Mr Violeta Bolić Trivunović MORFOLOŠKA I GENETIČKA

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Mr Violeta Bolić Trivunović MORFOLOŠKA I GENETIČKA UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU mr Violeta Bolić Trivunović MORFOLOŠKA I GENETIČKA RAZNOVRSNOST VRSTA KOMPLEKSA CARASSIUS AURATUS SA TERITORIJE VOJVODINE I PERIPANONSKE OBLASTI -doktorska disertacija- Novi Sad, 2016. PREDGOVOR Ova doktorska disertacija realizovana je u Laboratorijama Departmana za biologiju i ekolo- giju Prirodno–matematičkog fakulteta u Novom Sadu i Laboratoriji Departmana za akvakulturu, Fakulteta za poljoprivredu i zaštitu životne sredine, Univerziteta Sent Ištvan, Gedele, Mađarska. Posebnu zahvalnost u izradi disertacije želim da izrazim: Mentoru - dr Jeleni Lujić, naučnom saradniku, kojoj dugujem posebnu i neizmernu za- hvalnost na idejama, izuzetnom zalaganju, bezrezervnoj podršci, korisnim savetima, i ukazanom poverenju od samog početka. Svojim znanjem, iskustvom i komentarima usmeravala me je u toku rada i pomogla da se genetički deo istraživanja uradi u laboratoriji Univerziteta Sent Ištvan, Gedele, Mađarska. Hvala i za veliku dozu optimizma i širok osmeh. Mentoru - docentu dr Desanki Kostić na odabiru teme i podršci tokom svih ovih godina, svesrdnoj pomoći tokom obrade i analize materijala i pomoć prilikom pisanja teze. Ovom prilikom želim da izrazim ogromnu zahvalnost i Marinović Zoranu koji mi je od sa- mog početka nesebično pomogao kako u toku eksperimentalnog rada tako i u toku analize rezul- tata. Zahvaljujem se na nesebičnoj i neprocenjivoj pomoći u savladavanju metoda geometrijske morfometrije i analiza mamorfološke varijabilnosti kao i na svim komentarima tokom pisanja teze; Članovima komisije prof. dr Mihajli Đan, prof. dr Goranu Marković sa Agronomskog fa- kulteta u Čačku i prof. Branislavu Miljanoviću hvala puno na svim korisnim savetima, sugestija- ma i komentarima vezanim za pisanje ove teze. Prof. dr Branislavu Miljanoviću se zahvaljujem na velikoj pomoći u organizaciji i realizaciji terenskih istraživanja i prikupljanju uzoraka. Dr Predragu Radišić ispred Palinološke laboratorije se ovom prilikom zahvaljujem na teh- ničkoj i stručnoj pomoći kao i sugestijama u toku eksperimentalnog rada; Delovi ove disertacije su rađeni u laboratorijama u Mađarskoj (Department of Aquacultu- re, Institute of Environmental and LandscapeManagement, Faculty of Agricultural and Environ- mental Sciences, Gödölő) pa bih želela da izrazim veliku zahvalnost svima koji su učestvovali u eksperimentima, a posebno dr Ákos Horváth i dr Balazs Kovacs kao i članovima njegovom timu sa Departmana za akvakulturu. Prilikom rada na molekularno-taksonomskimanalizama jedinki veliku pomoć su mi pružili prof. dr Saša Marić sa Biolškog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu i Matej Janes sa Poljopri- vrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zagrebu. Ovom prilikom želim da im se zahvalim na korisnim, stručnim savetima i smernicama u toku pisanja ove teze. Zahvaljujem se Pecze Zsofii za nesebičnu pomoć u toku eksperimentalnog rada; Podrška i pomoć u svakom smislu uvek su mi bile i moje drage kolege Žana, Jelena, Dra- gana i Suzana kojima se ovom prilikom posebno zahvaljujem. Najveću zahvalnost dugujem svojoj porodici, suprugu Bošku i deci Aleksandri i Aleksi, koji su sve ove godine imali ogromno razumevanje i strpljenje za mene, moje želje, namere i probleme. Novi Sad, 12.05.2016. godine Violeta Bolić Trivunović Sadržaj 1. UVOD 1 2. PREGLED LITERATURE 4 2.1. Invazivne vrste riba u Srbiji 4 2.2. Rod Carassius 5 2.2.1. Sistematski status roda Carassius 5 2.3. Kompleks Carassius auratus 6 2.3.1. Taksonomski status kompleksa Carassius auratus 6 2.3.2. Opis vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus 10 2.3.3. Areal i širenje vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus 11 2.3.3.1. Vrste kompleksa Carassius auratus na području Vojvodine 13 2.3.4. Ekologija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus 14 2.3.5. Citogenetika vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus 17 2.4. Linearna i geometrijska morfometrija u populacionim istraživanjima 18 2.5. Modeli rasta u populacionim istraživanjima 20 3. CILJEVI 21 4. MaterijAL I metode 22 4.1. Metaanaliza populacija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti 22 4.2. Opis lokaliteta 22 4.3. Molekularno-taksonomska analiza vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti 35 4.3.1. Umnožavanje DNK lančanom reakcijom polimeraze – PCR (engl. polymerase chain reaction) 36 4.3.2. Sekvenciranje i analiza fragmenatacytb gena 38 4.4. Morfološka raznovrsnost vrste Carassius gibelio I 41 4.4.1. Materijal 41 4.4.1.1. Generalna morfološka raznovrsnost vrste Carassius gibelio u Vojvodini 41 4.4.1.2. Uticaj prisustva predatora i protoka vode na morfološku raznovrsnost vrste Carassius gibelio 41 4.4.1.3. Rekonstrukcija morfološke raznovrsnosti rano uspostavljenih invazivnih populacija vrste Carassius gibelio 42 4.4.1.4. Morfološka varijabilnost krljušti vrste Carassius gibelio 42 4.4.2.Metode 42 4.4.2.1. Meristički parametri 42 4.4.2.2. Linearna morfometrija 43 4.4.2.3. Geometrijska morfometrija 46 4.5. Analize životne istorije i modelovanje rasta 50 4.5.1. Materijal 50 4.5.1.1. Komparacija rasta riba između dva različita tipa akumulacija primenom multi-modelne analize 50 4.5.1.2. Mogućnost upotrebe neasimptotskih modela i izvedenog tempa porasta u modelovanju rasta 52 4.5.2.Metode 52 4.5.2.1. Dužinsko-težinski odnosi 52 4.5.2.2. Određivanje starosti 52 4.5.2.3. Modelovanje rasta 53 5. REZULTATI 55 5.1. Metaanaliza populacija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti 55 5.2. Molekularno-taksonomska analiza vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratuss na području Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti 63 5.3. Morfološka varijabilnost 69 5.3.1.1. Celo telo 69 5.3.1.2. Kosti glave i cleithrum 76 5.3.2. Uticaj prisustva predatora i protoka na morfološku varijabilnost vrste Carassius gibelio 84 5.3.3. Rekonstrukcija morfološke varijabilnosti rano uspostavljenih invazivnih populacija vrste Carassius gibelio 87 5.3.4. Morfološka varijabilnost krljušti vrste Carassius gibelio 89 5.3.5. Analize životne istorije i modelovanje rasta 91 5.3.5.1. Modelovanje rasta riba 91 5.3.5.1.1. Komparacija rasta srebrnog karaša Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) i bodorke Rutilus rutilus (L., 1758) između dva različita tipa akumulacija pomoću multi-modelne analize 91 5.3.5.2. Mogućnost upotrebe neasimptotskih modela i izvedenog tempa porasta u modelovanju rasta srebrnog karaša 95 6. DISKUSIjA 98 6.1. Metaanaliza populacija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti 98 6.2. Molekularno-taksonomska analiza vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti 99 6.3. Morfološka varijabilnost 101 6.3.1. Morfološka raznovrsnost vrste Carassius gibelio I u Vojvodini i peripanonskoj oblasti 101 6.3.2. Uticaj prisustva predatora i protoka na morfološku varijabilnost vrste Carassius gibelio I 104 6.3.3. Rekonstrukcija morfološke varijabilnosti rano uspostavljenih invazivnih populacija vrste Carassius gibelio 106 6.3.4. Morfološka varijabilnost krljušti vrste Carassius gibelio 108 6.3.5. Analiza životne istorije i modelovanje rasta 110 6.3.5.1. Komparacija rasta srebrnog karaša Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) i bodorke Rutilus rutilus (L., 1758) između dva različita tipa akumulacija pomoću multi-modelne analize 110 6.3.5.2. Mogućnost upotrebe neasimptotskih modela i izvedenog tempa porasta u modelovanju rasta srebrnog karaša 112 7. ZAKLjUČCI 114 8. LITERATURA 116 BIOGRAFIjA 136 Sadržaj tabela Tabela 1. Morfometrijski i meristički podaci za neotip Carassius gibelio, ZMB 33979. Kalous i sar., 2012. 9 Tabela 2. Vrednosti merističkih karaktera Carassius auratuus gibelio prema različitim autorima. 11 Tabela 3. Lokaliteti sa kojih su prikupljani uzorci za analizu genetičke i morfološke raznovrsnosti kompleksa vrsta Carassius auratus. 35 Tabela 4. Zapreminski sadržaj komponenti za izvođenje jedne PCR reakcije. 37 Tabela 5. Program PCR ciklusa 37 Tabela 6. Zapreminski sadržaj komponenti za izvođenje jedne digestione reakcije. 38 Tabela 7. Zapreminski sadržaj komponenti za izvođenje jedne pripremne rekacije za sekvenciranje. 39 Tabela 8. Zapreminski sadržaj komponenti za pripremu acetatne mešavine za taloženje jednog uzorka za sekvenciranje. 39 Tabela 9. Referentne sekvence korišćene za identifikaciju vrsta 40 Tabela 10. Opis morfometrijskih mera kostiju glavenog skeleta i cleitrum-a korišćenih prilikom analize linearnom morfometrijom 44 Tabela 11. Opis karakterističnih tačaka kostiju glavenog skeleta i cleitrum-a korišćenih prilikom analiza geometrijske morfometrije 47 Tabela 12. Hidrološke karakteristike ispitivanih akumulacija i broj analiziranih jedinki (N) ispitivanih vrsta po lokalitetu i polu. 51 Tabela 13. Kvalitativna i kvantitativna zastupljenost vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus (prethodno determinisane kao Carassius gibelio ili C. auratus gibelio) na teritoriji Srbije 55 Tabela 14. Rezultati BLAST analize uzoraka sa koncenzusnim refrentnim sekvencama za vrste roda Carassius za deo gena Cytb (datum pristupa: 17-03-16) 63 Tabela 15. Pripadnost analiziranih sekvenci određenim haplotipovima 65 Tabela 16. Vrednosti merističkih karaktera (min – max) jedinki srebrnog karaša sa 12 analiziranih lokaliteta 70 Tabela 17. Prikaz 9 kanonijskih osa dobijenih diskriminantnom kanonijskom analizom morfološke varijabilnosti meris- tičkih parametara i njihova korelacija sa karakterima korišćenim u ovoj analizi. 71 Tabela 18. Vrednosti morfometrijskih karaktera celog tela (srednja vrednost ± SD mm) jedinki srebrnog karaša sa 12 analiziranih lokaliteta. 71 Tabela 11. Prikaz 11 kanonijskih osa dobijenih
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