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United States Department of Agriculture Ozark-Ouachita Forest Service Highlands Assessment Southern Research Station General Technical Report SRS-34 Social and Economic Conditions REPORT 4 OF 5 Cover photo: Hot Springs, AR, one of several communities in the Highlands that relies heavily on tourism. Photo by A.C. Haralson, Arkansas Department of Parks and Recreation, Little Rock, AR. Natural resource specialists and research scientists worked together to produce the five General Technical Reports that comprise the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment: • Summary Report • Air Quality • Aquatic Conditions • Social and Economic Conditions • Terrestrial Vegetation and Wildlife For information regarding how to obtain these Assessment documents, please contact: USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 1270, Hot Springs, AR 71902 or telephone 501-321-5202. To limit publication costs, few color maps and figures were used in the Assessment reports. For color versions of some of the Assessment figures and supplemental material, please see the Assessment’s home page on the Internet at <http://www.fs.fed.us/oonf/ooha/welcome.htm>. The Assessment reports will be online for about 2 years after the date on this publication; then they will be archived. Please note: When “authors” are agency or business names, most are abbreviated to save space in the citations of the body of the report. The “References” at the end of the report contain both the full name and abbreviations. Because abbreviations sometimes are not in the same alphabetical order as the references, for clarifications of abbreviations, consult the “Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms.” The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the readers. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement of any product or service by the USDA Forest Service. December 1999 Southern Research Station P.O. Box 2680 Asheville, North Carolina 28802 Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment: Social and Economic Conditions Eastern Region U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Milwaukee, WI North Central Research Station U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service St. Paul, MN Southern Region U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Atlanta, GA Southern Research Station U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Asheville, NC Contents Page Page Preface . vi Race and Hispanic Origin . 38 Households and Families . 40 Contributors to This Report . vii Education and Schooling . 41 Predominant Means of Making a Living . 45 Acknowledgments. xi Extent of Labor Market Participation, 1990 . 45 Types of Jobs . 47 Executive Summary . xiii Other Means of Making a Living . 52 Socioeconomic Well-Being . 56 Chapter 1: Archeological and Income and Poverty . 56 Housing Characteristics . 60 Historical Background . 1 Changes in Socioeconomic Well-Being . 62 Key Findings . 2 Policy-Sensitive Counties . 63 Data Sources . 2 Environmental Justice . 66 Human Use and Settlement Through the Individual-Level Analyses . 66 Early 20th Century . 2 Characteristics of Working- and Early Inhabitants . 2 Retirement-Aged Residents . 68 European Exploration and Settlement . 7 Characteristics of More Highly and History and Current Status of Public Lands . 8 Less-Educated Residents . 70 Lands Managed by the Characteristics of White, Black, and National Park Service . 11 American Indian Residents . 73 National Wildlife Refuges . 11 Implications and Opportunities . 75 Reservoirs and Adjacent Lands . 11 Military Bases . 12 Chapter 3: Communities . 79 National Forests. 12 Areas of Special Historical and Key Findings . 79 Archeological Interest . 16 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 80 Implications and Opportunities . 17 Communities of Interest . 80 Research and Interpretive Opportunities . 17 Communities of Place . 81 Maximizing Partnerships . 22 Major Factors Affecting Geographic Communities . 82 Chapter 2: Social and Demographic Natural Resource-Dependent Communities . 85 Local Planning in the Ozark-Ouachita Conditions and Trends . 23 Highlands . 86 Key Findings . 23 Land Use Planning by Local Governments . 87 Definitions and Data Sources . 24 Multijurisdictional Planning and Population Distribution and Land Use Patterns . 27 Development . 88 Population . 27 Community Development Block Grant Population Growth, 1970 to 1996 . 30 Program . 90 Projected Population Change, 1996 to 2010 . 33 Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Land Use Patterns . 34 Community (EZ/EC) Program . 92 Characteristics of the Population . 36 Forest Service Assistance Programs . 92 Age . 36 State Rural Development Councils . 93 iii Page Page Community-Development Activities of the Projections of Future Recreation Demand . 162 Cooperative Extension Service . 93 Implications and Opportunities . 164 Local Community-Initiated Efforts . 95 Specialized State Planning . 95 Chapter 6: Timber Resources . 167 The Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Communities Project . 96 Key Findings . 167 Implications and Opportunities . 97 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 168 Overview of the Timber Resource . 169 Chapter 4: Economic Profile . 99 Market Outcomes: Prices and Production . 170 Prices . 171 Key Findings . 99 Production . 173 Economic Overview . 100 Factors Affecting Timber Supply . 184 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 100 Timberland . 184 Major Industrial Sectors and Selected Volume, Growth, and Mortality . 189 Industries . 101 Tree Grade. 195 Changes in the Economy, 1977 to 1993 . 103 Diameter and Stand Size Class . 196 The Forest Products Industry . 104 Physical Constraints to Harvesting . 197 The Minerals Industry . 108 Land Management Objectives . 198 The Travel Industry . 113 Factors Affecting Timber Demand . 199 Contributions of National Forest Programs to National Trends . 199 the Economy . 115 Trends in the Highlands . 200 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 115 Timber Supply Outlook . 202 National Forest Programs That Affect The Southwide Outlook . 202 the Economy . 117 The Highlands Region Outlook . 205 Implications and Opportunities . 130 Implications and Opportunities . 208 Chapter 5: Recreation . 131 Chapter 7: Mineral Resources . 211 Key Findings . 132 Key Findings . 211 Economic Importance of Outdoor Recreation . 133 Historical Background . 213 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 133 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 214 Tourism . 133 Limitations of Market Analysis . 215 Fishing and Wildlife-Associated Recreation . 136 Economic Value . 216 Retail Sales for Outdoor Recreation . 136 Contributions to National Minerals Supply Status of Recreation Opportunities . 136 Production . 217 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 136 Lead, Quartz, Gas, and Coal Extractions . 221 Availability of Land for Public Recreation . 136 Lead . 221 Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. 138 Quartz . 221 Scenic Character . 139 Gas . 221 Developed Recreation Opportunities . 143 Coal . 221 Dispersed Recreation Opportunities . 144 Salaries and Taxes . 221 Recreation Sites with National or Employment . 222 State Significance . 145 National Forest Minerals Revenue . 223 Demand for Outdoor Recreation . 155 Supply . 223 Data Sources and Methods of Analysis . 155 Reserves and Potential . 224 Trends in Recreation Participation . 156 Costs . 226 iv Page Page Demand . 229 Studies That Address Timber Management Price. 229 on Public Lands . 247 Public Consumption . 230 Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Imports and Recycling. 230 Recreation Plans . 248 Unique Mineral Features of the Highlands . 232 Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with Life Implications and Opportunities . 232 in Missouri ..
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