National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management “Romanian Waters” National Administration is located in South-estern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, and Moldova. With an area of 238 391 sq. km, Romania is the largest country in this region.

The terrain is distributed equally between mountains, hills and plains On the Romanian territory there are about 5 000 water courses, total length of them is about 80 000 km. The largest river basins are (42 890 km2, 18% of the country’s surface), Mures (27 890 km2, 12%) and (24 050 km2, 10%). The longest water courses, except the are: (742 km in the country), Mures (761 km in the country, Olt (614 km).

In Romania there are 11 River Basin Authorities, organised on river basins: R.B.A. Somes-Tisa R.B.A. Mures R.B.A. Crisuri R.B.A. Banat R.B.A. R.B.A. Olt R.B.A. Arges-Vedea R.B.A. Buzau-Ialomita R.B.A. Siret R.B.A. Prut R.B.A. Dobrogea-Litoral Hydrological hazards mostly include floods and flash- floods, frequently registered in Romania. According to EM-DAT (Emergency Events Database, (http://www.emdat.be/), in terms of numbers of total affected people, 9 of top 10 natural disasters in Romania are floods, they producing the greatest economic damage. The exception is the 1977 earthquake, which had the biggest economic impact and drought in June 2000. The hydrological extreme events cause a significant number of human victims: - 215 in May 1970, - 108 in July 1991, - 60 in July 1975 - and 33 in August 2005. Total No. of Total damage Country Deaths Affected Injured Homeless affected events (th. US$) inhabitants Grecia 21 85 16,030 0 0 16,030 1,231,359 Portugalia 12 134 41,898 238 10,298 52,434 1,490,100 Romania 44 705 1,487,673 37 146,641 1,634,351 3,597,618 Austria 16 43 61,616 0 0 61,616 4,594,200 Cehia si Slovacia 26 165 1,655,187 2,470 13,670 1,671,327 5,997,412 Franta 41 224 94,951 43 200 95,194 7,292,850 Polonia 13 113 304,750 0 63,824 368,574 7,933,000 Spania 25 725 742,660 1,735 6,000 750,395 8,480,885 MB 30 59 357,145 8 30,000 387,153 20,600,230 Italia 32 615 1,370,850 212 17,650 1,388,712 21,835,600 Germania 15 54 543,000 108 0 543,108 26,553,600

Other countries 76 415 346,018 10 2,263 348,291 3,251,346

Total 351 3,337 7,021,778 4,861 290,546 7,317,185 112,858,200 • Areas with high flood probability • Areas flooded at exeptional and hydrophreatical floods • Areas flooded in cas of dykes failures or accidents at the drainage systems • Flooded area in the

2006 assessment Subsidence area of the Siret river

2005 floods Dykes failure in the subsidence plain (Banat, 2005)

Lazarus Map (1528) that mapped marshes in Banat as a lake (source: Timár et al, 2008)

Sketch of great marshes west of Timisoara in the 1830 1600 HE (m) 1400 1200 1000 WestVest Subcarpathians Subcarpati 800 EastEst Subcarpathians Subcarpati 600 400 200 DistanceDistanta (km) 0 a) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 NIHWM has been involved in all steps and coordinate various activities Step1: Preliminary flood riskassessment

Identification of Deadline Identification of areas significant historical 1 with potential significant

flood flood risk

Step 2: Flood risk mapping in APSFR

Flood hazard maps Deadline Flood risk maps 2 Data managementData Step 3: FRMP objectives and program of measures Stakeholders Stakeholders involvement

Appropriate objectives Deadline Measures for achieving for FRMP 3 the objectives

Each step will be reviewed every six years there after Flood Directive type of consequences Human Health Economic Cultural Heritage GENERAL INFORMATION Protected Areas Pollution Sources Adverse consequences to human health Community Properties Infrastructure Rural land use Economic activity Cultural Assets Birds - Habitats - National Other UWWT IPPC SEVESO SPA SCI or local sources PA National indicators Main Water Movie Affected Channels Area of Water Sewerage Affected Affected Affected Affected Area of economical Local Damage supply Groundw theater Totally Affected Affected Affected Electricity Affected shore for Land Other arable Hotel, Medical Other small National supply network Town Police Affected Household road - road - DC road - road - Affected Affected Railway Railway Bus Hidro grassland facilities Livestock Dead Gravel Fishing Shopping Small Car Health Birds - Habitats - Other Flood event code Name of flood event Locality Siruta Code Administrative total cost network Wells ater Hospitals Victims Other School / Other destroyed railroad road - DJ wood Airports Harbor network Dams Reservoirs dykes defenses / irrigation improvem MHC hydraulic land Manufactory restaurant, offices and economic Churches Monuments Museums or local UWWT IPPC SEVESO facilities affected halls office homes annexes forestry and rural DNEA streets bridges culverts station halt Terminal stations affected (included in farms animals pits ponds complex shops parking resort SPA SCI sources Unit Euro affected borehole Cultural homes (km) (km) footbridge (km) (km) arrangeme or draining ent (km) structures affected B & B pharmacies activities PA (station) (km) (km) (km) (km) (km) (km2) SEVESO or (km) center nt (km) (km) (km2) IPPC) RO-12.01-2008.07 Siret July 2008 Musenita 5,415,41 2 2 Siret 1 38,60 6 0,250,151,00 Gramesti 2 6,23 4 0,30 1,20 Zvoristea 5 12,50 12,50 4 6,00 Hantesti 11,10 11,10 Dumbraveni 1 5,00 50 6,65 6,65 3 8 1 5 Vulturesti 4 7,95 1 6 Butea 6,52 2 Halaucesti 15,00 0,20 1 0,12 Lespezi 53 55 3,80 3,80 2 2 4,65 18 Mircesti 2,39 Mogosesti 11 22 4 4,87 1 Pascani 57 36 1,90 2 1 3 Rachiteni 300 216 3,003,00 1 0,20 5,59 4 2 Siretel 2,75 2,75 2 3 Stolniceni 8 6,76 Valea Seaca 149 63 7,80 7,80 2 3 4,01 6 Doljesti 136 510 21,00 9 6,61 Tamaseni 976 662 45,00 220 1 0,75 Sagna 9 9 1,00 3 1 1 1 0,61 Gadinti 74 50 4,30 1 1 1,22 Roman 3 1,50 1 0,24 Horia 3 3 0,30 0,48 Ion Creanga 70 40 2,40 1 4,89 Icusesti 1 2,50 10,00 1,69 Filipesti 2 2,76 Damienesti 0,34 Negri 1 1,33 Prajesti 26 1,59 Saucesti 1 775 27,50 5 6,42 Tamasi 2 1,50 1 1,23 Letea veche 50 1,84 Buhoci 9 2,51 Faraoani 0,16 726,3 77,6 10 1200 2 2278 0,35 363,12 10,50 71 536 43 4 5,89 35,20 6,00 104,22 8,90 14 RO-12.01.017-2008.07 July 2008 DC+DJ 272,3 11 0,68 37,18 302 120 120 37 10,30 42,5711,00 4,23 RO-12.01.040-001-2008.07 Moldova July 2008 DC+DJ RO-12.01.007-001-2008.07 Molnita July 2008 Mihaileni,Candesti 22 2,00 0,07 RO-12.01-2010.06 Siret June 2010 Musenita 24 0,08 Siret 1 0,58 Gramesti 11,10 1,76 Zamostea 86 20,00 0,22 6 0,11 1 Zvoristea 90 28,27 6,00 5 2 1,39 Hantesti 1 16 22,50 15,20 1 0,06 1 Dumbraveni 1,00 0,06 Fintanele 1 7,00 0,05 Veresti 1 3,00 0,10 A.I.Cuza 1 0,80 2,10 5 6,15 Butea 0,93 Halaucesti 0,58 Lespezi 13,59 1 6,50 Mircesti 1,10 Mogosesti 14 8,00 0,72 Pascani 7 11,59 Rachiteni 2,00 Ruginoasa 0,42 Stolniceni Prajescu 3 4,10 1,80 4 11,14 Valea Seaca 9 2 3,17 1 total is 38 38,39 15 64,38 1 Tamaseni 4 1,50 0,5 3 1,94 0,74 Lutca 3 0,60 2 0,10 1 4,10 0,80 Roman 1,60 2 6,76 3,83 Cotu Vames 0,06 1,67 1,03 Rotunda 58 0,30 0,50 8,50 1 0,80 0,62 1 Buruienesti 187 2,40 8,50 1,60 0,80 1 Sagna 1 Gadinti 30 7,00 0,40 1 1,27 Ion Creanga 0,30 0,30 1 4,24 0,20 Recea 5 Filipesti 2,00 7 1,30 Damienesti 0,29 Negri 0,39 Prajesti 42 19,70 22 1,62 1 Saucesti 350 0,80 5,80 3 0,50 8,16 Letea Veche 13 9,00 1,91 Buhoci 2 0,25 0,04 1,15 Tamasi 0,30 3 2,80 4,00 5 0,67 Ungureni 3 7,70 8,00 5 1,35 Nicolae Balcescu 1 0,65 9,50 4 0,50 0,04 Sarata 13,90 3,00 9 0,18 1,20 1 Faraoani 0,50 6,50 5,80 3 0,01 Racaciuni 1 0,19 1,20 0,10 Parava 3,80 12,00 Sascut 13,00 4 Valea Seaca 0,02 546,9 90,3 4 0,94 0,71 6 1024 0,16 242 242 24 3 22,9720,19 2,00 51,94 0,02 9 RO-12.01.017-2010.06 Suceava June 2010 DC+DJ 230,6 0,16 0,22 1 15 90 90 36 5,54 11,67 6,20 0,70 2 RO-12.01.040-2010.06 Moldova June 2010 DC+DJ+DN RO-12.01.007-2010.06 Molnita June-July 2010 120 15,03 7,80 A number of 36 significant historical floods at national, basin or local level, have been identified for the inland water courses, and other 3 events for the Danube. The largest events and also, certain local severe floods that occurred on small areas have been added to the reporting.

Modern methods for data Cartographic products on paper acquisition: 2006 – 2012 used until 2009

Cartographic products in GIS format achieved Hazard and risk maps finalized in 2014 in 2009-2011 period based on historical floods and other information  The Programme was approved under the pressure of the extreme floods in 2005 that affected a large part of Romania's territory.  This programme has as main achievements development of flood hazard maps and identification of proposed actions/measures in order to reduce the flood risk.  There are some projects developed bay different national and international consortia  P.P.P.D.E.I. is answering to main requirements of Floods Directive 2007/60/EC

INSTRUMENTE UNIUNEA EUROPEANA STRUCTURALE 2007 - 2013 GUVERNUL ROMANIEI LiDAR Sensor

Geodesy/Topography

Terrestrial Laser scanning Bathimetry Hazard Maps  The work team ANAR-INHGA succeeded to: ◦ Check, correct and complete grids and scenarios limits at the level of each sector stated in APSFR; ◦ Convert data in vector format, simplifying, generalizing ◦ Structure layers according the FD requirements ◦ Code according APSFR ◦ Develope work procedures in GIS environment Agreed depth classes: 1 - <0.5 2 – 0.5 – 1.5 3 - > 0.5  There are several methodological approaches for flood risk, with various degrees of complexity.  In EU Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks (known as "Floods Directive"), flood risk is defined by the association between the probability (frequency) of a flood and potential adverse consequences for human health, the environment, cultural heritage and economic activities.

CRITERIA YES SET OF FOR NO MDB INDICATORS DECISION  Other approaches quantify the effects using two distinct elements, namely exposure and vulnerability.  According to literature, including JRC projects, flood risk is defined as the product of three components: Hazard: occurrence of a natural threat (event), including the probability of this event; Exposure: the goods amount and number of inhabitants in the affected area; Vulnerability: the lack or loss of resistance to destructive forces or damages.

 In most documents, including the Floods Directive, 3 hazard classes are recommended to be used, respectively 3 flood-prone areas, generated by low, medium and high probabilities of occurrence.

Hazard class Exposure P1 P2 P3 class 100 < T < 10 < T < 100 T < 10 1000 E0 R0 R1 R1 E1 R1 R2 R3 E2 R2 R3 R4 E3 R2 R4 R4  There are several differences between information type reported at EU level and that prepared for national dissemination, meaning more accuracy and more detailed products for the last one.  A part of data needed for completing the FHRM database – consequences – are common with those used for PFRA.  Even if in most cases, only a general code has to be filled-up in the database, more detailed data are needed at the national level. Flood event code / APSFR/ code / FHRM code GENERAL INFORMATION Name of flood event / APSFR / FHRM Flooded River Number of inhabitants affected Population density and affected area in each settlement Water supply facilities (station) Water supply network affected (km) Adverse consequences to human Sewerage network affected (km) health Wells / Groundwater borehole Hospitals Town halls

Human HealthHuman School Community Police office Movie theater / Cultural center Affected homes B41 - Properties Totally destroyed homes Household annexes Affected railroad (km) Affected roads (different types) (km) Affected road - streets (km) Affected bridges, culverts or other small bridges Airports Harbor Railway stations Bus Terminal B42 - Infrastructure Electricity network (km)

Dams Reservoirs Affected dykes (km) Affected shore defences / arrangement (km) Hydrological or weather stations Channels for irrigation or draining (km) Other hydraulic structures Area of arable land affected (km2)

B43 - Rural land use indicators National Area of grassland affected (km2)

Economic Consequences Economic Main economical facilities (included in SEVESO or IPPC) Manufactory Livestock farms / Household Livestock Flood Directive typeDirectiveof consequences Flood Gravel pits Fishing ponds Shopping complex B44 - Economic activity Small shops Car parking Hotel, restaurant, B & B Medical offices and pharmacies Health resort Other small economic activities Churches Cultural B31 - Cultural Assets Monuments Heritage Museums

Birds - SPA Birds – SPA B22 - Habitats - SCI Habitats - SCI Protected National or local PA National or local Protected area Areas UWWT UWWT

IPPC, SEVESO B23 - IPPC, SEVESO

Environment Pollution Other sources Other sources Sources CORINE Land Cover NAVTEQ WIMS (ANAR) INHGA dataset dataset dataset datasets

Basic data for Improved EU Reporting data for National level Localities Reservoirs Roads and Railways Dump sites Railway stations Airpors,ports

CORINE Reporting code Land use classes Bridges Cadastered rivers B41 - Properties 111 Continuous urban fabric and basins 112 Discontinuous urban fabric Protected Areas B42 - Infrastracture 122 Road and rail networks and associated land 123 Port areas etc. Topo maps 124 Airports B44 - Economic activity 121 Industrial or commercial units 131 Mineral extraction sites 133 Construction sites 142 Sport and leisure facilities Statistical data B43 - Rural land use 211 Non-irrigated arable land 213 Rice fields (settlements 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations population) 231 Pastures 242 Complex cultivation patterns Land principally occupied by agriculture, with 243 significant areas of natural vegetation B23 - Pollution Sources 132 Dump sites  There have been numerous corrections to reflect the built environment  The intersection (correlation) with CLC, roads, lakes and rivers layers, new built-up areas, not included in this layer or wrongly included in village areas, have been identified  Geometrical corrections for obtaining plausible densities of populations

D = 0,061 loc /mp

D = 0,080 loc /mp

D = 0,009 loc /mp

D = 0,003 loc /mp  For the "Number of Affected inhabitants" indicator, as well as for its representation on the portal, the population was statistically assessed, proportional to the flooded area.  “DEGREE OF AFFECTED” Indicator , function of population and affected surface Degree of Scenario affected H M settlements (1/10 y) (1/100y) 0 49,8 27,9 1 41,9 42,7 2 7,2 22,9 3 1,0 6,6

 Many of the exposed localities to floods have an insignificant or small degree of affecting .  1/10 years return period (high frequency) , only 8% of exposed localities are medium and high affected.

 Cultural activities ◦ Churches: NAVTEQ data, CommSvc (Community Service Centres) shape, enhanced with OpenStreetMap locations ◦ Museums: NAVTEQ data, ParkRec (Parks and Recreation) shape + selection from TravDest (Travel Destinations), category: Tourist Attraction, enhanced with OpenStreetMap locations ◦ Monuments: NAVTEQ data, TravDest (Travel Destinations) shape, category: Historical Monument, enhanced with OpenStreetMap locations.  Economic activities: NAVTEQ data, with following shapes: ◦ Shopping (Shopping); ◦ Restrnts (Restaurants); ◦ Entertn (Entertainment); ◦ AutoSvc (Auto Maintenance, Service, and Petrol); ◦ FinInsts (Financial Institutions); ◦ Business (Business Facilities). ◦ They have been grouped in 15 large categories  Schools: NAVTEQ data, wit EduInsts (Educational Institutions) shape;  Hospitals: NAVTEQ data, with Hospital (Hospitals) shape.

 CORINE 2006 land cover database contains an inventory of land cover in 44 classes, presented as a cartographic product, at a scale of 1:100.000, area of the smallest mapping unit is 25 hectares and minimum width of linear elements 100 metres.

25 ha

25 ha

1: 100.000 25 ha  The CORINE land cover database in Romania contains an inventory of 34 classes (missing classes like: olive groves, burnt areas, glaciers and perpetual snow etc). The number of polygons is almost 100.000.  Updating the CORINE land cover database consisted in adding more detailed features (classes), which is of high interest for creating risk maps: ◦ Built-up area and settlements extent ◦ road and rail networks, ◦ natural lakes and reservoirs, ◦ watercourses, ◦ dump sites.  After updating the database the number of polygons reached almost 1.000.000. 2006 2014 small and medium rivers

county and national roads

streets and other use Discontinuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric comprises residential areas around the edge of urban district centres, and certain urban districts in rural areas. In this class, we included a sub-class – land within the build-up area. This type of land cover can be distinguished by the presence of non- impermeabilized surfaces: gardens at the edge of settlements, parks, planted areas and non-surfaced public areas.  The proposed method is started based on a FAME (The Flood risk and damage Assessment using Modelling and Earth observation techniques) report proposes the risk assessment using a matrix, as a function of the hazard level (P1, P2, P3) and exposure class (E0, E1, E2, E3).  This scheme can be easily adjusted; the hazard level are replaced by flood magnitude of hazard level (respectively, water depth).

Hazard class where: Exposure P1 P2 P3 R0 = very low flood risk class 100 < T < 1000 10 < T < 100 T < 10 class; R1 = low flood risk; E0 R0 R1 R1 R2 = medium flood risk; E1 R1 R2 R3 R3 = high flood risk; E2 R2 R3 R4 R4 = very high flood risk. E3 R2 R4 R4

Hazard class H1 H2 H3 RISK Low Medium High (<0.5) (0.5-1.5) (>1.5) V1 Low R0 R0 R1 V2 Medium R1 R1 R2 ity V3 High R1 R2 R3 Vulnerabil  In order to detail the vulnerability to floods expressed through different elements which lie inside the flood-prone areas, each type of CORINE Land Cover classes is ranking based on expert judgement.  The rank indicators vary from 0 to 3. For an accurate assignation of rank value, has to be taken into account two different issues: ◦ Value of assets ◦ Resilience of assets, defined as “ability to cope with flooding and to recover from flooding” (strength and behaviour of various assets in case of a flood of a given magnitude) 3 2 1 3A 2A 1A A

B 3B 2B 1B Nr loc P% Scenariul S loc af P in loc af S loc ZI P ZI P% af mediu H 2404 3481,3 9386064 106,4 157423 1,7 5,1

M 3547 4481,7 11080418 459,7 817836 7,4 13,9

M comuna L 3081 4127,4 10659282 404,3 741406 7,0 13,2

L 3678 4796,2 12195320 839,5 1741724 14,3 20,8

L + dif. M 4130 5140,2 12600360 894,3 1816880 14,4 20,6

loc = localities  http://gis2.rowater.ro:8989/flood/