Water Quality Pre-Investment Studies in the Arges Basin in Romania
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WASH Field Report No. 410 WATER QUALITY PRE-INVESTMENT STUDIES IN THE ARGES BASIN IN ROMANIA Prepared for the Europe Bureau, U.S. Agency for International Development, under WASH Task No. 420 Max S. Clark 111-Team Leader David Laredo William Hogrewe August 1993 Water and Sanitation for Health Project Contract No. 5973-2-00-8081-00, Project No. 936-5973 is sponsored by the Office of Health, Bureau for Research and Development U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523 CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................ ix ABOUT THE AUTHORS ....................................... xiii ACRONYMS ............................................... xv UNITS .................................................... xvii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................... xix 1. CONTEXT OF THE REPORT .................................. 1 1.1 Objectives of the Study .................................. 1 1.2 Background ......................................... 1 1.3 Organization and Methodology of the Study .................... 2 EXISTING CONDITIONS 2.1. General Features of the Basin ............................. 3 2.1.1 Location and Hydrological Conditions ................. 3 2.1.2 Climate ..................................... 3 2.1.3 Topography .................................. 6 2.2 Socioeconomic Conditions and Land Use ...................... 6 2.2.1 Population ................................... 6 2.2.2 Land Use .................................... 8 2.2.3 Economic Development .......................... 8 2.3 Water Resources Development and Water Uses ................. 10 2.3.1 Hydrotechnologjca~Developments .................. 10 2.3.2 Municipal Water Supply ......................... 10 2.4 Public Health ....................................... 14 2.5 River Water Quality ................................... 15 2.5.1 Standards for River Water Quality and Discharges to Rivers ......................... 15 2.5.2 Analysis of 1992 Stream-Water-Quality Data ............ 20 2.6 Groundwater Quality .................................. 28 2.6.1 Context .................................... 28 2.6.2 Lithology and Hydrogeology ...................... 28 2.6.3 Assessment of Groundwater Quality ................. 29 3 . EXISTING EMISSIONS AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT ............. 31 3.1 Summary of Available Data .............................. 31 3.2 Municipal Wastewater Systems ............................ 32 3.2.1 Municipal Sewerage Facilities ...................... 32 3.2.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities ............. 33 3.2.3 Municipal Wastewater Emissions .................... 35 3.3 Industrial Wastewater Systems ............................ 37 3.3.1 Industrial Facilities ............................. 37 3.3.2 Industrial Emissions ............................ 38 3.3.3 Impacts of Discharges ........................... 43 4 . INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCING CONDITIONS .................... 45 4.1 General ............................................ 45 4.2 Legal Basis ......................................... 45 4.2.1 General .................................... 45 4.2.2 Trends in Legislation ........................... 46 4.3 Institutions Active in the Arges River Basin .................... 49 4.4 Regulatory and Enforcement Framework ..................... 53 4.4.1 Regulatory Activities ............................ 53 4.4.2 Enforcement Actions ........................... 54 4.5 Financial Issues ...................................... 57 4.5.1 Issues ..................................... 57 4.5.2 Sources of Financing ........................... 62 4.5.3 Conclusions ................................. 66 5 . POTENTIALPROJECTS .................................... 69 5.1 Issues in Identifying Projects .............................. 69 5.1.1 Technical and Economic Issues .................... 69 5.1.2 Financial and Institutional Issues .................... 72 5.2 Prioritizing Potential Projects .............................. 73 5.2.1 Candidate Projects ............................. 73 5.2.2 Prioritization ................................. 76 5.3 Projects for Prefeasibility Study ............................ 77 5.4 Additional Program Elements ............................. 77 6 . PREFEASIBILITY STUDY -- PITESTI ............................. 79 6.1 General ........................................... 79 6.2 Service Area and Projected Flows .......................... 79 6.3 Development of a Strategic Plan ........................... 83 6.3.1 Conveyance Facilities ........................... 83 6.3.2 Municipal Treatment Facilities ...................... 83 6.3.3 Industrial Pretreatment Facilities .................... 85 6.4 Estimated Costs ...................................... 89 6.5 Financial Considerations ................................ 92 7 . PREFEASIBILITY STUDY -c! MPULUNG ........................ 95 7.1 General ........................................... 95 7.2 Service Area and Projected Flows .......................... 95 7.3 Development of a Strategic Plan ........................... 98 7.3.1 Conveyance Facilities ........................... 98 7.3.2 Municipal Treatment Facilities ...................... 99 7.3.3 Industrial Pretreatment Facilities .................... 100 7.4 Estimated Costs ...................................... 102 7.5 Financial Considerations ................................ 108 8. PREFEASIBILITY STUDY -CURTEA DE ARGES .................... 111 8.1 General ...........................................111 8.2 Service Area and Projected Flows .......................... 111 8.3 Development of the Strategic Plan ..........................115 8.3.1 Conveyance Facilities ........................... 115 8.3.2 Municipal Treatment Facilities ...................... 115 8.3.3 Industrial Pretreatment Facilities .................... 117 8.4 Estimated Costs ...................................... 120 8.5 Financial Considerations ................................124 APPENDICES A . Arges Stream Water Quality in 1992 ............................. 127 B. Emissions in the Arges Basin in 1992 ............................. 147 iii FIGURES 1. Map of the Arges Basin Study Area .............................. xxi 2 . Map of the Arges Basin Study Area .............................. 4 3. Stream-Quality Classifications, Arges River Basin ..................... 19 4 . Location of Water-Quality Monitoring Stations in the Arges River Basin ...... 21 5. Schematic, Dischargers and Water-Quality Monitoring Stations ............. 22 6 . Organization Chart. Ministry of Waters. Forests. and Environmental Protection ..................................... 47 7 . Pitesti Sewerage ........................................... 80 8. Pitesti Wastewater Treatment Plant .............................. 81 9 . Cimpulung Sewerage ....................................... 96 10. C i mpulung Wastewater Treatment Plant .......................... 97 11. Curtea de Arges Sewerage ....................................113 12. Curtea de Arges Wastewater Treatment Plant .............: ......... 114 TABLES 1. Population and Wastewater Flow Projections. Arges Prefeasibility Studies .... xxvii 2 . Pitesti Municipal Wastewater Facilities-Summary of Strategic Plan ........ xxviii 3. Cimpulung Municipal Wastewater Facilities-Summary of Strategic Plan ..... xxx 4 . Curtea de Arges Municipal Wastewater Facilities-Summary of Strategic Plan . xxxii 5. Industrial Pretreatment Requirements for Pitesti ..................... xxxiv 6 . Industrial Pretreatment Requirements for Cimpulung ................. xxxv 7 . Industrial Pretreatment Requirements for Curtea de Arges .............. xxxv 8. Financial Impact of Wastewater Fees on Households .................. xxxvii 9 . Hydrological Data for the Arges Basin ............................ 5 10. Population of Major Communities in the Arges Basin .................. 7 11. Urban and Rural Populations by Judet ............................ 7 12. Land Use in Arges Basin ..................................... 8 13. Employment by Economic Sector. 1990 ........................... 9 14. Waterworks for Hydropower, Water Supply. and Irrigation ............... 11 15. Potable Water Supply Systems in the Arges Basin. 1990 ................ 14 16. Public Health Statistics ....................................... 15 17. Selected River Water Quality Standards ........................... 17 18 . River Lengths by Stream-Quality Category ......................... 18 19. Treated Effluent Criteria ..................................... 20 20 . Summary of Stream-Water-Quality Monitoring Data ................... 25 21. Largest Stream-Quality Concentrations above Category 1/11 Limits .......... 26 22. Possible Phosphate Limits and Frequency Exceeded ................... 27 23. Summary of Emissions Sampling in the Arges Basin. 1992 ............... 31 24 . Public Sewer Networks by Department. 1990 ....................... 33 25. Municipal Emission Water Quality ............................... 36 26. Summary of Industrial Dischargers By Type ......................... 39 27. Industrial Dischargers in the Arges Basin ........................... 40 28. Industrial Phosphate Loading to Pitesti WWTP ....................... 42 29. Environmental Legislation .................................... 46 30. Environmental and Water Resources Institutions ...................... 50 31. Selected Data for Pitesti Municipal Enterprises ....................... 55 32. Pitesti WWTP Effluent Test Results, 1990-92 ......................