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March 2003 Ii The University of Sheffield Department of Archaeology Production and Circulation of the Late Neolithic Pottery from Makrygialos (Phase II), Macedonia, Northern Greece Elissavet Hitsiou Volume 1 Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2003 ii Erove; yovde; /-wv, Eravpo Kal iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This PhD has been a long and interesting journey. During its course, I was transformed by many social, emotional and intellectual experiences thanks to the many people who accompanied me in one way or another. To all of them, even if their names do not appear here, lowe a great deal. First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Dr P. M. Day and my advisor Dr P. Halstead, for helping me to shape coherent ideas out of what seemed like chaos. My teacher, Dr K. Kotsakis, supported me and encouraged me to start this adventure. I am indebted to M. Pappa and M. Besios, Directors of the Makrygialos project at the Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum in Greece, for granting me the invaluable opportunity to study this ceramic material; M. Pappa, in particular, has resolved many practical problems and facilitated my fieldwork periods in Makrygialos. lowe many thanks to Professor Hourmouziadis of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, V. Adrimi and V. Rondiri of the Volos Archaeological museum, Pan. Chrysostomou and P. Chrysostomou, of the Pella Archaeological Museum, and Dr I. Aslanis, of the National Research Institute in Athens, for giving me permission to take comparative samples for petrographic analysis from the sites of Dimini, Agrosykia A and Giannitsa B. The Greek Archaeological Service guards, P. Miaouras and N. Kalitsios, and the excavation team in Makrygialos, offered much valuable help during my fieldwork there. I am grateful to Professor P. Buckland for reading my work and for practical help and support. lowe many thanks to Dr L. Joyner and Dr P. Quinn for checking earlier drafts of my petrographic descriptions, and Dr E. Kiriatzi for useful discussions on the material. Many thanks to Dr A. Krahtopoulou for offering me to use the geological map of Makrygialos of her unpublished PhD thesis. J. Russell, from the Computing Services Department, University of Sheffield, helped me to organise my macroscopic data and performed part of the basic statistical analysis. Rob Craigie, Martin Brocklesby and Marco Beggiora offered invaluable help by resolving computer related problems. This research project was financially supported by the University of Sheffield, the Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, the Sheffield Centre for iv Aegean Archaeology, the British Federation for Women Graduates, the Swann-Morton Foundation and the Gilchrist Educational Trust. lowe many thanks to a number of people who have supported me during my years in Sheffield. The Cox family, Pia Nystrom, Delil, Claudia, Ana and Dulce have created a friendly and homely environment and tolerated my moods during difficult times. The people who have shared my enthusiasm and hopes and kept me going during hard times are my friends. I would like to express my gratitude to them. Alice, Elena and Emma have offered me not only constant emotional support but also invaluable practical help. Also, Maria, Vangelio, Penelopi, Maria, Evi, Vicky, Eva and Despina were always there to listen and encourage me in times when I felt I was about to collapse. Above all, I want to express my warmest and deepest gratitude to my family. My brother, Dimitris, has been a constant source of care and support; his free spirit and sense of humour were there to remind me the bigger picture whenever I was in danger of 'loosing the plot'. There are not enough words to thank my parents. Without their love, confidence in me and financial support, this PhD would not have been possible. I am indebted to them for making my dream come true. v ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the production technology and inter-site circulation of a large and diverse Late Neolithic ceramic assemblage from the newly excavated, flat­ extended settlement of Makrygialos, in Pieria, northern Greece. It argues for the use of macroscopic and petrographic analysis of a large number of samples from Makrygialos (Phase II) in a fully integrated project. Also incorporated are comparative samples from the contemporary settlements of Dimini, in Thessaly, and Agrosykia A and Giannitsa B, in western Macedonia. A large body of new evidence is presented, which sheds light on the manipulation of raw materials by ancient potters through detailed study of the production technology of distinct categories of pottery, for a better understanding of the role of technological choice in production. Locally produced and imported ceramic categories are found to co-exist. These may signify manufacture by different groups or individuals with varying degrees of technological knowledge and skill, possibly produced in different places, or distinct ceramic traditions. More importantly, petrographic analysis provides positive evidence of the long-distance movement of pots, contradicting previously established ideas on the circulation of pottery for this period. Such evidence illustrates a high level of complexity in the societal organisation of the studied communities that has until recently been largely underestimated. The emerging picture strongly supports the idea of a dynamic Neolithic society characterised by mobility and interaction between people, as revealed through their material culture. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I DEDICATION ............................................................................................. ii A CKN0 WLEDG MENTS ....................................................................... iii-iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN GREECE••.•••..•....••...•••..••....••...........•...... 7 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................ '" .............. 7 2.2 Chronological framework of the Greek Neolithic ...................................... 7 2.3 Archaeological evidence ............................................................................. 8 2.3.1 The Early and Middle Neolithic .................................................................. 8 2.3.2 The Late and Final Neolithic ..................................................................... 13 2.4 Models of interpretation ............................................................................ 18 2.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 Agricultural Production and Exchange ..................................................... 18 2.4.2.1 The Early and Middle Neolithic ................................................................ 19 2.4.2.2 The Late and Final Neolithic ..................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Craft Production and Exchange ................................................................ 23 2.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3 POTTERY PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION•••.•••..••..••••••••••.•••.••.• 30 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. , 30 3.2 Pottery Production in the Greek Neolithic ................................................ 30 3.2.1 Definition of pottery production ............................................................... 30 3.2.2 General conceptual approaches to the study of pottery production .......... 30 3.2.3 Approaches to the study of manufacturing technology ............................. 34 3.2.4 Approaches to the organisation of production .......................................... 40 3.2.4.1 Direct evidence for the organisation of production ................................... 40 vii 3.2.4.2 Indirect evidence for the organisation of production ................................ 42 3.3 Circulation of Pottery ................................................................................ 54 3.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4 MAKRYGIALOS PHASE II: PRESENTATION OF THE SITE AND ITS CERAMIC MATERIAL ..................................................................... 60 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 60 4.2 The Late Neolithic settlement of Makrygialos (Phase II): Site Description ................................................................................................ 60 4.2.1 The Type Site ............................................................................................ 60 4.2.2 Location and Chronology .......................................................................... 61 4.2.3 Intra-site Organisation of Space - Makrygialos Phase II .......................... 62 4.2.3.1 The 'Pit-dwellings' Sub-phase .................................................................. 63 4.2.3.2 The' Apsidal Structures' Sub-phase ......................................................... 65 4.2.4 Intra-site Pottery Distribution in Phase II ................................................. 66 4.3 Makrygialos Phase II: Material Culture Remains ....................................
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