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A.M. Kabyshev 1 , B.K. Sadykov 2 1 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan 2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty, Kazakhstan * E-mail of one of the authors.

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International Symposiums Exotic nuclei - EXON

Dear readers,

From 5 to 10 September 2016 Kazan (Russian Federation) hosted the Interna- tional Symposium on one of the most important and the most rapidly developing areas of nuclear physics - the physics of exotic states of nuclei-"EXON 2016". The organizers of the Symposium were the five largest scientific centers, where this area is being successfully developed, -the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, the GANIL National Center (France), the RIKEN Research Center (Japan), the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (Germany), the National Su- perconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (Michigan, USA). The Symposium was held with the active participation of Kazan Federal University (KFU). Kazan Univer- sity was founded in 1804 by the renowned mathematician Lobachevsky, and has its own traditions. V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin), the writer L.N. Tolstoy, and other famous peoplestudied there. Currently, the most complex physical experiments conducted with the use of the large accelerators facilities and requiring huge financial investments cannot be performedbya single, even highly developed, country. An example of this might be the construction of the Large Hadron Collider at the European Orga- nization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the NICA collider and heavy-ion accel- erators at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, which includes 20 member countries. Therefore, these studies are carried out in close cooperation of research centers of several countries, each of which makes its financial and in- tellectual contribution to the construction of the largest facilities. Allowing one to penetrate into the secrets of matter more and more deeply and obtain new infor- mation not only for physics but also for other fields of science such as astronomy, physics of condensed matter, modern technologies. These fundamental studies and methods used in them are also of great importance forthe related areas of science and technology, such as nanotechnology, medicine, microelectronics. This is the eighth Symposium on exotic nuclei held in Russia. The first sym- posium took place 25 years ago in 1991 in Foros (Crimea), later symposiums were held on Baikal Lake, in Peterhof, Khanty-Mansiysk, Sochi, Vladivostok, and Kaliningrad (see themap). The first symposium (EXON1991) was dedicated to the results of coopera- tion of JINR (Dubna) and GANIL (Caen, France). After a while due to the great interest in this research and new experimental possibilities that emerged with the launch radioactive ion beam facilities the collaboration extended to five research centers, which were the co-founders of the subsequent EXON work- shops.Already in 2004, the co-founders of the symposium, held in Peterhof (near St. Petersburg) were GSI, GANIL, RIKEN, JINR, and later MSU (Michigan, USA). The Symposium "EXON 2016" was attended by about 160 scientists from 20 countries, most of whom are leading experts in the field of nuclear physics. The most representative delegations were from Germany, France, Japan, and USA. Research centers of these countries are interested in developing cooperation with JINR and scientific centers of Russia. The scientific program included invited talks on important areas of the 61

physics of exotic nuclei and new projects of the largest accelerator complexes and experimental facilities. In addition, discussions with the participation of leading scientists from various research centers in the world were organized. They dis- cussed issues of cooperation in the field of fundamental physics of heavy ions and applied research. At the opening of the Symposium, which was held in the old assembly hall, thespeech was made by the representatives of the Kazan (Volga region) Federal University and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, which celebrates the 60th anniversary of its foundationthis year. Exoticism in Nuclear Physics It has been 25 years since the first International symposium on exotic nuclei (EXON) was held. One of the main trends in modern nuclear physics is to ob- tain and study the properties of nuclear matter (or nuclei) in extreme state. The appearance of powerful accelerators of heavy ions allows the synthesis of such nuclei. Exotic nuclei are basically a nuclear matter in a very unusual state. There are several unusual states that define nuclei as exotic: nuclei of large angular momentum ("rabidly" rotating nuclei), nuclei of high excitation energy ("hot" nu- clei), strongly deformed nuclei (super and hyper-deformation, nuclei in unusual configuration form), nuclei with abnormally high number of neutrons or pro- tons (neutron- rich and proton-rich nuclei), and super-heavy nuclei up to atomic number of protons Z>110. The study of the properties of nuclear matter in its unusual state provides the important information about the properties of the mi- crocosm and thus allows us to simulate various processes that take place in the Universe.Since 1991, we have been holding Internationalsymposiums on exotic nuclei, which discuss the latest results on the properties ofexotic nuclei obtained by collaborations of various research centres. The crucialpoint of the symposium of 1991 was the joint results obtained in Dubna and inGANIL; that is why com- ing up with an idea to hold the first symposium EXON, we set ourselves several tasks: 1. The symposium should summarize the latest results obtained on the actual subject in collaboration with other research centres. 2. The symposium should take place only in exotic locations of Russia 3. The symposium results should promote decisions on future programme of the joint experiments. 62

4. All the symposiums should be based on local universities under active support and immediate participation of the students and teachers of these uni- versities. We seem to have managed to cope with all the set tasks according to the evidence of geography of the symposium venues. The entire topic of the symposium can be divided into the following parts: synthesis and properties of neutron-rich nuclei of light and the lightest elements, synthesis and properties of superheavy elements, rare processes and decays. The information about resonant states in 4H and5H system has been obtaine- dat LNR accelerators. The joint FLNR - GANIL - RIKEN experiment investigat- edthe super heavy isotopes of hydrogen and helium. Striking information was re- ceivedthrough the experiments on search of tetra neutron in GANIL and RIKEN. The study ofsuch systems is of great importance for understanding the increas- ing nuclear stabilitywith the increase of the number of neutrons (the existence of neutron systems of 20 and 40 neutrons had been long since predicted), which, in its turn, isof great interest to astrophysics (neutron star). A fundamentally new and somewhat unexpected information has been re- ceived for neutron-rich nuclei located near the magic neutron numbers N = 20 and N = 28. The number of neutrons near these magic numbers turned out to no longer play a stabilizing role. In this respect new magic numbers 6, 16 and 32 were found; at that, deformation is of great significance in stability of these nu- clei. A great number of theoretical and experimental works were devoted to re- search of such nuclei states. Here, for the first time therehad been used a method based on nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as methodsof sensitive gamma spectroscopy by using such detectors as EXOGAM, AGATAand EUROGAM. Di- rect measurements of nuclear masses where N = 20-28 werealso made. Exotic nuclei show unusual properties in reactions with other nucleias well. There have recently been received a number of interesting results in the study of excitation functions of full cross sections of reactions, fusion-fission reactions and particle evaporation from the excited compound nucleus. These reactions were studied in the beams of radioactive nuclei 6He,8 He,11 Li, and others. An essential increase in fusion cross-section at the energies close to the barrier was captured. A suffi- cient decrease of full cross-sections of reactions due to collapse of the interacting nuclei was noticed in case with weakly bound nuclei at high energies. This un- usual result confirms the existence of a "coat" made of two interacting neutrons in 6He nucleus. This trend of research of reaction with exotic nuclei is one of the major ones in the programme of radioactive beam-factories. and super heavy During the Symposium, the results of recent experiments on the synthesis and study of properties of nuclei of new superheavy elementswere discussed: the discovery of new superheavy elements shows high efficiency of international cooperation. Interesting results were obtained in joint experiments on chemical identification of elements 112 and 114, performed at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) JINR (Russia), the GSI (Germany), and the Paul Scherrer In- stitute (Switzerland). A striking example of cooperation with US scientists is an experiment on the synthesis of element 117, held at the cyclotron of FLNR JINR under the leadership of Yu.Ts.Oganessian. In 2014 Moscow hosted the inaugu- ration of element 114 (flerovium) and element 116 (livermorium) discovered in Dubna. 63

In November 2016, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) ap- proved the discovery of new chemical elements of the periodic table of D.I. Mendeleev with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118. For the element with atomic number 113 the discoverers at RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science (Japan) proposed the name nihonium and the symbol Nh. Nihon is one of the ways to say "Japan" in Japanese, and literally mean "the Land of Rising Sun". For the element with atomic number 115 the name proposed is moscovium with the symbol Mc and for element with atomic number 117, the name proposed is tennessine with the symbol Ts. These are in line with tradition honoring a place or geographical region and are proposed jointly by the discoverers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA), Vanderbilt University (USA) and Lawrence Livermore National Labora- tory (USA). The name moscovium is in recognition of the city of Dubna, Moscow Region. The name Tennessine is in recognition of the contribution of the Ten- nessee region, including Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, to superheavy element research. For the element with atomic number 118 the collaborating teams of discov- erers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA) proposed the name oganesson and the symbol Og. The proposal is in line with the tradition of honoring a scientist and recognizes Professor Yuri Oganessian for his pioneering contributions to trans- actinoid elements research. His many achievements include the discovery of su- perheavy elements and significant advances in the nuclear physics of superheavy nuclei including experimental evidence for the "island of stability". Prior to the era of nuclear reactors and heavy-ion accelerators, the only chem- ical element discovered in Russia, was ruthenium. This sixth unknown element of the platinum group was isolated in 1844 by a professor of the Kazan Impe- rial University Karl Ernst Claus in the study of the residuesof the Ural platinum ore. The result of his many years of hard labor was obtaining 6g of the new, 57thelement. The atomic weight of the element was calculated (quite close to the modern value); Claus obtained a significant number of ruthenium compounds and described theirchemical properties. He named the new substance ruthenium (Latin Ruthenia -. Russia). "I... named a new body in honor of my country"- Claus wrote. The samples of ruthenium compounds personally obtained by K.E. Claus are stored in the museum of Kazan chemical school. Kazan University is proud of the professor Karl Claus, who made a significant contribution to the de- velopment of the world inorganic chemistry. Thus, the experiments on synthesis of superheavy elements take a major part of research programmeof the leading research centres. In this regard, an important step in further understanding of the properties of superheavy elements were the experiments on research of the structure of transfermium nuclei. The experiments on measurement of gamma transitions in nuclei of 101, 102 and 103 elements have begun. These experiments are currently running at the University of Jyvaskylo (Finland), in GANIL (France) and in FLNR (JINR). Interesting results were obtained in joint experiments on chemical identifica- tion of elements 105, 112 and 114, performed at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reac- 64 tions (FLNR) JINR (Russia), the GSI (Germany), and the Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland). Radiochemists from Dubna, fromTechnical University of Munich and from GSI, who have performed the first experiments on chemical properties of super heavyelements, have made an important step in chemical identification of super heavy elements and in determination of their place in Mendeleev pe- riodic Table. This important trend in research of the properties of superheavy elements is expected to be continued in a broad collaboration of physicists and radiochemists of the leading centres. New facilities - new projects. A special day of the Symposium was devoted to the present and future accelerator complexes for heavy ions and radioactive nuclei in the leading scientific centers of the world. Five laboratories, which are the co-founders of the Symposium, are now creating a new generation of acceler- ators, which will enable significant progress towards the synthesis and study of properties of new exotic nuclei. Projects SPIRAL2, RIKEN RI Beam Factory, FAIR, DRIBs, NICA, FRIBandwere presented respectively the heads of these projects - H. En’yo, Ch.Scheidenberger, S. Dmitriev, G. Trubnikov, G.Bollen, A.Jokinen, R.Bark, F.Ibrahim.

Many papers were devoted to future installations, methods of synthesis and studyof properties of exotic nuclei, as well as to implementation of large projects of acceleratorcomplexes intended to produce radioactive nuclei beams. Apart frommuch money invested into creation of new radioactive beam-factories, they arecreated under support of international collaborations. A new accelerator com- plexNUSTAR in GSI, which includes pilot plants for precision studies of nuclear structure,is now under creation on international-collaboration-basis. At present, a newaccelerator complex in RIKEN; it is intended to produce intensebeams of stable and radioactive nuclei, which are going to be used to researchthe structure of exotic nuclei. Now, the GANIL accelerator complex for production of radioac- tive beamsis under development. The complex SPIRAL in GANIL has started the first experiments. Intense beams of light radioactive nuclei, with the help of which the existingexperimental GANIL installations have already received the interestingresults on the structure of exotic nuclei, and the characteristics of reac- tions withthese nuclei beams have been processed. There began the development of the SPIIRAL-2 project, which is scheduled to receive the first beams of heavy 65 radioactivenuclei in 2018. The experiments on 6He beams with the intensityof up to 108 c-1 at the accelerator complex DRIBs3 and new fragment separator AKKULINA 2 in Dubna will begin. The ALTO Project (Orsay, France) is based on acceleration of photo-fissionfragments as well andin other major research centres. Thus, in 2016-2020 there will be launched a number of new accelerator complexes equipped withthe unique experimental facilities, which will let us make a new step in synthesisand study of properties of new exotic states of nuclear matter.

Professor Yu. Penionzhkevich Eurasian Journal of Physics and Functional Materials

2017 - Volume 1, Number 1 - Astana, ENU. - 66 p.

Approved for printing 30.10.2017 Edition 100 copies

Editorial address: L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Bulding "Start up" Room 405 Tel.: 8 7172 709-500 (31-409) e-mail: [email protected] 13/1 Kazhimukan st. 010008 Astana Republic of Kazakhstan