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Information Use in Anurans: How Conspecifics and Predators Influence Reproductive Decisions

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Information Use in Anurans: How Conspecifics and Predators Influence Reproductive Decisions INFORMATION USE IN ANURANS: HOW CONSPECIFICS AND PREDATORS INFLUENCE REPRODUCTIVE DECISIONS BY VALERIE LYNNE BUXTON DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2017 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Michael P. Ward, Chair Adjunct Professor Jinelle H. Sperry, Director of Research Research Associate Professor Thomas J. Benson Associate Professor Robert L. Schooley ABSTRACT The choice of breeding habitat is integral to offspring survival and reproductive success, and can ultimately influence species distributions and population dynamics. Many factors are likely involved in location and evaluation of habitat, including biotic factors such as the presence of conspecifics and predators. Increasingly, organisms in a variety of taxa have been found to incorporate information on conspecifics and predators in their habitat selection decisions, but the degree to which this occurs in anuran amphibians is still not well-known. My research sought to first synthesize our current understanding of how conspecifics and predators influence reproductive decisions in anurans by reviewing the literature on this topic. Through experimental studies, I then examined how conspecific cues in the form of chorus sounds influenced breeding habitat selection in seven species of anurans (wood frog, Lithobates sylvaticus; Cope’s gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis; American toad, Anaxyrus americanus; green frog, Lithobates clamitans; spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer; Mexican spadefoot, Spea multiplicata; and Arizona treefrog, Hyla wrightorum). I then further examined how the presence of conflicting cues, in this case conspecific cues and predators, influenced breeding habitat selection in a single anuran species (western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata). A review of over 40 studies examining the influence of conspecifics, heterospecifics and/or predators on temperate and tropic anuran reproductive decisions found that in the majority of cases (75%), individuals avoid depositing offspring in sites with predators and conspecifics or heterospecifics. From my own experiments in Illinois, Indiana, and Arizona, I found that some species were attracted to breeding ponds with conspecific chorus sounds (Cope’s gray treefrog and Mexican spadefoot), while others showed weak or no response to conspecifics (wood frog, American toad, green frog, spring peeper, Arizona treefrog). Response was not predictably ii correlated with particular life history traits, but the tendency to breed in more seasonal or temporary ponds was a characteristic of the two species that responded more strongly to conspecific cues. Regarding the influence of predator cues on breeding pond selection of western chorus frogs, chorus frogs exhibited predator avoidance at the Illinois field site but did not vary their behavior at the Indiana field site when presented with both predators and conspecific egg- mass cues. My results provide support for the idea that some species of anurans can and do use conspecific social information in locating and selecting breeding habitat, but that social information use may vary by breeding ecology, landscape matrix, and environmental characteristics. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jinelle Sperry. Before I started this project, my knowledge about amphibians was limited, to say the least. I feel like Jinelle and I set out on this adventure together, in a manner of speaking, and I am very grateful to her for letting me be a part of it. Without her guidance, unflagging optimism, and her ability to pull me out of the weeds, I undoubtedly would have floundered. She has truly been an amazing advisor and could ask for no one better. I am also tremendously indebted to Dr. Mike Ward. Along with Jinelle, he helped conceive this project and his advice, suggestions, feedback, and big (crazy?) ideas have been invaluable to me. I am extremely grateful to him and thankful that he answered my email back in fall 2010 looking for graduate opportunities in his lab. Along those same lines, I would also like to thank Dr. T.J. Benson. T.J. took me on as a master’s student in fall 2011, and I feel like he took a bit of a chance on me, seeing as I had less field experience than most. I am so thankful for that, and appreciate all of his feedback and advice throughout my time here at Illinois. He was also the first person to read my first piece of true scientific writing, and for that, I apologize. But, I am truly thankful for the time he put into editing and correcting those first drafts; my writing has (I hope) greatly improved because of him. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Bob Schooley. Throughout this project, Bob has provided thoughtful and constructive advice, and this project has been improved because of his recommendations. I have been surrounded by many amazing people here at Illinois and it would be difficult to name all of them. Brett DeGregorio has been here for me throughout this whole process and I could not have done it without him. He has been a supportive, patient, and wonderful partner. He has sat through many practice presentations, read numerous manuscript drafts, and listened to my various worries, ramblings, ideas, etc. regarding this project. I am truly thankful to him. I would iv also like to thank my labmate, Daniel Kovar, for his suggestions and feedback on this project, and always acknowledging when I might be staring at him for help. Janice Kelly has been one of my closest friends here at Illinois, and is one of the smartest gals I know. She has helped me work through various aspects of this project and I am tremendously thankful for her. Throughout the years I’ve had many terrific labmates and officemates, and would like to thank a few of them here--Stephen Tyndel, Jason Gleditsch, Brittney Graham, Cassandra Wilcoxon, Kyle van den Bosch, Sasha Tetzlaff, Scott Chiavacci, and Antonio Celis. I would also like to thank my close friends Jess and Pat Wolff. Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Army through the US Army ERDC. I am grateful for the help provided by Dawn Slack, Mike Peterkin, and other natural resources staff at Camp Atterbury, and am very appreciative that they accommodated this research. I would also like to thank Jayson Rabideau for his field assistance. Similarly, I would like to thank Tony Janas and Sparta Training Area for their help and support of this research. A tremendous thanks to Brian (Chips) Mahan, who collected data, deployed and maintained equipment, and generally ran the project down at Sparta for three years. I honestly do not know if parts of this project would have been possible without his willingness to work on this project. I would also like to thank John Kraft and the U.S. Forest Service in Hereford, AZ for accommodating this research. John came through for me when I was in a bind and I am very grateful for that. Thanks to Dr. Ximena Bernal for providing advice on phonotaxis experiments and loaning me audio equipment. Additionally, I would like to thank the Taylors-Greg, Kate, Ella, and Grayson-for allowing me to live with them in Indiana for three years of this project. They were and are now a second family to me and made my time in Indiana infinitely easier (along with the Volz family as well). Finally, I would like to thank my family back in Michigan for their interest in my v research. My dad, Gary, has continually been supportive throughout this entire process and I am very grateful to him. My cousin, Maria, has also been a great support. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my mother, Lynne. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................1 LITERATURE CITED .....................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2: REPRODUCTIVE DECISIONS IN ANURANS: A REVIEW OF HOW PREDATION AND COMPETITION AFFECTS THE DEPOSITION OF EGGS AND TADPOLES .........................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................10 FACTORS AFFECTING OFFSPRING DEPOSITION SITE CHOICE .......................13 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................24 CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................31 TABLES AND FIGURES ..............................................................................................33 LITERATURE CITED ...................................................................................................42 CHAPTER 3: USE OF CHORUS SOUNDS FOR LOCATION OF BREEDING HABITAT IN 2 SPECIES OF ANURAN AMPHIBIANS ...............................................51 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................51 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................52 METHODS .....................................................................................................................56
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