nhscnetaiaino ipltc, Agambe biopolitics, of conceptualization his In , it does not does it , o forms of life: N life: of forms o
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- individual to the position of the the of position the to individual
– qualified life, which is of value to society and which can participate in the p the in participate can which and society to value of is which life, qualified Giorgio Agamben: A Critical Intro GiorgioAgamben: ACritical 2, 4.
and the
26 alone
He argues that the act of determining which individuals are politically are individuals which determining of act the that argues He
provides a broad framework for understanding the role of visual i visual of role the understanding for framework broad a provides
explain why the images of images the why explain atural, biological life, which lacks juridical rights and political c political and rights juridical lacks which life, biological atural, Femina Sacra Femina homo sacer homo ughly elucidated by Giorgio Agamben. His concept of concept His Agamben. Giorgio by elucidated ughly
is in large part a continuation of the poststructuralist the of continuation a part large in is duction 27 10
The term The
(California: Stanford University Press, 2009), 203 2009),Press, University Stanford (California: homo sacer homo - qualified human, provide a useful bac useful a provide human, qualified homo sacer homo Nedā , position that is simultaneously i simultaneously is that position , n emphasizes that those who have have who those that emphasizes n , Rainey, and Rainey,
is a reference to an obscure an to reference a is
the “girl in the blue the in “girl the South Atlantic Quarterly Atlantic South – 205, the m- ed n- o- k- c- a-
CEU eTD Collection 32 31 Rights’,”tive 30 Agamben, Giorgio 29 28 fallen have they because camp concentration the of atrocities the of witnesses competent most the death.” to close less or “more state a in and alone,” absolutely and “mute is he others, by surrounded ing camp. the of terrors the to apathetic” absolutely him make to as personality all and M oug tho so been has who camp concentration a in individual the is Levi, Primo survivor Holocaust the was particular in on expanded politically and life biological tween b located are yet state, the within included therefore are exception of states such in scrutinized ma physical is or foreigner, or slave a is state, the of enemy an declared is population a or individual an when that as such condition a exception,” of “state a in being human another legal also outsideprotectionings, of while rights. it,lacking and politico a within both was that position ious wasdeemedunworthy individual this non other Unlike so. doing for murder of guilty deemed be not would Therights. legal their strippin by crimes certain of punishment the for allowed that code legal Roman
de la Durantaye, Durantaye, la de Agamben, Agamben, Agamben, Giorgio Agamben, uselmann k h n dcsos n sekn fr isl, uha a oecmts patient. overcomatose an as such himself, for speaking and decisions ing y mistre ly 32 Agamben further em further Agamben
Ag
Homo Sacer Homo horror humiliation, whom “from being a as Homo Sacer Homo The Open South Atlantic Quarterly Atlantic South amben emphasizes in his exposition of the of exposition his in emphasizes amben ated and humiliated that his humanity is unrecognizable. unrecognizable. is humanity his that humiliated and ated GiorgioAgamben The Open: Man and Animal and Man The Open: State of Exception State , 38; Penelope Deutscher, “The Inversion of Exceptionality: Foucault, Agamben, and ‘Reprodu and Agamben, Foucault, ofExceptionality: Inversion “The Deutscher, Penelope , 38; , 185. , 4
– homo sacer homo 6.
, 263, 269; Agamben, Agamben, 269; , 263, phasizes that a politically a that phasizes
107, no. 1 (2008): 58. (2008): 1 no. 107,
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 1 2005),Press, ofChicago University (Chicago: was thus exposed to the risk of being killed by other individuals who individuals other by killed being ofrisk the to exposed thus was - M qualifi
uselmann of use in ritual sacrifice. Thus,the inritualsacrifice. use of (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 37 2004),Press, University Stanford (Stanford: ed life. ed - legal system that prohibited the sacrifice of human b human of sacrifice the prohibited that system legal . This figure, which Agamben adopts from a work by by work a from adopts Agamben which figure, This . Remnants of Auschwitz Remnants
30 11
One modern example of example modern One
- , qualified power is only able to deny rights to rights deny to able only is power qualified
and fear had so taken away all consciousness all away taken so had fear and M uselmann 28 , 41
–
44. that these individuals constitute individuals these that
– - 2; Agamben, Agamben, 2; homo sacer human life forms, however, however, forms, life human gme dsrbs the describes Agamben homo sacer homo – 38. 29
g the perpetrator of perpetrator the g
occupied a preca a occupied The lives that are that lives The Homo Sacer Homo 31
ly incapable of incapable ly
In spite of b of spite In that Agamben Agamben that , 163 – 64; c- e- e- e- r- r- CEU eTD Collection “Introduction,” Dumm, 34 33 Ziarek as Furthermore, life. bare as categorized being to prone particularly because women’s variable gender the to paid be should attention more that emphasized have Colebrook women’s of delineation his that is years recent in received has Agamben vic of diversity the question into called have scholars some a while journal philosophy cal ways. ambiguous to experiences their reduced has articles newspaper American in recounted experiences their of interpretations the and brutalization their of images the of circulation the because bra,” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, Nedā, of cases releva whose distorted of stories been survivors particular through is have narratives the of enced. represent to fail that witnesses” “incomplete are records These records. photographic and survivors of stories the through umented do instead are to subject were individuals these that atrocities The experiences. own their of speak casualties, exterminated as However, horrors. extreme most its to victim pplying
See See Agamben, Alison Ross, “Introduction,” Alison “Introduction,” Ross,
The South The 33 Agamben’s Agamben’s
As will be shown later in this study, the concept of the of concept the study, this in later shown be will As
t historical exclusion from the realm of politics would seem to suggest th suggest to seem would politics of realm the from exclusion historical his con his xeine. coas uh s eeoe etce, w Poosa Ziarek Płonowska Ewa Deutscher, Penelope as such Scholars experiences. Remnants of Auschwitz Remnants
is eprecs n tts f emergency of states in experiences tims’ Atlantic Quarterly Atlantic cept homo sacer homo Theory and Event and Theory
in 2008. in Theory and Event and Theory , 35
South Atlantic Quarterly Atlantic South has received a notable amount of attention in recent years. recent in attention of amount notable a received has 34
–
37.
, an American political journal, dedicated a special issue to articles to issue special a dedicated journal, political American an , However, in spite of the appeal and applicability of applicability and appeal the of spite in However, the complexity and full horror of what the what of horror full and complexity the
5, no. 2 (2001): n.p. (2001): 2 5, no.
devoted a section of one of their issues to his ideas in 2001 in ideas his to issues their of one of section a devoted single images that have been interpreted in questionable in interpreted been have that images single extent to which his concepts are representative of the of representative are concepts his which to extent
107, no. 107, 12
1 (2008): 1 (2008): 1 . One particularly strong criticism that that criticism strong particularly One . – Muselmann 13; William Chaloupka and Thomas Thomas and WilliamChaloupka 13; oo sacer homo
posits
as the complete witness complete the as hy r as ual to unable also are they ae n rfrne to reference no makes Muselmann
in her 2008 article 2008 her in at at
they would be would they the ,
has exper has
The polit The n Claire and homo sacer homo nce tothe c- i- i- , ,
CEU eTD Collection 37 28. Books, 2004), inHolocaust,” the toHowRemember Womeni 36 Life,” and Potentiality, Gender,” and ofRace Biopolitics 35 images, still the study, this therewith. associations negative or positive the to conform victims the whether and women about assumptions stereotypical on focus typically women against violence can ences wives ers, with resistance frequently more narratives men’s emphasize thos from differ typically ocaust Ho the during Transnistria to transported women of narratives recorded the study, her throughout passive vulnerable, fragile, particularly to victims stories survivors’ and prone Transnistrian sacra femina by dressed ste oftheuniquemen because gendered suf British on
Lentin, “ Lentin, “ the Noteson on Strike: Life “Bare Ziarek, EwaPłonowska 59; Exceptionality,” of “TheInversion Deutscher, resistance movements, but only that these stories are underemphasized as their roles as mot as roles their as underemphasized are stories these that only but movements, resistance
n the Holocaust nthe to be misconstrued misconstrued be to T Femina Sacra Femina Sacra Femina he absence of women’s experiences from the concept of concept the from experiences women’s of absence he
, efforts
be be
their virtue, propriety, or propriety, virtue, their scholars and caregivers take precedence. take caregivers and wa simultaneously fragettes, women reduced to bare life bare to reduced women fragettes, H by coined s
lcut uvvr stories. survivor olocaust .
She emphasizes that emphasizes She (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 364 1998), Press, University Yale Haven: (New South Atlantic Quarterly Atlantic South ,” 464, 469 ,”464, in Memory,” Trauma Engendering Literature: in Holocaust “Women R. Horowitz, Sara ,”466; Ronit Lentin and Cristina Masters in their concepts of concepts their in Masters Cristina and Lentin Ronit
because because Lenti
newspaper articles and interview accounts of accounts interview and articles newspaper through the photographic evidence of atrocities, narratives of brutality, of narratives atrocities, of evidence photographic the through South Atlantic Quarterly Atlantic South – exaggerated and marginalized in marginalized and exaggerated 71.
the reproduction of these forms of testimony tend to reduce female reduce to tend testimony of forms these of reproduction the n in her 2006 article examining the absence of women’s narratives in narratives women’s of absence the examining article 2006 her in n
Re e of men along gendered lines: W lines: gendered along men of e - focus on focus Presenting the Shoah for the 21st Century 21st the for Shoah the Presenting the trage the
107, no. 1 (2008): 107 (2008): 1 no. 107,
this reotypes that prone to women are n hs ril, she article, this In dichotomy dichotomy 37
their
Lentin thus shows in th in shows thus Lentin dy of dy
107, no 107, 13 prewar occupations or their participation in Nazi Nazi in participation their or occupations prewar ,
their n sxaie beings. sexualized and may may . 1 (2008): 103; Claire Colebrook, “Agamben: Aesthetics, Aesthetics, “Agamben: Colebrook, Claire 103; (2008): . 1 does not mean that women were not involved not were thatwomen does not mean –
108. – being separated from their young children, children, young their from separated being have markedly different experiences from from experiences different markedly have 65; Zygmunt Bauman, “Categorial Murder, or: Murder, “Categorial Bauman, 65; Zygmunt
wartime show , ed. Ronit Lentin (Oxford: Berghahn Berghahn (Oxford: Lentin Ronit , ed. hile women’s recorded narratives recorded women’s hile As will be demonstrated later in later demonstrated be will As s homo sacer homo
that women’s testimonies are are testimonies women’s that is study is narratives because reports of reports because narratives Nedā . 35
the
36
, Rainey, and the “girl “girl the and Rainey, , s she As has recently been a been recently has that women’s exper women’s that femina sacra femina
demonstrates demonstrates . The term The . h- d- l- i- CEU eTD Collection 41 40 39 38 beto othersnarrativeswhile excluding certain exaggerateand include to ability media’s the considers that organization respectable a beliefwas military American the reinforce to helped prisoners, Iraqi female of narratives the of exclusion the war. of prisoners Iraqi female tured at prisoners Iraqi detained of ture Eng that women tha belief the Iraqi by captured was Jessi of narrative the of popularity the how into transformed are en “state Agambenian an of example an is sphere private feminized Iraq. of occupation the of rightness and necessity the of tions i Ame racialized of exclusion their with women’sstories American white particular of inclusion dia’s women the precisely brutality in way suggests. Lentin of victims passive to them reduce and resistance women’sthese overlook to tend all bra” blue the in can and Iraqi women and shows how the resulting narratives have served to reinforce extant n extant reinforce to served have narratives resulting the how shows and women Iraqi and can
Ibid.,31 Ibid.,37 Ibid.,36 Masters, “ land, a masculine a land, depicted her as her depicted . Masters further expands on the co the on expands further Masters
associated with the American War on T on War American the with associated – – – falsifie and exaggerated was story her that fact the highlights also She 32. 39. 37. Femina Sacra Femina
t the military was military the t
,”33, 35. helpless a helpless -
looking soldiers within weeks of the beginning of the occupation, helped to reinforce to helped occupation, the of beginning the of weeks within soldiers feminae sacrae feminae
gainst gainst American soldier who was condemned for her involvement in the to the in involvement her for condemned was whosoldier American
fighting a just war in Iraq in war just a fighting
Abu Ghraib prison with the media silence on the stories of to of stories the on silence media the with prison Ghraib Abu 40 cruel cruel
The focus on England’s dismissal from the army, coupled with coupled army, the from dismissal England’s on focus The by their reduction to either Madonnas either to reduction their by Iraqi ca Lynch, a beautiful a Lynch, ca ncept of ncept
captors. error.
14 while England was simply a “bad apple “bad a simply was England while
femina sacra femina
In this article, she contrasts the American m American the contrasts she article, this In 39
Masters
because they were protecting American protecting were they because She begins with the premise that the that premise the with begins She
in her 2009 article on narratives of of narratives on article 2009 her in and feminine and of exception” and states that wo that states and exception” of also
contrasts the story of Lynndie of story the contrasts
or whores. or d in a sub a in d American soldier who soldier American 38 sequent film sequent .
” She shows She 41
Masters
the m- o- e- r- r- r- CEU eTD Collection 43 passivevictims. blue the“girl inthe and Rainey, theNedā, reducing Egypt while Iranand in brutality about police narratives dominant perpetuating responsiblefor were narratives print media American show that to attempts paper themto reducing and thesewomen about opinion 42 nies have and officers brutal have women the that suggest classificati their and images their of use the that pear It attacks. their of images of tion ra theory, aesthetic of principles through oftheir stories. retelling the investigation Rainey T silencing this silence been all have women these that argues ultimately Masters events, of memory collective the from ences exper women’s exclude to serves experiences women’s of narratives particular of inclusion very the rendered were women these how of example prime a
error was justified. was error Ibid.,35. Ibid.,31. tives of tives ,
concept The and the “girl in the blue bra” si bra” blue the in “girl the and
Here, Masters suggests that the media as well as the U.S. government were responsible for shaping public shaping for responsible were government U.S. the well as as themedia thatsuggests Masters Here, been been Nedā d, either through their misrepresentation or their exclusion from war war from exclusion their ormisrepresentation their through d, either
been – has reduced the reduced has
marginalized , noet esc Lnh n particular in Lynch Jessica innocent e women se Rainey, and Rainey,
cultures repeatedly s 43
of the of As will be demonstrated later in this study, the gendered narratives of narratives gendered the study, this in later demonstrated be will As
through the circulation of these images images these of circulation the through
. ae and ra itrainl teto, t s precisely is it attention, international great gained have
M the “girl in the blue bra blue the in “girl the
se offer – uselmann
and almost without exception without almost and women to women
will be shown in the following following the in shown be will
a starting point for an investigation into the experiences and na and experiences the into investigation an for point starting a
milarly echo the experiences the echo milarly as a a as feminae sacrae. sacrae. feminae complete witness and the and witnesscomplete feminae sacrae feminae 15
” This is particular This
feminae sacrae feminae that have dominated as a result of the circul the of result a as dominated have that on as “icons” for their movements seems to to seems movements their for “icons” as on –
while h hv be reduced been have who
reinforcing the idea that the War on War the that idea the reinforcing –
characterized as passive victims of victims passive as characterized chapter . 42 ly relevant to the current study, as this as study, thecurrent to relevant ly that the women included in Master’s in included women the
Echoing Lentin’s assertion that that assertion Lentin’s Echoing femina sacra femina their own complete testim complete own their s that s , although it may a may it although , , combined with the with combined , narratives, and that and narratives, bra” to stereotypically tobra” stereotypically to eas these because eia sacrae feminae Nedā o- p- a- r- i- ,
CEU eTD Collection 12 Africa,” in Engagement Security Europe’s ining ( Handford Michael and 44 method to needs forced of constructions and on attacks the of go. art aforementioned narratives, and assumptions imager taking Nedā sacrae feminae have bra” the blue been of testimonies the which to extent the investigate to place took events in appeared from articles events, three these depicted that videos and graphs brutality. state or international of aftermath imagery, Chapter
Norman Fairclough, “Critical Discourse Analysis,” in Analysis,” Discourse “Critical NormanFairclough, 44
Following in a similar vein as their studies, I examined the images that circulated circulated that images the examined I studies, their as vein similar a in Following , Rainey, and Rainey, therein. Before detailing the results of results the detailing Before of narratives the from detract can images brutal of circulation the that assertion Lentin’s investigation, of channels three provides article 2006 Lentin’s mentioned, previously was As
of discourse analysis discourse of
narratives 2 be elucidated. For this portion of my investigation, investigation, my of portion this For elucidated. be : Images as Images as
month can be examined by engaging in a discourse analysis of the photographs and video and photographs the of analysis discourse a in engaging by examined be can y as “texts as y
Nedā
the “girl in the blue bra.”blue the the“girlin , icles on the aesthetics of the War on T on War the of aesthetics the on icles
London: Routledge, 2012), 11; Shepherd, “Visualising Violence,” 217; Heck and Schlag, “Ima Schlag, and Heck 217; Violence,” “Visualising Shepherd, 11; 2012), Routledge, London: and survivor stories, which can be examined to identify the identify to examined be can which stories, survivor and following each incident each following
these women and the forces that brutalized them are communicated are them brutalized that forces the and women these
, Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra” to de to bra” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, , incomplete , marginalized throughthe of theimagesmarginalized circulation of theirattacks. ”
which serve as a way to way a as serve which
. s n ta ws lo ple b Sehr, Heck Shepherd, by applied also was that one is Their method involves method Their
witnesses my analysis, a a analysis, my – 13.
n oaswolvdi h onre ttetm the time the at countries the in lived who locals and , The application of discourse analysis to photographs, or or photographs, of analysisto discourse The application
I The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis Discourse of Handbook The Routledge n the next three chapters, I I chapters, three next the n
16 form
more specific more examining texts examining
or error and the EU’s involvement in Co in involvement EU’s the and error perpetuate dominant political or cultural or political dominant perpetuate employ I
termine what termine
three Ameri three explanation of my methodology my of explanation – Nedā
in this case, images images case, this in ed , Rainey, and the “girl in “girl the and ,Rainey,
naewt h phot the with engage otr n Wetherell’s and Potter , can newspapers that newspapers can
particular particular n Sha i their in Schlag and , ed. James Paul Gee Gee Paul James , ed. femina sacra femina inte rnationally
narratives and rei and –
for r for in the in s of s g- n- o- n- e- CEU eTD Collection 47 ofusers. tensby ofthousands viewed were and period time thesame around not div did they because selected and withversions other pared co were this in project used copies that were particular The users. various by uploaded videos ofthe ensofcopies 46 247 2006), Publications, Sage CA: Oaks, Thousand 45 su men four shows first and video), the in point any at visible not are wound gunshot her and approxi lasts YouTube, investigation. cal report. this of Appendix thisto relate toboth aesthetic termine what the graphs sections omitted the to contrast in weeks. and days following the in States United the from reports news tests. twenty within of videos the of copies located narratives. larger with we as text, a in variability and consistency both events. of descriptions alternate present p
eated phrases and themes, and also noting the ways in which different texts either perpetuate or or perpetuate either texts different which in ways the noting also and themes, and phrases eated FEELTHELIGHT, FEELTHELIGHT, the been have not may videos These in Analysis,” “Discourse Coyle, Adrian narratives 46 be
In communicated that other portions of the of portions other that communicated The video of Nedā, which has been viewed more than one and a half million times on on times million half a and one than more viewed been has which Nedā, of video The examin videos the to links and images still photographs, The came w hich characterizations of these women ultimately prevailed over alternative depictions, and depictions, alternative over prevailed ultimately women thesecharacterizations of hich all
cases, one particular image was image particular one cases,
- lost by excludi by lost four hours of the events the of hours four that we that
HerN 45
re reinforced through the focus on these particular moments, as well as on as well as moments, particular these on focus the through reinforced re
mately forty seconds. forty mately To apply this method to the three cases under investigation in this project this in investigation under cases three the to method this apply To ame Was Nedā ame
The rest of this chapter highlights the findings of this of findings the highlights chapter this of rest The ng other portions of the videos the of portions other ng theory and the theory and concepts witness of thecomplete
Nedā original ones which appeared on YouTube. Indeed, in both cases, there are do are there in both cases, Indeed, on YouTube. appeared which ones original Research Methods inPsychology Methods Research
. of the video the of
and the “girl in the blue bra” that were uploaded to YouTube YouTube to uploaded were that bra” blue the in “girl the and , as well as Trujillo’s image gallery of the Occupy Seattle pr Seattle Occupy the of gallery image Trujillo’s as well as ,
What is important in this method is the identification of identification the is method this in important is What – 49. 47 taken from taken
The video begins after she has been shot (the shooter shooter (the shot been has she after begins video The s and gallery and s ll as the as ll 17 more complete narratives complete more
erge in any way from other versions that appeared appeared that other versions from way inany erge the video the , ed. Glynis M. Breakwell et al., 3rd ed (London ed 3rd al., et M.Breakwell Glynis , ed. ways in which single which in ways
and gallery and to highlight what these what highlight to
s and gallery and s
ed in this study appear in appear study this in ed I thus exam thus I .
The goal of this of goal The
did not. did
events are connected are events that later a later that and the and potion of my of potion ined these ined
I then I specif femina sacra femina ppeared in ppeared wa identified identified ic phot ic s to d to s
empir imag m-
the z- ; . , o- o- es
e- r- i-
I CEU eTD Collection 49 48 Josh photographer inher is alone death. isolatedand c and pain her silencing while death her to resigned and weak is Nedā that impression the creates thus image still particular This feet. of crowd a in alone Nedā shows selection of majority the unlike Furthermore, image. still particular this of perpetuation the through lost are which her, rounding su those with briefly communicating or pain her expressing bleeding, her depict video the during o aspects other excludes also it communicates, image this what to addition In death. imminent an resist to unable thus and weak, and helpless as her depicts image a pain, no shows Nedā face. expressionless her of clarity the of because it following and preceding those from protests. election Iranian about reports news in widely circulated been has th in moment The event. the of depict not does whetherclear she is alive or dead. nos and mouth her bac the in heard be can bystanders female At camera. the of direction the in stare and roll to begin eyes her Persian. in “burning” is she that saying the of beginning the at pointsvarious At afraid. be to not her tells and repeatedly name her calls man one video, the Throughout ground. the to falls she as her rounding
For examples of the use of this image in news reports, see Appendix. Appendix. see reports, innews image ofthis use ofthe examples For interviewee. female a by provided Translations The image of Dorli Rainey after being hit in the face with pepper spray can be found on found be can spray pepper with face the in hit being after Rainey Dorli of image The it what in and shows it what in both revealing is video this of made was that image still The nd it is unclear whether she is conscious at this moment or not. In this way, this particular particular this way, this In not. or moment this at conscious is she whether unclear is it nd ua e as one man attempts to resuscitate her. The video ends abruptly, and it is u is it and abruptly, ends video The her. resuscitate to attempts man one as e
Trujillo’s website. Rainey appears in the centre of this photo. Her face and face Her photo. this of centre the in appears Rainey website. Trujillo’s the video in which bystanders can be seen attempting to resuscitate her, this her, resuscitate to attempting seen be can bystanders which in video the
48
Halfway throug Halfway kground. At the end of the recording the of end the At kground. 18 e video during which Nedā stares into the camera the into stares Nedā which during video e
h the video, Nedā’s arms become limp and and limp become arms Nedā’s video, the h
f her testimony. First, other moments moments other First, testimony. her f
this point, screaming of male a male of screaming point, this recording reating the sense that she that sense the reating 49
This moment differs differs moment This , Nedā can be heard be can Nedā , , blood pours from from pours blood , nd n- r- CEU eTD Collection 51 50 o by restrained physically being are who individuals show images other because curious more the c articles of majority the in appears that incident the of image only the is this Indeed, city. the in protestors and police between clashes the about reports news in tographs t as appears image Rainey’s Nevertheless, officers. by ground the to forced or restrained physically being individuals or spray pepper of victims feature others while protestors, and police between arguments depict them protest between skirmishes feature which of dozen two imately appro demonstrations, Seattle Occupy the from photographs 124 of total a published has Trujillo Truj of all of attention most the received has image this that is notable also is What right. her to protestor the than face her on visible emotion less has Rainey Indeed, brutalization. her of eo Nedā one the as fate her to resignation similar a shows expression blank her yet pain, severe in is she that eyes and face her of redness the through plicit n it what in also but herself, woman the about communicates butt the three, behind visible are protestors Other hand. his in container spray a holding and Rainey, at looking is hiswhose under visible expression onhis Theisnot goggles, other, pression face. disappointment of her to protester The her. holding be to appear who protestors male two between standing is She face. her on expression stoic a with camera the into directly stares a scarf
otable in that Rainey seems to be showing no reaction to the event that has just occurred. It is i is It occurred. just has that event the to reaction no showing be to seems Rainey that in otable See Appendix. See Seat “Occupy Trujillo, illo’s gallery, which has resulted in a marginalization of the narratives visible in other photos. other in visible narratives the of marginalization a in resulted has which gallery, illo’s re drenched in a white liquid that is purported to be pepper spray neutralizing fluid. neutralizing spray pepper be to purported is that liquid white a in drenched re iia t te mg o Nd, hs htgah f any s eeln nt ny n ht it what in only not revealing is Rainey of photograph this Nedā, of image the to Similar
hey are not are hey infocus thus and theirexpressions bedetermined. cannot he title image of this gallery and has been spread more than any of the other ph other the of any than more spread been has and gallery this of image title he tle.”
19
reveals in the still image captured in the vi the in captured image still the in reveals omits of her testimony her of omits right averts his eyes and wears an e an wears and eyes his averts right ors and local police forces. Some of of Some forces. police local and ors ited in this study. this in ited
. This image is is image This . the images in images the 51
This is all all is This 50
She She m- o- d- x- x- f- CEU eTD Collection ers. 54 53 bra’s” blue the in “girl the which at point the is circulated widely most been has that woman ized bruta the of image the Specifically, video. the of rest the by represented testimony the minimizing withi reports media in image still a as late brought toherfeetandsubsequently disappears from view. begi and return officers few A retreat. Thereafter, twoattempt immobile. otherbystanders totendlimp and to her with torso exposed her covers officer another away, move sec A bra. her below directly torso her in woman the kicking seen be then can her so, do they As away. f of use officers’ sistthe t surround officers The away. run accomplices her of two in, close personnel military the as Eventually, stand. her help to g the to falls bra” blue the in “girl the One, gear. riot in personnel tary officers itary shows bra” blue the the emphasis single of ona theincident inSeattle elderly victim. in appears who individual pain. extreme in otherwise or ficers 52
This portion of the video is slightly unclear, but it seems that the “girl in the blue bra” is being escorted away by offi by away escorted being is bra” theblue the“girl in that butitseems unclear, is slightly ofthevideo This portion DZ, Hna HnaFi ( gallery inTrujillo’s 121 and 110, 83 31, 24, images example, for See,
Similar to the two aforementioned cases, one particular moment in this video began tocirc began videothis in moment particular cases,one twoaforementioned the to Similar the in “girl the of beating the surrounding events the from footage of compilation video A
left Tahrir Square. Tahrir left Girl Beaten by Egypt Military Egypt by Girl Beaten
incident from moments before the beatings began to the point at which themi tothewhich pointat began thebeatings fromincident before moments
he “girl” and her male associate male her and “girl” he orce abaya pain yet is also stoic. The perpetuation of this particular image thus placesthus image particular this of perpetuation The stoic. also is yet pain . As one officer beats the male protestor, three drag the “girl” a few feetfew a “girl” the drag protestor,three male the beats officer one As .
53
is ripped open, which then exposes bright blue lingerie. An officer An lingerie. blue bright exposes then which open, ripped is
At first, four individuals can be seen running from a crowd of mil of crowd a runningfrom seen be can individuals four first, At 52
What the image of Rainey shows that others do not, then, is an an is then, not, do others that shows Rainey of image the What .
etn h ytneswie h gr n h leba is bra” blue the in “girl the while bystanders the beating n n hours of the video being uploaded to YouTube, thereby YouTube, to uploaded being video the of hours n 20
and separate them separate and Trujillo, “Occupy Seattle.” “Occupy Trujillo, 54
abaya . The woman’s body remains body woman’s The . round, and the other three try three other the and round, her
as the two attempt to r to attempt two the as
as the military personnel themilitary as ond later, as officers officers as later, ond ).
c- u- e- i- l- l- CEU eTD Collection 56 55 omiss “ are photographs that claims reality. of interpretations themselves, of and in are, rather but occurred, originated they which from not is which victims, helpless as women of circulated have that ages Agamben’s both as well of toheraid. others came who her both silences and weakness,bra’s” blue the in “girl the emphasizes published was video this since circulated has that image particular the Thus, age. which in moment following the including beating, “girl’s” the of moments brutal most the Finally, image. this of circulation the through lost also is beaters her against herself defend to attempt her addition, In result. a as beaten aid her to came who bystander, female the of that and video, the throughout her to next beaten been has who accomplice, male her of testimony the is image still this of tion vic helpless a was bra” blue the in “girl the that impression the creates image particular this such, As torso. bare her abaya a fabric by covered is face her immobile, are legs her ficer, h most her at victim the shows video a baya baya
Sh image. still particular thisfeaturing ofarticles list Appendixa for See epherd, “Visualising Violence,” 215; Bleiker, “The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory,” 513. Theory,” Political in International Turn “TheAesthetic Bleiker, 215; Violence,” “Visualising epherd,
ion of images that produce a conflicting narrative, such as those of those as such narrative, conflicting a produce that images of ion has been ripped open. Furthermore, she is a moment away from receiving a powerful kick in kick powerful a receiving from away moment a is she Furthermore, open. ripped been has is torn open as an officer prepares to kick her in the torso. the in her kick to prepares officer an as open torn is The prominence of these these of prominence The tim of the military officers’ brutality. What becomes invisible through the circul the through invisible becomes What brutality. officers’ military the of tim
M uselmann ,
another officer steps on her torso, are underemphasized by this still i still this by underemphasized are torso, her on steps officer another Nedā illustrates inherent
, Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra” reveal a narrative a reveal bra” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, , three
and the and ly opeless that th that
images closely parallels parallels closely images ambig fully femina sacra femina
supported by other portions of the videos and galleries and videos the of portions other by supported e ima e point: Her arms are forcibly restrained by another o another by restrained forcibly are arms Her point: uous” in their depictions of reality. of depictions their in uous” 21 ges do not necessarily depict events as they truly they as events depict necessarily not do ges
as articulated by Lentin by articulated as attempts at self at attempts
nd her undergarments are exposed as her her as exposed are undergarments her nd the principles of aesthetic theory, as theory, aesthetic of principles the 55
This particular moment in the the in moment particular This - defense Nedā
hs cos Shepherd’s echoes This
. and was also severely also was and
The fact that the i the that fact The and and
and the “girl in the in “girl the and 56
Furthermore, the the Furthermore, the brutalization the
of these of m- m- a- f- CEU eTD Collection 59 58 57 tions of their these of timonies sistanc bo minimizing while moments vulnerable particularly at women these show cases. these in evant partic appear victims the makes that tion. images single ass Agamben’s three to incidents these of reduction questionable this over, brutality. paramilitary or police of narrative a reinforce helps others of exclusion the at image more attackers lookeven their makes which attackers, brutal by confronted when innocent and helpless were women these Congo. in involvement their on their in noted Schlag and Heck that operations combat and themselves attemptingresist tosave bra” attackers, and parallels blue their
Lentin, “ Agamben, 19. inAfrica,” Engagement Security Europe’s “Imagining Schlag, and Heck 58
Furthermore, Lentin’s asser Lentin’s Furthermore, e and the more brutal images of them and and them of images brutal more the and e Femina Sacra Femina Remnants of Auschwitz Remnants stories ertion that the testimonies of of testimonies the that ertion feminae sacrae feminae ,”466. . 59
Indeed, the “iconic” images of Nedā, Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra” all bra” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, Nedā, of images “iconic” the Indeed,
inexcusable. Similar to Heck and Schlag’s analysis, SimilarSchlag’s toand inexcusable. Heck , 35
– rend photographic these of inclusion very the through excluded are 37. 57
tion that tion The omission of these scenes thus perpetuates the narrative that that narrative the perpetuates thus scenes these of omission The
ularly helpless, fragile, and subject to brutality is particularly re particularly is brutality to subject and fragile, helpless, ularly women’s testimonies are likely to be recast in such a way way a such in recast be to likely are testimonies women’s complete witnesses are prone to chronic misinterpret chronic to prone are witnesses complete 22 other demonstrators. In this way, the complete te complete the way, this Indemonstrators. other
analysis of the EU’s photographic essay photographic EU’s the of analysis
the omission of weaponry ofthe omission weaponry the use of one particular the use particular ofone th their exa their th evs o illustrate to serves mples
Mor of r of e- a- e- s- i- l- CEU eTD Collection times http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/general_current_events/media/new_york_ 2007), Bias Liberal Having as Newspapers Seen Local and Post, Washington Times, New York http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/media/14 Advertising, and Media sec. 13, 2009, ber 61 http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp. n.p., 30, 3013), September Media, Audited 60 long more the than rather events these rounded w strongly left be to considered widely is opinions: cal States. United the within Times York narrow I method. Wetherell’s and Potter using curred o events the after month one approximately for newspapers American three in appeared that cles video photographs, the on 2. Chapter in detailed images three the of analysis the for used narratives. print media can inclus their through marginalized further been testimonies women’s three the which in ways the explore to events three these surrounding reports newspaper American of analysis course appeare that articles per be can Chapter 3: Newspaper
ere chosen in an attempt to understand the more immediate aftermath and impressions that su that impressions and aftermath immediate more the understand to attempt an in chosen ere David Carr, “The Media Equation: Under Murdock, Tilting Rightward at The Journal,” The at Rightward Tilting Murdock, Equation: Under “TheMedia Carr, David ofCirculations, Bureau Audit New The _washington_post_and_local_newspapers_seen_as_having_liberal_bias. applied to the casesof the to applied The methodology employed for this section of my investigation resembled that which was which that resembled investigation my of section this for employed methodology The of testimony the from detract can brutality of narratives that assertion Lentin’s left ,
and and - leaning. The Wall Street Journal Street Wall The The Washington Post Washington The 61
rils pern wti a one a within appearing Articles d in the month following their attacks. their following month the in d 60
T s
,
hese newspapers hese narratives asincomplete witnesses and still images from the three events, I examined the newspaper art newspaper the examined I events, three the from images still and Nedā, Rainey Nedā, -
of -
centre in its political stance, and and stance, political its in centre has a reput a has Total Circulation for the Six Months 9/30/2012 Ended: Six the for Circulation Total
because because , and the “girl in the blue bra blue the in “girl the and , they are three of the six most widely most six the of three are they were ideal because they they because ideal were ation as a conservative newspaper, newspaper, conservative a as ation - term reflections that would be evident evident be would that reflections term 23
ed - ot tm pro floig the following period time month
my focus to focus my After performing a discourse analysis discourse a performing After
(Online: Rasmussen Reports, July 15, July Reports, Rasmussen (Online: In this chapter, I engage in a di a in engage I chapter, this In The Washington Post Washington The The Wall Street Journa Street Wall The represent a spectrum of polit of spectrum a represent ”
by examining the newsp the examining by The New York Times The NewYork
(New York: Alliance for Alliance York: (New The New York Times York New The - read newspapers read carr.html?_r=0; carr.html?_r=0; ion in Amer in ion
over a longer a over
feminae sacrae feminae is known as as known is l
, Dece , incidents The New New The m- c- a- s- r- i- i- i-
CEU eTD Collection women. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009 65 of ofPictures,” the Power World, http://www.nytimes.com/2009 sec. 64 63 news from articles not particu present a did articles these that Opinioncolumns few reading a after apparent itbecame seventy).Furthermore, over thirtyto from examined ofarticles number thetotal raised have would blogsfor Opinion and editor the to ofletters number thesheer 62 way, one than more in interpreted be can protests election Iranian the regime. theocratic the resist to age el Iranian at presence her that suggested reason. a was Nedā that mean to statement this interpret view tem in opinions strong have not did she that briefly tioned interv an in fiancé her by made statement a to refer frequently victim passive a as Nedā characterize that articles The volvement. Rainey graphed six and beaten, was bra” death, t i appeared that articles were as study, the from excludedphotographwere the of copy a not include did articlesthat themselves, photographs the ed period time wenty
- Sudarsan Raghavan Sudarsan ofIranianProtests,” Symbol a World, the Around Seen A Death Fathi, Nazila “In report. this of Appendix in the appears instudy this used articles A list ofthe societies, ofother constructions to discursive substantially contribute pieces that Opinion argued be could Althoughit pictures/. , but instead wished for a “better world” for everyone for world” “better a for wished instead but ,
- seven 64 t The articles that detail the life and death of Nedā of death and life the detail that articles The hree
One article, One
. As the focus of this portion of the study was on th on was study the of portion this of focus the As .
reported on the aftermath of the protests in Cairo during which the “girl in the in “girl the which during Cairo in protests the of aftermath the on reported article . – 63
they instead exaggerated ones that were more subtly addressed in other sources. subtlyaddressed onesmore that were exaggerated instead they
, “Role of Women In Iran Protest Kindles Hope,” Hope,” Kindles IranProtest In ofWomen , “Role wr included were s The New York Times York The New
on the other hand other the on eone te events the recounted
iew with the Persian the with iew - 65 06 , June 29, 2009, http://ethicist.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/the 29, 2009, , June /06/23/world/middleeast/23neda.html; Randy Cohen, “Neda, Obama and and Obama “Neda, Cohen, Randy /06/23/world/middleeast/23neda.html;
- in Although this one article makes clear that clear makes article one this Although 28/world/36847335_1_female hs study: this , does not categorize Nedā as apolitical. In this article, it is it article, this In apolitical. as Nedā categorize not does , ection protests and her “modern” dress signified her cou her signified dress “modern” her and protests ection n the n 24 in Seattle that occurred the night night the occurred that Seattle in
T
these events was overwhelming (including these articles articles these (including overwhelming thesewasevents BBC en newspapers. the of section Opinion n apolitical n
favor drse te vns surrounding events the addressed
. The articles that cite this part this cite that articles The . primarily news network. In this interview, he me he interview, this In network. news The Washington Post Washington The
of or against the Iranian political sy political Iranian the against or of - e particular discourse that surroun that discourse particular e protesters
vic lar discursive construction that differed differed that construction discursive lar focus on her lack of political i political of lack her on focus tim The New York Times The NewYork
- who was who Neda the majority of the articles the of majority the , June 28, 2009, sec. World, World, sec. 28, 2009, , June - agha Nedā - thus soltan
rjlo phot Trujillo , June 22, 2009, 22, 2009, , June ’s presence at at presence ’s shot without shot - iranian icular inte icular 62
- In total, total, In power Nedā - blue blue - o- n- d- n- s- r- r- ’s
CEU eTD Collection 67 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124626597362067533.html. Vote Dismisses Taghavi, “Iran 31/world/36913037_1_mousavi ofTehran,” inStreets Out Breaks “Violence Erdbrink, Thomas dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062600463.html?sid=ST2009062504596; http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp ofPro ‘Ruthless’for Calls Punishment Cleric mousavi Worsec. 66 been had Obama incident, this to prior that, mention articles the of Many country. the toward cy pol foreign shifting his and video the to responseObama’s Barack President American on centrate embeddedtendencies cultural deeply political and violence toward against protestors inIran. decades.politics inrecent state that suggests article Another 1979. of Revolution Iranian the during common was brutality such that demonstrates and experienced, that tothe of sort itisyields culture Iranian necessarily violence suggestedcle, arepressive that c government. nian Ir the discredit to attempt an in staged was Nedā of video the that insistence regime’s the to refer articlestwo addition, In death. her surrounding events the describe to usedare “dirty” and “violent” pu prohibit to attempt government’s the and Tehran in brutality increasing the on concentrate edly a generally regime Iranian the of ture government. theIranian and newspapers three these in appeared that allously
Raghavan, “Role of Women in Protest”; Fathi, “Symbol ofIranianProtests “Symbol Protest”; Fathi, in Women of “Role Raghavan, Icon,” Opposition An InCreates Slaying Protests “Woman’s Erdbrink, Thomas b lic mourning of Nedā and other casualties. In casualties. other and Nedā of mourning lic - ld, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009 ld, theocratic Finally, articles that do not directly focus on the brutality of the Iranian regime i regime Iranian the of brutality the on focus directly not do that articles Finally, n violent the on attention more focus instead death her mention that articles of number A . Furthermore, a number of articles draw cultural inferences from Nedā’s Nedā’s from inferences cultural draw articles of number Furthermore,a . - government; Fathi, “Symbol of Iranian Protests”; Thomas Erdbrink and William Branigin, “Iranian “Iranian WilliamBranigin, and Erdbrink Thomas Protests”; ofIranian Fathi, “Symbol government; 66
The implication of such stat such of implication The
The Washington Post Washington The 67 - Fraud Claims,” Fraud
- The implication ofThe these implication articles of occurredbecause is death thatNedā’s and
-
mehdi - - nd the election protests more specifically. These articles repea articles These specifically. more protestselection the nd karroubi testLeaders,” , July , July The Wall Street Journal The WallStreet - sanctioned violence has been a common feature of Iranian Iranian of feature common a been has violence sanctioned nevertheless 31, 2009, sec. World, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009 sec. 31, 2009, - - riot 06 - ements is that the regime responded to Nedā’s death death Nedā’s to responded regime the that is ements 23/world/36789648_1_neda - police 25 The Washington Post Washington The
these articles, words such as “cruel,” as such words articles, these
- mir depict her as ambivalent toward the protests the toward ambivalent as her depict , June 30, 2009 , June - hossein - .” mousavi; Margaret Coker and Roshanak and Coker Margaret mousavi; , June 27, 2009, sec. World, sec. 27, 2009, , June
The Washington Post The Washington , sec. World, World, sec. , - agha - soltan - attack mir , June 23, 2009, 23, 2009, , June - hossein
. In one art one .In “agoniz nstead co nstead -
Nedā - ing,” 07 - n- a- a- t- i- i- CEU eTD Collection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSi09gLmX5Q. DorliRainey https://www.youtube. TV,2003), Stick Talking USA: talkingsticktv, http://www.oldladyincombatboots.com/?page_id=2; 72 71 brutality/2011/11/16/gIQAEMgURN_blog.html. World, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/occupy sec. 70 69 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp World, sec. 2009, Kessler, “Ob Glenn Shift,” 68 being for reasons her explains she email, her In newspaper. Seattle independent an with conducted int email an on reports which article one in illustrated further is efforts resistance her to attention of lack This photo. her on reported who those to issue an of salient as not is activism information of paucity a to attributed be cannot activism her on focus of lack this demonstrations, at work her of videos several and blog popular once a including presence online significant a has Rainey that and articles, all in reported occupation. Nazi former the during Austria native her in resistor former a was who activist” “longtime a as her identified project this in used articles the of data biometric her on focus This name. her included articles five and incident, the of time the at age her reported accurately articles six All activist. an as experiences her s articles these in emphasized were that her about details personalthe yet Seattle, in foreign Iran. discussioninto a ofAmerican toward policy ofthe failure people. own its of murder the sanctioning is regime the that evidence of light in necessary is Iran toward stance tougher a that e Iranian the to response of lack his for criticized
Dorli Rainey, “About the Old Lady,” Blog, Lady,” Old the “About Dorli Rainey, ofOccupy.” Face New “Dorli Rainey, Bell, All Cops: It’sNot Street Wall “Occupy ElizabethFlock, articles. ofthese list Appendixa for See in Tactical Rips Iran “Obama Dreazen, J. Yochi and Weisman, Solomon, Jonathan Jay ofPictures”; Cohen, “Power The Wall Street Journal Street The Wall Rainey was a central focus of all six articles that used her picture and recounted the incident the recounted and picture her used that articles six all of focus central a was Rainey -
Longtime Seattle Activist Longtime Seattle ama Steps Up Criticism of Iran’s Crackdown on Election Protests,” Protests,” Election on Iran’sCrackdown of Up Criticism Steps ama
, June 24, 2009, sec. World, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124575867345041295.html; http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124575867345041295.html; World, sec. 24, 2009, , June 68
These articles thus use the death of Nedā as a starting point to launch launch to point starting a as Nedā of death the use thus articles These , Digital (Seattle, USA: Talking Stick TV, 2010), TV,2010), Stick Talking USA: , Digital (Seattle,
contrasts with the attention paid to her former activism. Only one Only activism. former her to paid attention the with contrasts
69
Old Lady in Combat Boots in Combat Lady Old surrounding her personal details. personal her surrounding One of the articles even reports her as being five feet tall. feet five being as her reports even articles the of One
com/watch?v=gFzcqPZp5xw; talkingsticktv, talkingsticktv, com/watch?v=gFzcqPZp5xw;
- dyn/content/story/2009/06/23/ST2009062301746.html. Police Brutality,” Brutality,” Police 26 lection protests, while some articles clearly suggest clearly articles some while protests, lection
71
Considering that eitherher that Considering Network X Network , n.d., , n.d., - The Washington Post The Washington wall -
- The Case for Impeachment The Casefor street
72 -
cops The Washington Post The Washington Instead, it appears that her her that appears it Instead, - its , November 16, 2011, 16, 2011, , November - not TalkingStickTV TalkingStickTV
- erve to minimize to erve name or age was age or name all - police , Digital (Seattle, , Digital (Seattle, , June 24, , June riw she erview -
-
70
CEU eTD Collection News, http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/18/occupywallst US sec. 18, 2011, November 77 76 75 against http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/pepper World, sec. 16, 2011, vember 74 occupy http://slo Occupy, sec. 2011, 73 protestors. against spray pepper case. though them, provoking were demonstrators the because spray pepper use to necessary was it that report officers article, second justification implicit almost is who someone to dangerous more “no is spray pepper that saying as quoted is officer an article, first the In violent. become had police and was spray experiences Rainey’s police Seattle of behaviour priate protests.attle history personal excluded. are protest the in involvement for motivations her and email, her of points two latter the to paid only is tention veteran. war Iraq an by aided was she spray, pepper with spray pepper and force physical of use police’s the also brieflyrecounts She movement. Occupy the about opinions her intheprotests and involved
Bell, “Dorli Rainey, New Face of Occupy”; Jillian Dunham, “#OccupyWallSt Roundup, Day 62,” Day Roundup, “#OccupyWallSt Dunham, Jillian ofOccupy”; Face New “Dorli Rainey, Bell, Deployed.” Spray “Pepper Mackey, Brutality.” All NotCops: “Occupy Flock, Protesters,” Seattle Occupy Against Deployed Ayn Rand and Spray “Pepper Mackey, Robert Protest,” Seattle SPD Occupy by at Sprayed Pepper 84, Rainey, Holden, “Dorli Dominic 76 - -
occupy seattle Furthermore, two articles mention that Seattle mayor Mike McGinn apologized for the use of of use the for apologized McGinn Mike mayor Seattle that mention articles two Furthermore, Similar to the articles surrounding surrounding articles the to Similar a legitimate weapon in this circumstance because the confrontation between protestors between confrontation the because circumstance this in weapon legitimate a - - protest. seattle
the focus shifts away from her activism and toward her helplessness during the S the during helplessness her toward and activism her from away shifts focus the -
pro . Two articles reference the Seattle Police Department’s assertion that pepper pepper that assertion Department’s Police Seattle the reference articles Two . 74
testers/.
Thus, although these six articles all correctly identify correctly all articles six these although Thus, g.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2011/11/15/dorli on his behalf his on
, according to the article, there was no evidence this was in fact the fact in was this evidence no was there article, the to according ,
77
A final article details the history of the use of pep of use the of history the details article final A
oad any n ohr cuy rtsos ahr hn on than rather protestors Occupy other and Rainey toward for pepper spraying children and elderly citizens. elderly and children spraying pepper for ten Ne
dā than someone who is who someone than against protestors, and mentions that after being hit being after that mentions and protestors, against ’s attack, s attack, ’s 27
73
everal articles also focus on the inappr the on focus also articles everal In the article reporting on this email, a email, this on reporting article the In - rainey eigh - spray - ty 84 ,” which seems to be an be to seems which ,” - The Stranger The - Rainey and pepper The New York Times The NewYork - ayn - - - roundup
sprayed The New York Times The NewYork rand and , November 15, , November per spray as a a as spray per -
deployed some of her of some - - by day 75 - spd
- In the In 6 , N 2. - - at
o- - o- e- t- ,
CEU eTD Collection 82 curious. particularly tobeingis unconscious her thereference so theincident, depicting video ro.” 81 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204791104577110610803461718.html. Journal Street 80 egyptian http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/world/middleeast/violence East, Middle sec. 20, 2011, ber Ov in Protest Women Cairo by March “Mass D. Kirkpatrick, David http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/world/middleeast/egyptian Men,” on Still Hinges Power http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/tahrir In,” Walled Square, “Tahrir D. Kirkpatrick, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240529702045539045 Protesters,” Cairo ClashWith “Police Bradley, http://online.ws 79 to http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/us/pepper News, US sec. 22, 2011, vember 78 he identify publicly bra’s” blue beating. public this of result occurred. events time the at unconscious been have may she that reports another and dragged was she while un had her whether or stripped forcibly been had “girl” the whether video the from unclear is it that police. by “stripped” been had woman the that state articles bea and kicked dragged, was “girl” the that state the on not focuses police theSeattle during local prote by committed act unjustifiable and violent particularly a was spray pepper of use the that impression controversial. highly thus and dangerous is it that highlights and weapon,
- Kirkpatrick, “Mass March by Cairo Women”; Kirkpatrick, “Egypt’s Women Find Power Still Hinges on Men.” on Still Hinges Power Find Women “Egypt’s Kirkpatrick, Women”; Cairo by March “Mass Kirkpatrick, in Ca March “Women’s Mackey, March”; Women “Egyptian Women”;Bradley, Cairo by March “Mass Kirkpatrick, MilitarAbuseby Decry March, Women “Egyptian Bradley, Matt Cairo”; in “Women’sMarch Mackey, Is Stake,” at Credibility Military’s “Egyptian MattBradley, Images,” Mocking toControl Crowd from Fallout, Spray’s “Pepper KatharineQ. Seelye, mocking
As was previously mentions, the “girl in the blue bra” appears to stand and walk away with police at the end oft theend at police with away walkto standand appears bra” blue inthe the“girl mentions, previously was As intentionally fallen fallen off sheintentionally wasdragged. while - general In all all In 81 - , December 21, 2011, sec. Middle East, Middle sec. 21, 2011, , December images.html?_r=0.
Furthermore, two articles refer to the “girl” as bei as “girl” the to refer articles two Furthermore, abaya - seven j.com/article/SB10001424052970204058404577106452185060554.html#articleTabs%3Darticle; Matt j.com/article/SB10001424052970204058404577106452185060554.html#articleTabs%3Darticle; blames
was forcibly removed by police and that she was too humiliated by the event to event the by humiliated too was she that and police by removed forcibly was rself, none of these articles speculated that she may have been an activist or r or activist an been have may she that speculated articles these of none rself, victim articles - protesters.html.
The New York Times NewYork The
, but instead on the actions of the police toward her. All articles correctly articles All her. toward police the of actions the on instead but , that used the image of the “girl in the blue bra,” blue the in “girl the of image the used that 82
Although the majority of these articles speculate that the “girl in the the in “girl the that speculate articles these of majority the Although
sts. The New York Times The NewYork
The Wall Street Journal Wall Street The , January 9, 2012, sec. Middle East, Middle sec. 9, 2012, , January - square 28 ten in Tahrir Square. However, five of the seven the of five However, Square. Tahrir in ten The Wall Street Journal Wall Street The -
walled 77104190363673720.html#articleTabs%3Darticle; David David 77104190363673720.html#articleTabs%3Darticle; 80 , December 23, 2011, sec. World, World, sec. 23, 2011, , December
Two texts refer to the “girl” as being “supine” “supine” as being “girl” referTwo tothe texts , December 18, 2011, sec. Middle East, Middle sec. 18, 2011, , December - er Abuse by Soldiers,” Soldiers,” Abuseby er - women in/; David D. Kirkpatrick, “Egypt’s Women Fi Women “Egypt’s D. Kirkpatrick, David in/; 79
Only two of the seven articles report report articles seven the of two Only - ng “humiliated” and “exposed” as a as “exposed” and “humiliated” ng confront , December 19, 2011, sec. Middle East, Middle sec. 19, 2011, , December - sprays - restrictions 78
- The New York Times The NewYork The New York Time NewYork The the majority of attention ofmajority the fallout These articles create the create articles These
- - of from - enters - patriarchy.html; patriarchy.html; - y,” crowd - 5th The Wall The - s , Dece , N day - control
o- - abaya as nd nd he m- - i- e- -
CEU eTD Collection 43. Egypt,” in Century ( totalitarianrule. and ofnineteenth history it ignores the because questionable is certainly thatassertion this note to itisimportant society, Egyptian about 86 85 84 Stake.” 83 t tend testimonies ized aes of ofthemilitary lence and culture. patriarchal Egypt’s bra” intheblue story the“girl of military. the as well as protestors male by hostility with met was Spring Arab the in involvement their that and generations,forstifled has been Egypt in involvement that rejects women’s involvement sp inthepublic sexism military’s the of example women. of treatment viol and sexist military’s the of example strong a as bra” blue the in “girl the of story the use “violent” as military the to referred articles sexism the on was study this in used articles sistance forces. to police o instead officers military the against herself defend to inability and passivity “girl’s” the on clearly is then, articles, these of focus The regime. military the to sistant he impact of these images on newspaper depictions of Nedā, Nedā, of depictions newspaper on images these of impact he
Although the focus of this paper is not on the veracity of the news reports, but rather ofthe news reports, veracity is not the on paper ofthis focus Althoughthe March.” Women “Egyptian In”; Walled Bradley, Square, “Tahrir Kirkpatrick, Fin Women “Egypt’s Kirkpatrick, Women”; Cairo by March “Mass Kirkpatrick, example, for See, )
through its retelling by incomplete witnesses, incomplete by retelling its through
thetic theory, but theory, thetic The newspaper articles surrounding these three events demonstrate not only the principle the only not demonstrate events three these surrounding articles newspaper The articles surroundingAs was alsofor thecase the -
and twentieth and Global Feminisms Since 1945: Rewriting Histories Rewriting 1945: Since Feminisms Global Mackey, “Women’s March in Cairo”; Bradley, “Police Clash with Protestors”; Bradley, “Credibility at at “Credibility Bradley, Protestors”; Clashwith “Police Bradley, in Cairo”; “Women’s March Mackey, to be reduced to reduced be to Margot Badran, “Competing Agenda: Feminists, Islam and the State in Nineteenth in State the Islam and Feminists, Agenda: “Competing Badran, Margot 84
However, another two articles do not associate the beating of the “girl” as an as “girl” the of beating the associate not do articlestwo another However, - also Agamben’s assertions that assertionsthat Agamben’s also century female activists in Egypt during periods of British colonialism ofBritish periods during activists in Egypt female century
per se per thus conventional s conventional , but rather as an example of an underlying patriarchal culture patriarchal underlying an of example an as rather but , becomes marginalized focusas thegreater remains onthevi marginalized becomes
and brutality of the Egyptian military and society. Many society. and military Egyptian the of brutality and and “brutal” and 29 here. tereotypes
and Masters’s and Lentin’s claims that women that claims Lentin’s and Masters’s and , ed. Bonnie G. Smith (New York: Routle York: (New G. Smith Bonnie , ed. 85 the
Nedā These suggest articles thatwomen’spolitical toward protestors. toward M
uselmann of wom of ’s death, t ’s death, Rainey, and the “girl in the bl the in “girl the and Rainey, 86
o hr osbe gny n r and agency possible her on f
In all of these articles, these of all In d Power Still Hinges on Men.” on Still Hinges Power d ’s en as passive and fragile and passive as en testimony becomes becomes testimony he second he
on what the reports suggested suggested thereports what on 83
Two of these articles these of Two
major foc , military occupation , military -
dge, 2000), 13 2000), dge, Twentieth and margina then, us of the us of the u
. First, . e
bra” the ent o- e- ’s l- – s CEU eTD Collection 90 89 88 87 es personnel. military by Ly that Mastersassertswhich in Iraq, of American occupation the of beginning the rescue at Lynch’s ca women three fragility their on excessively focus to tend lence vic passive as en incidents. the of interpretation possible one onl isthis that attackssuggest their oftheimages through revealed theirastestimonies though even at their toward docile and helpless as but received, they treatment the of undeserving and and others by ing that claim Agamben’s activists actual or potential as than rather victims as women three these of articles events. the to reactions and experiences individual’s the to than rather individu brutalized a of image an of use the how demonstrate all bra” blue the in “girl the about articles the in society and military Egyptian the of nature patriarchal the on focus the and Rainey, to referring articles the in movement Nedā surrounding articles the in culture and forces paramilitary Iranian the of brutality the and policy discursive reflec not does imagery that assertions Bleiker’s exemplifies
Masters, “ Lentin, “ Agamben, 511 Theory,” Political in International Turn “TheAesthetic Bleiker,
nch’s competence as a soldier was marginalized as she was reduced to a victim in need of saving saving of need in victim a to reduced was she as marginalized was soldier a as competence nch’s provided in American newspaper articles surrounding th surrounding articles newspaper American in provided The Washington Post Washington The s et, h cnetain n h cnrvril s o ppe sry in spray pepper of use controversial the on concentration the death, ’s Femina Sacra Femina Femina Sacra Femina construct Remnants of Auschwitz Remnants : furthermore
The tims ,”466. three ions of political events or actors or events political of ions ,”36.
90 closely parallels Lentin’s position that narratives of women subjected to vi to subjected women of narratives that position Lentin’s parallels closely the testimony of a a of testimony the
Ultimately, Ultimately, as “humiliated,” “dis “humiliated,” as
women have been described in described been have women echo Masters’s reading of the news reports that circulated following Jess following circulated that reportsnews the of reading Masters’s echo , 33 al can draw more attention to the society in which she was attacked was she which in society the to attention more draw can al
– 37.
it is evident that evident is it complete witness is marginalized through his story’s retel story’s his through marginalized is witness complete 88
tressed,” and are characterized not simply as innocent innocent as simply not characterized are and tressed,” Moreover , vulnerability 30
. the 87
The heavy focus on Obama’s on focus heavy The , the , interpretations of these these of interpretations The New York Times York New The – 13. e incidents in Tehran, Seattle, and Cairo and Seattle, Tehran, in incidents e t reality but rather serves to serves rather but reality t , specific
and passivity. and characterization of these wo these of characterization
In addition, t addition, In 89
T , The Wall Street Journal Street Wall The he narratives of these these of narratives he
three “iconic” ima “iconic” three the Occupy Seattle Seattle Occupy the shifting he he
demonstrates focus in the in focus per
tackers, petuate foreign foreign m- o- g- l- i- y
CEU eTD Collection marginalizesentations ultimately inclusion. victims’ bytheirvery of the narratives theevents that repr as served rather have but occurred, truly they as events the represented necessarily not have
31
e- CEU eTD Collection See movements. protest three with these familiar were who toproject locals “survivor” inthis term the toapply concept ofher extension to unreasonable an be appear not such, itdoes camps. As those only not are forms, and many take can survivors” that “Holocaust article her within emphasizes Lentinherself However, others. toevents their to recount survived had and theholocaust portion this “survivor” in oftheword use her onehand, 91 the how into insights meaningful gain to orientation political and spread geographical of terms in I bias: association an avoid friend. mutual a of friends protests. the to reactions local understand been in salient remain women these about lated hearing and seeing bered wh andthroughthisdetermine about to sp to individuals allow to was interviews these occurred. events the time the at countries respective their in living were who locals with interviews unstructured conducted I them, to exposed were who those on had have bra” blue the orforgottenexaggerated events since the tookplace as marginalized further been have testimonies en’s Cairo Tehran, attacks. their f interviewees how sacrae feminae Chapter 4
The equation of “interviewees” with “survivors” may seem to be a misappropriation of Lentin’s assertions. On the On assertions. ofLentin’s misappropriation a be to seem may “survivors” with of“interviewees” equation The living in their respective countries during the time that the protests occurred in an attempt to attempt an in occurred protests the that time the during countries respective their in living In order to investigate the ongoing impact that the images of images the that impact ongoing the investigate to order In the testimonies marginalize can of ofsurvivors’ atrocities recollections Lentin’s that assertion : Survivors
91 can be applied to the cases of Nedā, Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra” by examining by bra” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, Nedā, of cases the appliedto be can ,
In this chapter, I report on unstructured interviews I conducted with locals living in in living locals with conducted I interviews unstructured on report I chapter, this In and Seattle at the time the at Seattle and rom the cities in which these three events occurred remember the women and women the remember occurred events three these which in cities the rom
as
incomplete witnesses
ndividuals who were personal friends of mine may have been too limited limited too been have may mine of friends personal were who ndividuals I avoided contacting individual contacting avoided I
of these incidents these of For each set of interviews, I contacted people who were who people contacted I interviews, of set each For retrospect. eak as freely as possible about the events they reme they events the about possible as freely as eak
of her paper specifically referred to those who had experienced experienced tohad who those referred specifically paper ofher 32
particular .
I limited interviews to individuals who had who individuals to interviews limited I
to explore the exten the explore to s who I knew personally in an attempt an in personally knew I who s who experienced the horrors of concentration ofconcentration thehorrors experienced who
aspects of their testimonies have have testimonies their of aspects Lentin, “ ich ich aspects of thestories circ that Nedā Femina Sacra Femina , Rainey, and and Rainey, , t to which these wo these which to t ,”464 – 68.
the “girl in “girl the My goal in goal My been
m- m- u- to CEU eTD Collection theseby cited benefits main ofthe One Beck. Schostakand 96 2011,” Time Magazine tion,” 95 htt Spring,” Arab for Push Youthful Stall “Bullets Slackman, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal Youth,”Its Suppress Longer No “Iran Can http://theweek.com/article/index/220529/the 94 toparticipate. declined motivations and my of skeptical became few a friend, mutual a by interviewees to several introduced personally 93 63. 1954), Nostrand, in a as “Friendship Merton, King Robert and Lazarsfeld Felix 92 t me allowing and remembered, they events to reactions physical their seeing by also but them, to tening li through only not interviewees with engage fully to essential it considered I because was software emai an through done not were interviews that group age seemed appropriate. this on focus limited a media, social of consumers primary the are youth and media, focus. reasonable a was opinions of range particular this that suggests thirty under youth and students university were Movement part of majority the that fact the to, exposed was I insights and opinions of scope the limit may this Although graduates. university eitherrecent current were students or interviewed of I themajority those and spoke fluently, English friend. mutual a through introduced being by trust establish to necessary became it issues, sensitive politically were question in events the As have events three
The advantages of conducting interviewsface ofconducting advantages The of Emerging Logics and Space, Public Media, Social Everywhere: #Occupy on “Reflections Juris, S. Jeffrey “TheDemographi wi interviews my during important particularly Thisbecame like with associate to ofindividuals tendency The Freedom and Control in Modern Society Modern Control in Freedomand p://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/middleeast/18youth.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. o see my reactions to their statements. their to reactions my see o American Ethnologist American Cente Interviews were conducted either in person or with video conferencing software. conferencing video with or person in either conducted were Interviews r for International Media Assistance/National Endowment for Democracy Endowment Assistance/National Media International r for
17 (2009): para. 3 para. (2009): 17
) cs of Occupy Wall Street: By the Numbers,” theNumbers,” By Wall Street: ofOccupy cs
been remembered. been 95
39, no. 2 (2012): 261; Lev Grossman, “Iran Protests: Twitter, the Medium of the Movement,” oftheMovement,” theMedium Twitter, “IranProtests: Grossman, Lev 261; (2012): 2 39, no.
– 4; Jeffrey Ghannam, “Social Media in the Arab World: Leading up to the Uprisings of theUprisings to up World: Leading in theArab Media Ghannam, “Social 4; Jeffrey , ed. Morroe Berger, Theodore Abel, and Charles Page H. (New York: Van York: H.(New Page Charles Abel, and Theodore Berger, Morroe , ed.
icipants in the Green Revolution, the Arab Spring Arab the Revolution, Green the in icipants 94
Furthermore, since these images spread primarily through soc through primarily spread images these since Furthermore, The Telegraph 92
- - However, I also avoided a random sampling of individuals of sampling random a avoided also I However, demographics to - view/5543122/Iran - - face have been cited by a number of scholars, such as Dilley, Dilley, as such ofscholars, number a by cited been have face 96 93 minded people is a well people is a minded
As video conferencing software is frequently subject to subject frequently is software conferencing video As As a result, I was only able to w to able only was I result, a As , June 15, 20 , June l exchange or a telephone connection without video without connection telephone a or exchange l The New York Times New York The 33
Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis,” Analysis,” Methodological and ASubstantive Process: Social individuals is that it is easier to build rapportindivid with to build easier is that itis individuals th individuals from Iran. In spite of the fact that Iwas that ofthefact In spite Iran. from individuals th
- of - The Week occupy 09, sec. Opinion, para. 15, 15, para. Opinion, 09, sec. - can - - wall no , October 20, 2011, para. 4, para. 20, 2011, , October - established sociological phenomenon.( sociological established
, March 17, 2011, sec. World, para. 6 World, para. sec. 17, 2011, , March - 3 (2011):4. 3 longer - street - - suppress by - the
- numbers; Leyla Ferani, Ferani, Leyla numbers; - its ork with people who who people with ork -
youth.html; Michael Michael youth.html; ,
and the Occupy the and
The reason The
Aggreg – 8, Paul a- u- ial ial s- .
CEU eTD Collection controvers more todiscussing open more thus and conversation ofa in control more topersonfeel a allow butalso considerations, ethical for onlynecessary not 98 97 Schostak, Research,” Intrepid for Tips Interviews: “Conducting Successful ley, Professionals Information and Librarians face a through als interviewees all video, the in depicted events the recount to asked When four the of three death. her were elec of theremainder this details results chapter investigation. of this empirical wer whom discussion. the of control in more feel could they that so location the choose to opportunity the given was interviewee the person, in ducted intervie the when interview the during en ta werenotes and anonymity, of condition onthe conducted interviewswere environment, relaxed impractical this made location my and Seattle between tance volatility political the Tehran, and Seattle in interviews conduct to optimal been with. familiar were they that locations in country own their within uals intervie the were only protests. the during present been interviews. conducting was I which pro in living were who Iran and Seattle from individuals with in conducted I however, delays,
According to Schostak, toSchostak, According Schostak, tion protests as a symbol of innocence and martyrdom. and innocence of symbol a as protests tion interviewed for this project remembered her name and some of the circumstances surrounding the of some and name her remembered project this for interviewed Nedā remains in the memories of those who were living in Tehran at the time of the 2009 the of time the at Tehran in living were who those of memories the in remains Nedā Interviewing and Representation in Qualitative Qualitative in Representation and Interviewing
Interviewing and Representation in Qualitative Research in Qualitative Representation and Interviewing e from Cairo, four Seattle e from offrom Cairo, were whom When asked about Nedā and the video that depicted her afte her depicted that video the and Nedā about asked When - to
- individuals recounted the events surrounding her death rather than the video itself. video the than rather death her surrounding events the recounted individuals face interaction rather than by telephone or in writing. ( inor writing. telephone by than interactionrather face
ws in person, but they afforded the opportunity for me to engage with indivi with engage to me for opportunity the afforded they but person, in ws the condition of anonymity and allowing an individual to select a location of an interview are are interview ofan location a toselect individual an allowing and ofanonymity thecondition , e d. Kate Manuel (New York: Neal York: (New Manuel Kate d. - person interviews when possible. when interviews person
The ability to travel to Egypt to Egypt to travel to ability The ial opinions or topics. ( topics. or opinions ial
I was also able to travel to Egypt to interview locals who had who locals interview to Egypt to travel to able also was I Research wee consented. wee
98
(Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2006), 56. Press, 2006), OpenUniversity (Maidenhead: 34 In total, I interviewed fourteen individuals, six of of six individuals, fourteen interviewed I total, In , 53
– Ibid., 53. Ibid., 54.
, Theory into Practice Theory
and four of whom were fromwere fourTehran.and of whom Furthermore, when interviews were co were interviews when Furthermore, - Schuman Publishers, 2008),86 Publishers, Schuman
T ) .
he he In a further attempt to create a more a create to attempt further a In Susan E. Beck, E. Beck, Susan iiy o e uig h pro in period the during me to ximity
four
conduct interviews was ideal: N ideal: was interviews conduct
I was able to conduct interviews conduct to able was I individuals
r she had been shot, though, shot, been had she r 39, no. 3 (2000):133 3 39, no. 97
lhuh twud have would it Although reported that reported Practical Research Methods for Research Practical
of Iran and the di the and Iran of from Tehran who Tehran from – 87; Patrick Di 87; Patrick
) –
34; John F F 34; John Nedā
The had l- n- d- ot k- s-
CEU eTD Collection remarkable. more story this made innocence her th suggest not had stories thesethat aware were they that mentioned Interviewees forces. police Iranian by arrested being after his of friend personal close a that mentioned also interviewee shot been had who students university or prisoners executed and tortured of stories aske interviewees the by killed been had force brutal police a and merciless regime. of victim anda bystander innocent an as ofher The are impressions of thusremain Nedā cence. that “mart a as her characterized interviewees Twoshot. being to warrant regime an Iran the against nothing done had protests and the in involved been not had she that stressed They video. the of end the at bleed to began she which at moment the recounted instead but camera, the into nian importance prime of is burial propera explained, they because, heinous particularly as ees Nedā for burial public a hold to family her allow to the of cruelty the only not emphasized interviewees officer, a by shot been had she that and participated, not but protests the watched d about examples of brutality during the protests. the during brutality of examples about d s hi’a
The final recollection that interviewees repeatedly emphasized w emphasized repeatedly interviewees that recollection final The The even though these events were not depicted in the video of her attack. her of video the in depicted not were events these though even
community not not
four at this was the case because her death was more brutal than other protestors’, but that that but protestors’, other than brutal more was death her because case the was this at received the same amount of attention internationally as the story of Nedā. of story the as internationally attention of amount same the received , a female who had not been involved in the protests, the in involved been not had who female a ,
interviewees could also recall a a alsorecall could interviewees basij .
Furthermore, interviewees did not recall the moment at which which at moment the recall not did interviewees Furthermore, or other yr” of the election protests because she was shot in spite of her inn her of spite in shot was she because protests election the of yr” state - sanctioned military and paramilitary forces.paramilitary and military sanctioned
handful of other demonstrators and bystandershandful ofother demonstrators who and 35
Thus, amongst those interviewed for this project, this for interviewed those amongst Thus, , themselves both participants in the protests,the participantsin both , themselves
after her death. her after basi
The interviewees were able to recount other recount to able were interviewees The j , but also of the Iranian regime that refused that regime Iranian the of also but ,
had been killed in a prison two years two prison a in killed been had This stood out to the intervie the to out stood This
mentioned Nedā first when first Nedā mentioned as that Nedā was innocent. was Nedā that as basij
, In fact, only one ofone only fact, In Furthermore, three Furthermore, a volunteer police volunteer a –
and one and Nedā to the Ir the to
They did did They
stares stares male
also w- o- a- i-
CEU eTD Collection ( was taken. thephoto before her on that wasused spray pepper 99 Occupy the in involvement or activism of history her on focus not did and experienced, she pain the marily photograp other re not could they and one, this from aside events other any recall not could interviewees Seattle, in spray pepper of overuse or brutality police of examples other about asked the at was actually she than greater pain in Rainey showed it that was photo the of tion fluid. neutralizing spray pepper with covered her depicted actually picture p the that recalled interviews those of two addition, Inpark. local a of out move to forced afterwere protestors occurring confrontation a of because occasion particular this on spray pepper with hit been had protestors that remember pepper spray. amount large a with hit been had who woman elderly an was she remembered they that questi the considering after event the recalled only one and protests, Seattle Occupy the during brutality police T spontaneously: being spray. after withpepper hit ofgraph Rainey event, particular this in participated not had but protests Seattle Occupy interviewed. I individuals of minds the in forces police Seattle to resistance and activism her than salient more remained her of the state’stoward cruelty unwarranted o remains today Nedā of conception prevailing the
In an interview with Keith Olbermann, Rainey mentioned that the neutralizing spray had helped relieve thepain oftherelieve helped had spray theneutralizing that mentioned Rainey KeithOlbermann, with Ininterview an
Interviewees did not recall Rainey’s name or her history of activism, and activism, of history her or name Rainey’s recall not did Interviewees iia t te vns urudn te et of death the surrounding events the to Similar Seattle on for a few minutes. few a for on Movement. hs. Interviewee hs. hey recalled the events only after being asked if they remembered any examples of examples any remembered they if asked being after only events the recalled hey
Three of the four interviewees four the of Three
s When asked what the photograph depicted, interviewees responded interviewees depicted, photograph the what asked When ’
recollectio icture depicted Rainey covered in pepper spray, even though the though even spray, pepper in covered Rainey depicted icture ns of the photograph of Rainey thus concentrated pr concentrated thus Rainey of photograph the of ns .
36
Howe
f an innocent bystande innocent an f Bell, Bell, ver, intervieweesver, didnotmen Nedā “Dorli Rainey, New Face ofOccupy.” Face New Rainey, “Dorli , two of whom had been involved in the in involved been had whom of two , Rie’ hmlain n innocence and humiliation Rainey’s ,
In this way, their recolle their way, this In
r who stands out because because out stands who r recalled Trujillo’s phot Trujillo’s recalled member
they also could not could also they
any of Trujillo’s Trujillo’s of any tion the events time. )
99
When When
the o- c- i- CEU eTD Collection One event. officers’ the of inappropriateness the was it that emphasized Egyp within significant so become had event particular this why asked When ripped her with torso “girl’s” the covered officer an which at point the or themselves, beaten the in scenes other been had she after cloth her that remembered interviewees all depicted, “girl” the of video “gir the of case the mentioning before areas demonstration from removed forcibly or shot being protestors of stories other recounted interviewees Most bered. Seattle, and However, asked. when bra” blue inthe “girl intervieweesremembered the All brutality. of passive as bra” a victim intheblue the “girl during Cairo in Tehran and protest the 2011. movements and in2009 poli the in appointment attentio shifted and Seattle, in brutality police local of thehistory interviewees fluid spray ofreminded covered pepper of Rainey with neutralizing image unsurprising. yet disappointing, was protestors Occupy against spray pepper of use the that and decades, few past the in citizens against force of use gratuitous their for scrutiny under forces. thi in used articles newspaper the of none cause ior brutal for reputation a had forces police local that was Movement Occupy the of time the at , especially toward poor and immigrant communities. immigrant and poor toward especially ,
All interviewees All Interviews with Egyptians living in Cai in living Egyptians with Interviews livi individuals with interviews during mentioned repeatedly was that issue One female female this was not the most salient example of police brutality that most interviewees reme interviewees most that brutality police of example salient most the not was this
surrounded by officers who then beat her. Interviewees did not typically recount typically not did Interviewees her. beat then who officers by surrounded interviewee who had been involved in the protests mentioned that mentioned protests the in involved been had who interviewee video in which the “girl” was helped by other protestors who were subsequently were who protestors other by helped was “girl” the which in video , in contrast, in , ce forces more generally, thus paralleling the news reports of police brutality police of reportsnews the paralleling thus generally, more forces ce as was also the case in my interviews with individuals from Tehran from individuals with interviews my in case the also was as
mentioned that Seattle’s police officers have frequently come frequently have officers police Seattle’s that mentioned ro in October 2011 revealed a similar perception of perception similar a revealed 2011 October in ro 37 s study mentioned the reputation of Seattle police Seattle of reputation the mentioned study s
n away from her particular experiences to a di a to experiences particular her from away n This was a particularly notable finding b finding notable particularly a was This l in the blue bra.” When asked what the what asked When bra.” blue the in l behavior
and the sheer novelty of this of novelty sheer the and ing had been ripped open ripped been had ing t, interviewees typically interviewees t,
In this way, the way, this In ng in Seattle in ng she was not not was she beha abaya m- v- e- s- . CEU eTD Collection Harassment Street Stop 101 100 words the with bra blue a depicted Square, Tahrir near wall city one on seen be still could which image, One bra. “girl’s” the of novelty the on heavily most concentrated cartoons three addition, In boots. military wearing is cartoon the in officer the shoes, tennis wearing was event the of video the in bra” blue the in e image still the to identical almost is image this Curiously, events. the following articles newspaper in appeared that open ripped her with officers by held being “girl” the of image still same the depicts cartoons these of cartoon vided pr interviewees Two revolution. the during place took that events the commemorate to Cairo, of memorie Egyptians’ in for remembered ly herhumiliation events se th whether of regardless thusthat, intervieweesdemonstrated of reactions The clothing. suggestive wearing through herself to attention much too drawing for newspapers conservative more by weeks fo “humiliating” as primarily described was event the Furthermore, culture. Egyptian to contradictory is way this in woman a exposing because tary ear military by testsexecuted virginity forced the citing protests, Spring Arab the during common viewee occurring events similar of aware
Picture can be seen inseen be can Picture in in detail isrecounted Thisincident lier that year as a a as year that lier
who had not been involved in the protests the in involved been not had who A few interviewees mentioned that the reason the story of the “girl in the blue bra” remains bra” blue the in “girl the of story the reason the that mentioned interviewees few A were common or not during the Arab Spring in Egypt, the “girl in the blue bra” is primar isbra” theblue in “girl the Egypt, Springin Arab the during ornot common were s
of the “girl in the blue bra” to show how she is remembered throu remembered is she how show to bra” blue the in “girl the of , December 17, 2012, http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/2012/12/honorbluebra/. 17, 2012, December , case inpoint. case HKearl, “One Year Later: Honor ‘The Girl with the Blue Bra’ and Others Like Her,” Blog, Her,” Like Others and Bra’ theBlue with Girl ‘The Honor Later: Year “One HKearl,
101 s is because of the use of cartoon imagery, which is still visible in some parts parts some in visible still is which imagery, cartoon of use the of because is s
This cartoon, then, depicts the event as even more as violent even depicts than theevent it This cartoon,then, xcept fo xcept
100
Kirkpatrick, “Egypt’s Women Find Power Still Hinges onMen.” Still Hinges Power Find Women “Egypt’s Kirkpatrick,
either prior or subsequent to this incident. Another Another incident. this to subsequent or prior either and victimizationand
r the officer’s shoes: W shoes: officer’s the r Interviewees also depicted this event as “shameful” for the mil the for “shameful” as event this depicted also Interviewees 38 r the victim, who was criticized in the following the in criticized was who victim, the r
, in contrast, maintained that such events were were events such that maintained contrast, in , .
hile the officer who stepped on the “girl the on stepped who officer the hile gh drawings. One drawings. gh
female female
truly was. truly was. forces inte abaya o- e- r- i- i-
CEU eTD Collection 104 http://letsingerwrites.com/2012/04/24/the April 2012, 24, 103 102 events and and form can that discourse of form a as serves narratives political of discussion a ward t and attacks their and victims the from away focus The demonstrations. the of end the toward t how of example an as membered t Similarly, to. accustomed become had locals that the of example an as served attack Rainey’s and violence, gratuitous state and tality br police of undercurrent an of microcosms as events these viewed frequently interviewees stead, movem protest in cence. women. three these of activism actual or possible m protest the in and events particular these both tives. narr political dominant reinforce can imagery that theory aesthetic of principle the confirm further the most enduringaspects brutalization. ofher thestory surrounding use The blue a cludes O power: of position a in bra below. Arabic in written system” the “end
Shepherd, “Visualising Violence,” 215; Bleiker, “The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory,” 513. Theory,” Political in International Turn “TheAesthetic Bleiker, 215; Violence,” “Visualising Shepherd, inseen be can Picture Translatio 104 Likewise
Interviews with locals present in Tehran, Seattle Tehran, in presentlocals with Interviews
In all three sets of interviews, individuals recounted the actions and and actions the recounted individuals interviews, of sets three all In of the blue bra in these images to identify this incident reveals that her exposure is one of of one is exposure her that reveals incident this identify to images these in bra blue the of . n provided by an interviewee. an by nprovided
bra, - , none of the interviewees from Seattle remembered Rainey’s history of involvement involvement of history Rainey’s remembered Seattle from interviewees the of none , sanctioned violence. violence. sanctioned
ents, and interviewees did not refer to the “girl in the blue bra” as an activist. I activist. an as bra” blue the in “girl the to refer not did interviewees and ents, the other portrays her with her her with her portraysother the Brandon Letsinger, “The Creation of a Revolutionary Icon,” Blog, Icon,” Blog, Revolutionary ofa Creation “The Letsinger, Brandon
ne shows her as a cartoon super hero whose signature costume i costume signature whose hero super cartoon a as her shows ne
he he Nedā Egyptian
reinforces the claims of Shepherd and Bleiker that imager that Bleiker and Shepherd of claims the reinforces ’s death was seen as an example example an as seen was death ’s 102
Two other cartoons depicted a woman wearing a bl a wearing woman a depicted cartoons other Two
reinforce domi reinforce 39 military was excessively violent toward protestors toward violent excessively was military abaya
- The focus of focus The creation he vmns oe eeal wie vrokn the overlooking while generally more ovements
incident with the with incident
lifted while she kicks an officer in the face. the in officer an kicks she while lifted ,
and Cairo at the time these events occu theseevents time the at Cairo and - of - a - revolutionary nant constructions of political actors political of constructions nant Nedā
interviewees was on her inn her on was interviewees brutality of the Seattle police Seattle the of brutality “girl in the blue bra” was r was bra” blue the in “girl - icon/. Brandon Letsinger W Letsinger Brandon of the Iranian regime’s Iranian the of
behavior
of police in police of
rites , rred ue ue n- o- n- o- 103 u- a- e- y
CEU eTD Collection 105 inthe theirof brutality stories extreme memories of thosetheincidentsoccurred. heard when who sacrae state of greatly suffered having as remembered are that revealed similarly attacked were study this of women three the that time the during S Tehran, in living individuals with interviews was, fact in she than violence tous rescue her of version dramatized also but told, the that claim Agamben’s sho tennis a than rather boot heavy a with on stepped being as cartoons through remembered was bra” blue the in “girl the and fluid, neutralizing than rather spray pepper p bleeding their of images still the than brutal more as events i First, victims. apolitical and ile r their through marginalized been have bra” blue
Masters, “
as their complete testimonies have been have testimonies complete their as - The sanctioned officers. sanctioned rofusely rather than staring into a camera, Rainey was remembered as being covered in covered being as remembered was Rainey camera, a into staring than rather rofusely Femina Sa Femina
interviews also interviews strongly resembles resembles strongly cra ,” 36; Agamben, ,”36; Agamben,
M
further show that the testimonies of testimonies the that show further Nedā uselmann
i ntbe ht i that notable is t Masters’s conceptualization of Lynch as a a as Lynch of conceptualization Masters’s in an Iraqi prison characterized her as more of a victim of gratu of victim a of more as her characterized prison Iraqi an in , Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra” bra” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, , Remnants of Auschwitz of Remnants ’s true and complete testimony becomes lost as his story is r is story his as lost becomes testimony complete and true ’s –
and perhaps more than they in fact had had fact in they than more perhaps and
transformed in such a way that renders them victims them renders that way a such in transformed etelling as these women have been reduced to fra to reduced been have women these as etelling 40
, 35 nter
attacks – iwe i al he css eebrd the remembered cases three all in viewees 37.
would suggest: Nedā was remembered was Nedā suggest: would Nedā , Rainey, and Rainey, therefore resemble therefore e. e. femina sacra femina This reflects not only not reflects eattle
the “girl in the in “girl the –
at the hands the at . 105 , the women the
and Cairo and
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g- e- i- CEU eTD Collection that revealed Seattle Tehran, in locals with interviews and media print American of examination Agamben’s both as well as theory, thetic tives lence. is stead the of lieu In were. necessarily they than violent more been having as attacks their of images the believe and surround events the member r to continue interviewees local Finally, themselves. victims the of experiences and backgrounds the toward of instead cruelty and patriarchy toward tendencies cultural and violence, sanctioned na dominant to attention more pay media print American in orded re incidents these of narratives the Furthermore, occur. to events the allowed that regimes the to attac their following month the in circulated that articles newspaper American the fates, their to resigned and passive were women these that perspective the reinforce attacks their depicting images still lar ima of circulation the through marginalized been all have women three these of stories the that apparent become has it events, these with familiar locals of as thetestimonies incidents, as well three articles surroundingthese newspaper and theimages ing on attacks the Conc ks minimize the women’s capacity for activism and resistance to those who brutalized them and them brutalized who thoseto resistance and activism for women’scapacity the minimize ks through the circulation of images of their brutaliza their of images of circulation the through
lusion Throughout this investigation, it has been shown that t that shown been has it investigation, this Throughout publiciz of act the extent, what to and how, of question the address to sought paper This thus
complete testimonies complete
an impression of these women as passive victims of gratuitous state gratuitous of victims passive as women these of impression an the circulation of particular still images of these three incidents have reinforced the reinforced have incidents three these of images still particular of circulation the Nedā , Rainey, and Rainey, ing the women’s brutal treatment more than the women themselves, women the than more treatment brutal women’s the ing
the “girl in the blue bra” has silenced their testimonies. their silenced has bra” blue the in “girl the of Nedā M , Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra,” bra,” blue the in “girl the and Rainey, , uselmann 41
ges surrounding their attacks. attacks. their surrounding ges and the and tions femina sacra sacra femina closely parallels the principles of ae of principles the parallels closely he exclusion of these women’s narr women’s these of exclusion he rratives of police brutality, state brutality, police of rratives as articulated by Lentin. by articulated as While the partic the While what remai what - , sanctioned vi sanctioned
and Cairo has Cairo and
By exami By ns i ns
An ing n- o- n- u- e- c- a- s- - CEU eTD Collection 109 108 107 106 at look could articles. newspaper American examines only it that in limited necessarily investigations of femand mor for exchanged and silenced been have all thus are en fragile and passive as recast be to position strong particularly grounds violence of tims behalf. his on speak to that claim Agamben’s demonstrate of victims less actors. political about narratives dominant reinforce can photographs ambiguous that claim Bleiker’s illustrates tle, an Iran of politics event. ambiguous an of interpretation an present photographs that assertions Shepherd’s and Bleiker’s demonstrates This attack their to resistant activists as them of characterizations tive altern masking while victims helpless and passive as women these of characterization questionable
Lentin, “ Agamben, in Int Turn “TheAesthetic Bleiker, 509 Theory,” Political in International Turn “TheAesthetic Bleiker, Nedā Although this paper has helped to illustrate th illustrate to helped has paper this Although inine , Rainey, and the “girl in the blue bra” havemarginali bra” theblue in the “girl and , Rainey, lend cred lend Femina Sacra Femina Remnants of Auschwitz Remnants
passivity and articles originating in Iran and Egypt to identify alternate narratives of these incidents these of narratives alternate identify to Egypt and Iran in originating articles can
107 feminae sacrae feminae their attackers in both American print media and locals’ memories of the events events the of memories locals’ and media print American both in attackers their
in newspaper reports and interviewees’ lack of awareness of these women’s bac women’s these of awareness of lack interviewees’ and reports newspaper in
Furthermore, d Cairo, as well as interviewees’ focus on the prevalence of police brutality in Sea in brutality police of prevalence the on focusinterviewees’ as well as Cairo, d ibility help to help ,” 466; Masters, “ Masters, ,”466; 106
108
In addition, the attention paid by American media reports to the culture and and culture the to reports media American by paid attention the addition, In
to the assertions of Lentin and Masters that women’s testi women’s that Masters and Lentin of assertions the to Moreover, the Moreover, further innocence.
, 33 as defined by Lentin and Masters because their complete testimonies complete their because Masters and Lentin by defined as
ernational Political Theory,” 512. Theory,” Political ernational – the loss of the testimonies of these wo these of testimonies the lossof the 37. elucidate the extent to which this has occurred. has this which to extent the elucidate Femina Sacra Femina
the
M consistent characterization of characterization consistent uselmann e familiar stories of patriarchal violence, police brutality, police violence, patriarchal of stories familiar e ,”30 – 42 32. ’s testimony becomes distorted as others attempt attempt others as distorted becomes testimony ’s
e ways in which the circulation of photographs photographs of circulation the which in ways e –
510, 513; Shepherd, “Visualising Violence,” 215. Violence,” “Visualising Shepherd, 513; 510, zed these women’s experiences, furtherthese women’sexperiences, zed as they are retold are they as s and military or paramilitary forces. paramilitary or military and s
men as anything beyond hel beyond anything as men these women as apolitical vi apolitical as women these
frhr investigation further A . 109
These three wo three These First, this paper is is paper this First, monies are in a a in are monies m- p- k- c- a- t-
CEU eTD Collection 110 the than moreexperiencedviolencearguably accomplice, bra’s”bluemale the in the“girllike whom, of some violence of victims iconic less other, of testimonies the excluded has victims passive as women citizens of treatment vio to prone particularly are societies certain that narratives questionable dominant perpetuates victimhood passive and their in emphasize both testimonies complete women’s of marginalization state police, of victims as women apolitical of narratives dominant of reinforcement a in resulted only has images these of treatment the that sugge images thesethe disparity between them testimonies women’s about that thenarratives have and circulated reports media and websites through misconstrued become can en wo on attacks violent of images circulated widely which in ways the into investigations further for anti at present being for women experiences histories, the on light shed to help may friends and complices ye has bra” blue the in “girl demonstrations. Seattle Occupy the during experiences her about publicly spoken has she as simple fairly be would activism Rainey’s on focus an in women three these of backgrounds the countries. these in appear that
Lentin, “ At the beginning of this paper, it was asked whether the international focus on these three these on focus international the whether asked was it paper, this of beginning the At se Femina Sacra Femina
three women. three sts that greater attention is being paid to women’s narratives. women’s to paid being is attention greater that sts ,” 471; Masters, “ Masters, ,”471; . 110
It is certainly true that in the cases discussed in th thecasesin discussed in that true certainly isIt articles on the on articles
ultimately causes viewers to lose sight of the full horrors of vio of horrors full the of sight lose to viewers causes ultimately Furth t to identify herself, a greater focus only on the testimonies of their a their of testimonies the on only focus greater a herself, identify to t
In addition, an attempt could be made to more thoroughly investigate thoroughly more to made be could attempt an addition, In
ermore, as was shown in the cases of cases the in shown was as ermore, hog te nlso o ter artvs ihn h pbi sphere public the within narratives their of inclusion the through - regime demonstrations. T demonstrations. regime Femina Sacra, Femina . More work More . femina sacra femina
, Although Although
” 43. and cultural brut cultural and attempt to recuperate to attempt , however, remains to be done to better understand better to done be to remains however, ,
43
that
ean t b investigated. be to remains Nedā the inaccurate emphasis on women’s fragility women’s on emphasis inaccurate the his paper paper his
has been permanently silenced and the and silenced permanently been has ality.
Concordantly, the effect the Concordantly, Nedā
the thus ir is study, the study, is ,
and the “girl,” these ph these “girl,” the and serves as serves
lost and motivations of these of motivations and This study has indicated has study This
narratives etn n Masters and Lentin a starting point starting a focus on these on focus . lence and and lence A greater A
of this of lent lent m- o- c- . –
CEU eTD Collection toldontheir behalf. have more toviolence, subjected been have who women i Ultimately, tes incomplete of circulation the that shows country entire an against discipline international on discussions inspire even and constructions tural country the against policy foreign ican of inthecase and patriarchal inherently are societies two these that notions perpetuate to used been have tographs attention must be paid to the to paid be must attention n order for a more complete understanding of the unique and complex experiences of experiences complex and unique the of understanding complete more a for order n Nedā ’s death, this death, event ’s
victims was necessary. That single events can reinforce negative cu negative reinforce can events single That necessary. was even even timonies of violence may have dangerous consequences. dangerous have may violence of timonies
themselves as well as of the societies in which the violence occurs, theviolence which as thesocieties well in as of sparked newspapers to suggest that a tou suggestsparked newspapers thata to 44
and not only to the narratives that others that narratives the to only not and gher Ame gher r- l- –
CEU eTD Collection 111 of section mypaper. empirical Appendix: Sources Used for Empirical Analysis
Still shot taken from from taken Still shot Still The following are images of images are following The images Figure 2: Dorli Rainey, hitFigure 2:DorliRainey, spray the pepper with at Seattle protestsOccupy
from Videos and Photographs Photographs and from Videos FEELTHELIGHT, FEELTHELIGHT,
Figure 1: The Death ofFigure 1:TheDeath
Nedā Her Name Was Neda Was Name Her , Rainey, and and Rainey, , 45
Nedā
.
the “girl in the blue bra” that I used in the in used I that bra” blue the in “girl the
Agha
- Soltan 111
112
CEU eTD Collection 113 112 Branigin. “Irania Erdbrink, Thomas, William and ——— Er Margaret,and Taghavi. “IranCoker, Roshanak Dismisses Vote “Neda, Randy. Obama thePowerCohen, and of Pictures.” Neda.
Reuters, “Hillary Clinton’s Condemnation ofBlue Clinton’s Condemnation “Hillary Reuters, Seattle.” “Occupy Trujillo, dbrink, Thomas. “Violence Breaksdbrink, Thomas. Out inStreets “Violence of Tehran.” List ofList Article
dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062600463.html?sid=ST2009062504596. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp Leaders.” 23/world/36789648_1_neda http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009 World. sec. 2009, Slaying. “Woman’s In and http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009sec. World. nal Opinion. of death the surrounding events of analysis discourse my in used were articles following The . June 30, 2009,. June30, sec. World. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124626597362067533.html. - mehdi
http://ethicist.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/the The Washington Post - s Used in inChapter Discourses Used Analysis 3 karroubi
- riot Protests Opposition An Creates Icon.” - Figure 3:TheGirl Blue inthe Bra police . June 27, 2009, sec. World. sec. 2009, . June27, - agha - mir - soltan -
hossein - Bra Beating ‘Interference’ in Egypt, Foreign Minister Says.” Minister Foreign inEgypt, ‘Interference’ Beating Bra - - n Cleric Calls for ‘Ruthless’of Punishment Protest 46 mir -
mousavi. - hossein The New York Times
- - 07 mousavi - Fraud Claims.” Claims.” Fraud
- The Washington PostThe Washington
31/world/36913037_1_mousavi 113 - 06
- power The Washington PostThe Washington - - theocratic - of . June 29, 2009, sec. sec. 2009, . June29, - The Wall Street JouThe Wall pictures/. - government. . July 31, 2009, 2009, . July31,
. June 23, . June23,
r- -
CEU eTD Collection Q. Katharine Seelye, “Pepper Spray’s Fallout,from Control Images.” toMocking Crowd “Pepper DeployedMackey, Ayn Robert. and AgainstRand SeattleSpray Occupy Protesters.” “Occupy StreetFlock, Elizabeth. Wall Cops:It’s Brutality.” Not Police All ——— “#OccupyWallSt Jillian. Dunham, Day Roundup, 61.” Bell, theNewof Melissa.84, the Face “Dorli Rainey, Protests.” Occupy onDorlispray Rainey. attack J.Dreazen. “Obama Shift.” Weisman, Yochi RipsIran Jonathan and inTactical Solomon, Jay, Sudarsan.Raghavan, InIran “Role ofWomen ProtestKindles Hope.” Kessler, onElection Glenn.“Obama Steps of UpCriticism Crackdown Iran’s Protests.” theFathi, Nazila. “InADeath World, of Around Protests.” Symbol Iranian Seen a Fassihi, “Protests Farnaz. in Iran Dimin mocking http://www.nytimes.com/20 York Times against http://thelede.blogs.n New York Times police http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogp sec. 16,2011, vember World. News. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/18/occupywallst . “#OccupyWallSt 62.” Day Roundup, News. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/occupywallstUS sec. 17,2011, vember World. my in used were articles following The http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124575867345041295.html. Street Journal Wall 28/world/36847335_1_female http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009 World. sec. 2009, dyn/content/sto ington Post http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/world/middleeast/23neda.html. Times sec. 23, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124566035538436595.html.World. . June 22, 2009, s 2009, . June22, - brutality/2011/11/16/gIQAEMgURN_blog.html. - occupy - images.html?_r=0. . June 24, 2009, sec. World. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp World. sec. 2009, . June24, . November 22, 2011, sec. US News. US sec. 22,2011, . November - . November 16, 2011, sec. sec. 2011, 16, World. . November seattle ry/2009/06/23/ST2009062301746.html. . June24, World. sec. 2009,
- ec. ec. World. ytimes.com/2011/11/16/pepper protesters/.
11/11/23/us/pepper - protesters ish Amid Security Crackdown.” Crackdown.” ish AmidSecurity
The New York Times discourse analysis of events surrounding the pepper the surrounding events of analysis discourse 47 - neda
- The New York Times ost/post/occupy agha - sprays - soltan - spray
- . November 18, 2011, s 2011, 18, . November fallout - - iranian 06
- and - The Washington Post The Wall Street Journal - The Washington PostThe Washington - wall - from . November 16, 2011, sec. 16,2011, . November ayn - The Washington Post women. - - street - roundup rand - crowd
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“ womens http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/video World. sec. 2011, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/tahrir In.” . “Tahrir Walled Square, egyptian http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/world/middleeast/violence Dece Protest in Women . “Mass Soldiers.” Cairo OverAbuse Marchby by restrictions http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/world/middleeast/egyptian sec. 9,2012, uary Middle East. icleTabs%3Darticle. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204553904577104190363673720.html#art East. dle . “P http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204791104577110610803461718.html. East. Middle sec. 2011, Women. “Egyptian Abuseby March,Decry Military.” icleTabs%3Darticle. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204 East. Middle sec. 2011, g my in used were articles following The i r l
olice Clash Protesters.”olice With Cairo i n m
t h ber 20,2011,ber sec. East. Middle . “Video of Women’s MarchinCairo.” Egyptian - - e march general
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CEU eTD Collection G.“84 Danken, “DiscourseCoyle, Adrian. In Analysis.” Claire.“Agamben:Colebrook, Aesthetics, Potentiality, Life.” and Margaret,and Taghavi. “IranCoker, Roshanak Dismisses Vote “Neda, Randy. Obama thePowerCohen, and of Pic and William, Chaloupka, Thomas Dumm. “Introduction.” Murdock, “The Media Under atThe David. Carr, Equation: Tilting Rightward Journal.” ——— ——— Matt.Bradley, “Egyptian IsMilitary’s Stake.” Credibility at Roland. Bleiker, “The Aesthetic Theory.” Political Turn inInternational Bell, theNewof Melissa.84, the Face “Dorli Rainey, Protests.” Occupy Beck, SusanE. “Categorial t Zygmunt. Bauman, Murder, or: toRemember How Badran, Margot.“Competing ——— ——— — Giorgio. Agamben, Bibliography —— aktivistin http://freies 17,2011. November inInterview).” SprayPepper Attack Blog. Sage M.Hammond,Chris Fife Sean (2008): 107 nal http://ethicist.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/the http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/media/14carr.html?_r=0. York Time icleTabs%3Darticle. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204553904577104190363673720.html#art East. dle Clash. “Police Protesters.” With Cairo http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204791104577110610803461718.html. East. Middle sec. 2011, Women. “Egyptian Abuseby March,Decry Military.” icleTabs%3Darticl http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204058404577106452185060554.html#art East. Middle sec. 2011, St tional sec. 17,2011, vember World. New nuel. York: Neal forShoah the21stCentury 13 Egypt.” InCentury . . . 1998. The Open: Man Man Theand Open: Animal ofState Exception ofAuschwitz:Remnants andArchive The the Witness – . June 30, 2009,. June30, sec. World. http://online.wsj 43. New 43. New 2000. York: Routledge, Publications, 2006.
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